Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Research Articles

Multi-party deterministic secure quantum communication using d-dimension GHZ state

Quantum direct communication (QDC) uses the basic principle of quantum mechanics to realize the secure communication between legal parties. Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC), as a branch of QDC, is a way to transmit secret message with the aid of classical bits. In this paper, a multi-party DSQC based on [Formula: see text]-dimension [Formula: see text]-particles GHZ states is proposed, in which unitary operation is not required. On the basis of [Formula: see text]-dimension single-photon measurement results, the communication parties encode and decode the message through performing modulo addition and subtraction. In addition, the scheme uses the added [Formula: see text]-dimension single photon for eavesdropping detection. The scheme has expansibility and universality. It can scale to as many parties in any dimension as required. Based on the star-shaped communication structure, it can be extended to a network to achieve the rapid communication of secret message across regions.

Deterministic secure quantum communication against collective noise

Collective noise is one of the main obstacles that reduce the efficiency of quantum communication. In this paper, we present two robust deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) schemes based on logical qubits. The first scheme employs a store-and-measure strategy along with the exclusive OR operation. Then we propose a second scheme without storage by exploiting hidden permutations and one-way hash functions. To achieve the performance of robustness against collective noise, both schemes take advantage of the compensability of decoherent-free subspace (DFS) for noise. Moreover, except for decoy qubits, all quantum states are used to convey the secret message. In addition, we provide a rigorous security analysis of potential attacks and prove the security of our protocols.

Deterministic secure quantum communication with double-encoded single photons

Quantum communication is an important branch of quantum technology. It can safely transmit private information between legitimate parties and its unconditional security is guaranteed by quantum physics. So far, deterministic secure quantum communication without entanglement usually transmits single photons in two-way quantum channels. We propose a deterministic secure quantum communication proposal, and it requires a one-way quantum channel and a classical channel. In our protocol, a sender encodes logical bits by using two conjugate bases consisting of the polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom of a photon and transmits it to a receiver over a quantum channel. Upon receiving this photon, the receiver measures it randomly in two bases and can decode the bit deterministically with the help of the sender. Any attack from eavesdroppers will be detected by the legitimate parties. Furthermore, this protocol can be implemented with linear-optic elements and single-photon detectors.

Deterministic secure quantum communication based on spatial encoding

Deterministic secure quantum communication based on spatial encoding

Deterministic secure quantum communication with practical devices

Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit ciphered message with information theoretical security, in which the message is directly modulated on the quantum state and transmitted from Alice to Bob. Thus, key is not pre-shared, but rather communicated after the security of the ciphered message transmission is assured. In most of previous DSQC protocols, quantum memory or entanglement is necessary, which is still a big challenge with current technology. And the imperfections of practical devices, such as loss, weak coherent source, and so on, may also down play the security and efficiency of these DSQC protocols. In this article, a DSQC protocol with practical devices is proposed. In our protocol, both quantum memory and entanglement are not require. And DSQC with distance as long as 100–200 km and repetition as high as is possible.

High-capacity measurement-device-independent deterministic secure quantum communication

High-capacity measurement-device-independent deterministic secure quantum communication

Optical designs for realization of a set of schemes for quantum cryptography

Several quantum cryptographic schemes have been proposed and realized experimentally in the past. However, even with an advancement in quantum technology and escalated interest in the designing of direct secure quantum communication schemes there are not many experimental implementations of these cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we have provided a set of optical circuits for such quantum cryptographic schemes, which have not yet been realized experimentally by modifying some of our theoretically proposed secure communication schemes. Specifically, we have proposed optical designs for the implementation of two single photon and one entangled state based controlled quantum dialogue schemes and subsequently reduced our optical designs to yield simpler designs for realizing other secure quantum communication tasks, i.e., controlled deterministic secure quantum communication, quantum dialogue, quantum secure direct communication, quantum key agreement, and quantum key distribution. We have further proposed an optical design for an entanglement swapping based deterministic secure quantum communication and its controlled counterpart.

Deterministic secure quantum communication with double-encoded single photons

Deterministic secure quantum communication with double-encoded single photons

Deterministic secure quantum communication with and without entanglement

We present a protocol for sending a message over a quantum channel with different layers of security that will prevent an eavesdropper from deciphering the message without being detected. The protocol has two versions where the bits are encoded in either pairs of entangled photons or separate photons. Unlike many other protocols, it requires a one-way, rather than a two-way, quantum channel and does not require a quantum memor. A quantum key is used to encrypt the message and both the key and the message are sent over the quantum channle with the same quantum encoding technique. The key is sent only if no eavesdropper is detected.

Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication on the BB84 System.

In this paper, we propose a deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) protocol based on the BB84 system. We developed this protocol to include quantum entity authentication in the DSQC procedure. By first performing quantum entity authentication, it was possible to prevent third-party intervention. We demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol against the intercept-and-re-send attack and the entanglement-and-measure attack. Implementation of this protocol was demonstrated for quantum channels of various lengths. Especially, we propose the use of the multiple generation and shuffling method to prevent a loss of message in the experiment.

Deterministic secure quantum communication under vacuum fluctuation

A real quantum system is unavoidably affected by external environment, which would produce noise or decoherence, and reduce the efficiency of quantum communication in realistic circumstance. In this paper, we present a noisy deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme. We find that fidelity has close relation with quantum coherence and declines to a stable value with decoherent time. Small two-atom distance can improve the fidelity and coherence, and a reflecting boundary can effectively inhibit fidelity and coherence from degradation under the effect of vacuum fluctuation. Our study would be helpful to promote the communication efficiency of open quantum system.

