Deterministic Factors Research Articles

Estimating bubble interfacial heat transfer coefficient in pool boiling

Interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) is one the most deterministic factors of nucleate boiling characteristics in pool boiling. IHTC and bubble dynamics have a reciprocal effect on each other, which makes accurate estimations of IHTC even more challenging, but important for nucleate boiling studies. In this study, by considering interfacial heat resistance, micro-layer heat transfer and conjugate heat transfer, a comprehensive model that is capable of simulating phase change phenomena and IHTC has been developed and a modified form of Volume of Fluid method (VOF) is used to simulate pool boiling phenomena. In this study, three major challenges in simulating bubble dynamics and related phase change heat transfer using a VOF method have been successfully addressed to achieve more accurate simulations. First, spurious currents resulting from approximating curvature in VOF and interface diffusion have been minimized by introducing curvature smoothing and employing a simplified coupled level set volume of fluid method (S-CLSVOF). Second, simulation instability due to the concentration of source terms on the interface has been addressed by smearing source terms around the interface. Third, micro-layer thickness, which is noticeably smaller than computational cells, has been calculated based on a linear depletable micro-layer method. Effects of three-phase contact line were adopted by introducing a dynamic contact angle model and temperature variation inside the heater. The model shows great agreement with available experimental and numerical results in nucleate boiling of water and R113 in terms of bubble growth and departure rate, frequency and temperature distribution, and micro-layer thickness. The new model developed in this study simulates IHTC in two water cases and its relationship to interfacial relative velocity.

An Exponential Curve Model and Its Application in Forecasting Private Car Ownership of China

To solve problems of modeling and prediction of nonstationary sequences caused by deterministic factors in the real world, a new type of exponential curve model with first‐order polynomial term is proposed in this paper based on the classical exponential curve model and the modified exponential curve model. According to the characteristics of the new model, the piecewise summation method is adopted to determine the analytical expressions of parameters. Moreover, the model is applied to the ownership of private cars in China. Comparing the calculated results with the classical exponential curve model and the modified exponential curve model, it can be seen that the new exponential curve model has higher accuracy in the analysis of the ownership of private cars in China.

Synchronization and pinning control of stochastic coevolving networks

Network dynamical systems are often characterized by the interlaced evolution of the node and edge dynamics, which are driven by both deterministic and stochastic factors. This manuscript offers a general mathematical model of coevolving network, which associates a state variable to each node and edge in the network, and describes their evolution through coupled stochastic differential equations. We study the emergence of synchronization, be it spontaneous or induced by a pinning control action, and provide sufficient conditions for local and global convergence. We enable the use of the Master Stability Function approach for studying coevolving networks, thereby obtaining conditions for almost sure local exponential convergence, whereas global conditions are derived using a Lyapunov-based approach. The theoretical results are then leveraged to design synchronization and pinning control protocols in two select applications. In the first one, the edge dynamics are tailored to induce spontaneous synchronization, whereas in the second the pinning edges are activated/deactivated and their weights modulated to drive the network towards the pinner’s trajectory in a distributed fashion.

Numerical study of the influence of weld geometry variations on fatigue life using the notch stress analysis

Idealized geometry is typically used in standards for the fatigue life assessment of welded joints. In the presence of stochastic geometrical variations along the weld, the choice of the idealized geometry is however ambiguous. In the notch stress (NS) method with a fictitious notch radius rref = 1 mm, the FAT 225 curve is derived for welds with relatively good quality in toe profiles. In the NS method with rref = ractual + 1 mm, a lower FAT 200 curve is recommended. Both approaches neglect the stochastic variability in toe radius, toe angle and leg length along the weld. The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, a numerical comparison between both approaches in terms of their predicted fatigue life is performed for a non-load carrying fillet cruciform joints. The results show that the NS method with rref = 1 mm and FAT 225 is substantially more conservative. Second, these methods are enhanced by replacing the deterministic stress concentration factor by a probability distribution computed using Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that NS with rref = 1 mm and FAT 225 does not predict any substantial influence of the stochastic variability in process parameters since the actual toe radius is not included in the analysis. However, the NS method with rref = ractual + 1 mm and FAT 200 predicts a decrease in fatigue life when uncertainties in geometrical parameters is included. This numerical study paves the way for an experimental validation of the predicted influence of stochastic variability of geometrical parameters based on the stochastic notch stress analysis.