Secure Quantum Communication Scheme for Six-Qubit Decoherence-Free States

Noise is currently unavoidable in quantum communication environments. Eavesdroppers can exploit this issue by disguising themselves as channel noise to avoid detection during eavesdropping checks performed by legitimate communicants. This paper first proposes a new coding function comprising eight unitary operations for two orthogonal bases for six-qubit decoherence-free states. Subsequently, based on the coding function, the first deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme for quantum channels with collective noise is developed. The developed DSQC is robust against both collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise Senders can choose one of six-qubit decoherence-free states to encode their two-bit message, and receivers simply conduct Bell measurement to obtain the message. Analyses conducted verify that the proposed scheme is both secure and robust.

Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication with Four-qubit GHZ States

Based on the order rearrangement strategy, a deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme by utilizing the four-qubit GHZ states as quantum channel is proposed. The intrinsic efficiency for qubits of the present scheme reaches the maximal value 100%. In order to improve its total efficiency of communication, the security protect measures of the present scheme can be modified following with the two-step transmitting idea, and the total efficiency of the revised scheme can come up to 40%, more higher than some previous DSQC schemes. Finally, some issues for the practical application of our schemes are discussed.

An Improved Protocol for Controlled Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Using Five-Qubit Entangled State

In early 2009, Xiu et al. (Opt. Commun. 282(2) 333–337 2009) presented a controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocol via a newly constructed five-qubit entangled quantum state. Later, Qin et al. (Opt. Commun. 282(13), 2656–2658 2009) pointed out two security loopholes in Xiu et al.’s protocol: (1) A correlation-elicitation (CE) attack can reveal the entire secret message; (2) A leakage of partial information for the receiver is noticed. Then, Xiu et al. (Opt. Commun. 283(2), 344–347 2010) presented a revised CDSQC protocol to remedy the CE attack problem. However, the information leakage problem still remains open. This work proposes a new CDSQC protocol using the same five-qubit entangled state which can work without the above mentioned security problems. Moreover, the Trojan Horse attacks can be automatically avoided without using detecting devices in the new CDSQC.

Quantum secure communication models comparison

The paper concerns the quantum cryptography, more specifically, the quantum secure communication type of schemes. The main focus here is on making a comparison between the distinct secure quantum communication models – quantum secure direct communication and deterministic secure quantum communication, in terms of three parameters: resource efficiency, eavesdropping check efficiency, and security (degree of preserving the confidentiality).

Efficient deterministic secure quantum communication protocols using multipartite entangled states

We propose two deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) protocols employing three-qubit GHZ-like states and five-qubit Brown states as quantum channels for secure transmission of information in units of two bits and three bits using multipartite teleportation schemes developed here. In these schemes, the sender's capability in selecting quantum channels and the measuring bases leads to improved qubit efficiency of the protocols.

Practical deterministic secure quantum communication in a lossy channel

Practical deterministic secure quantum communication in a lossy channel

Deterministic secure quantum communication using a single d-level system

Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit secret messages between two parties without first generating a shared secret key. Compared with quantum key distribution (QKD), DSQC avoids the waste of qubits arising from basis reconciliation and thus reaches higher efficiency. In this paper, based on data block transmission and order rearrangement technologies, we propose a DSQC protocol. It utilizes a set of single d-level systems as message carriers, which are used to directly encode the secret message in one communication process. Theoretical analysis shows that these employed technologies guarantee the security, and the use of a higher dimensional quantum system makes our protocol achieve higher security and efficiency. Since only quantum memory is required for implementation, our protocol is feasible with current technologies. Furthermore, Trojan horse attack (THA) is taken into account in our protocol. We give a THA model and show that THA significantly increases the multi-photon rate and can thus be detected.

Quantum cryptography over non-Markovian channels

A set of schemes for secure quantum communication are analyzed under the influence of non-Markovian channels. By comparing with the corresponding Markovian cases, it is seen that the average fidelity in all these schemes can be maintained for relatively longer periods of time. The effects of non-Markovian noise on a number of facets of quantum cryptography, such as quantum secure direct communication, deterministic secure quantum communication and their controlled counterparts, quantum dialogue, quantum key distribution, quantum key agreement, etc., have been extensively investigated. Specifically, a scheme for controlled quantum dialogue (CQD) is analyzed over damping, dephasing and depolarizing non-Markovian channels, and subsequently, the effect of these non-Markovian channels on the other schemes of secure quantum communication is deduced from the results obtained for CQD. The damped non-Markovian channel causes, a periodic revival in the fidelity; while fidelity is observed to be sustained under the influence of the dephasing non-Markovian channel. The depolarizing channel, as well as the other non-Markovian channels discussed here, show that the obtained average fidelity subjected to noisy environment depends on the strength of coupling between the quantum system with its surroundings and the number of rounds of quantum communication involved in a particular scheme.

Efficient and Secure Authenticated Quantum Dialogue Protocols over Collective-Noise Channels**Supported by the Foundation and Frontier Research Program of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission of China under Grant No cstc2016jcyjA0571.

Based on the deterministic secure quantum communication, we present a novel quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage over the collective noise channel. The logical qubits and four-qubit decoherence-free states are introduced for resisting against collective-dephasing noise, collective-rotation noise and all kinds of unitary collective noise, respectively. Compared with the existing similar protocols, the analyses on security and information-theoretical efficiency show that the proposed protocol is more secure and efficient.