КАЛЬКУЛЮВАННЯ І АНАЛІЗ СОБІВАРТОСТІ АВІАПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

Аbstract. The article summarizes the theoretical aspects of the processes of calculation and analysis of the cost of air transportation. In Ukraine, planning, accounting and analysis of operating costs is carried out in two main aspects ‒ economic elements and cost items. Aviation enterprises use International Accounting Standards 1 ″Presentation of Financial Statements″ to disclose information on expenses. In particular, this standard provides that an entity must disclose all items of expenses that are recognized in the reporting period in a single ″Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income″. A feature of the costing process of aviation enterprises is that they use not only the typical nomenclature of items recommended by ICAO, but also use costing on dry leasing terms (without a crew) when carrying out leasing operations; prime cost under wet lease conditions (with crew); cost price on ACMI terms. In this case, it is advisable to allocate the following cost items, which the airline has an impact on, to determine the cost of aviation work ‒ these are four items: 1) Aircraft; 2) Crew; 3) maintenance; 4) insurance. The purpose of the analysis of the cost of air transportation is to identify untapped reserves of its reduction and contribute to this reduction. The objectives of the analysis are: ‒ identification of trends in operating costs and production costs; ‒ assessment of the validity and intensity of the plan at the cost of production; ‒ determination of the dynamics and degree of implementation of the plan at cost; ‒ determination of the factors that influenced the dynamics of cost indicators, the magnitude and causes of deviations of actual costs from planned ones; ‒ analysis of the cost of certain types of products (carriage of goods, passengers, etc.); ‒ evaluation and determination of the optimal ratio of income and expenses. The analysis process is proposed to be carried out in five stages. At the first stage, analyze the dynamics and implementation of the cost plan for economic elements and costing items. At the second stage, establish the composition of costs and structure, analyze the changes that have occurred in the cost structure. At the third stage, it is supposed to carry out a factorial analysis of the influence of the total amount of costs and the rate of variable costs per unit volume of air transport operations using methods of deterministic factorial analysis. The fourth stage is the study of the dynamics, the implementation of the plan, the conduct of inter-farm comparisons and the determination of the influence of factors on the consumption rate. At the fifth stage, an analysis of industry-specific, specific indicators in dynamics is carried out, implementation is carried out according to plan, and the influence of factors on the change in the cost of a flight, flight hour, tonne-kilometer, passenger-kilometer, reduced tonne-kilometer is quantified. The analysis is carried out both with the help of economic and logical traditional methods (comparison, absolute and relative values, tabular, graphical), and methods of deterministic factor analysis (chain substitutions, absolute differences, etc.). Since the ways to reduce the cost are derived from the factors that affect it and they act in combination, the main directions for reducing them in practice will be to increase the degree of extensive and intensive use of aircraft and save costs in all respects. Keywords: operating costs, cost, methodology, analysis, costs, factors, production reserves, air transportation, airline.

Analysis of profitability of production of enterprises in the field of transportation and storage of the Irkutsk region

The purpose of entrepreneurial activity is not only to make a profit, but also to ensure high profitability of economic activity. Unlike the absolute profit indicator, profitability is a relative indicator and reflects the degree of profitability of the company. Profitability acts as an economic category, an estimated performance indicator, a target, a tool for calculating the company’s net income, a source of formation of various funds. As an effective indicator, it characterizes the efficiency of the use of available resources, success or failure in business, growth or decline in the volume of activity. Profitability indicators characterize the financial results and efficiency of the company. They measure the profitability of a company from various positions and are systematized in accordance with the interests of participants in the economic process. In the article, the author has developed a 3-factor model to conduct a factor analysis of the profitability of production. In deterministic factor analysis, the author’s model of profitability of production (resulting a criterion indicator) is represented by the product of 3 factors, of which two are known and one is the author’s. The relationship of these three factors with the profitability of production is functional. The article reveals the influence of factors affecting the change in the profitability of production of enterprises in the field of transportation and storage of the Irkutsk region and gives the author’s methodological approaches for its calculation (methods of factor analysis developed by Filatov E.A.). The article presents the author’s analytical, systematized statistical material for the analysis of key indicators revealing the impact on the change in the profitability of production of enterprises in the field of transportation and storage of the Irkutsk region of the Russian Federation.

Seasonal Trends, Profiles, and Exposure Risk of PM2.5-bound Bisphenol Analogs in Ambient Outdoor Air: A Study in Shanghai, China

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) possesses a larger surface area, which enables hazardous chemicals to adsorb. The particle can lodge deep in the lungs and bronchi of humans, causing diverse cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. PM2.5 exposure has significant socioeconomic repercussions as well as an increased risk of mortality. Some features of PM2.5 components have yet to be fully comprehended. PM2.5-bound bisphenols (BPs), which mostly originate from the incineration of plastic waste, haven't been profoundly documented, and some of their patterns are not explicitly understood. Between July 2019 and November 2020, the measurement of bisphenol A (BPA) and its 5 analogs was undertaken using outdoor PM2.5 samples from Shanghai. Three BPs (BPA, bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS)) were frequently identified (88%; 82% and 75% respectively), with concentration ranges (mean; median) of 0.051 to 7.52 ng/m3 (2.75 ng/m3; 2.40 ng/m3), 0.014 to 6.32 ng/m3 (2.44 ng/m3; 2.007 ng/m3), and 0.005 to 4.61 ng/m3 (0.29 ng/m3; 0.031 ng/m3) respectively. The highest average concentrations (BPA: 3.47 ng/m3; BPF: 2.46 ng/m3; BPS: 0.58 ng/m3, and bisphenol AF (BPAF): 1.14 ng/m3) were found within samples collected in winter periods. A strong and positive correlation was denoted between the concentrations of BPA and bisphenol B (BPB) (r = 0.719, p < 0.05), when an inversely significant correlation was noticed between BPA and BPF (r = - 0.264, p < 0.05). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) varied from 7.76x10-4 to 3.51 ng/Kg BWt/Day. The hazard quotient (HQ) which ranged from 8.61 x10-9 to 7.02 x10-5 with BPA determined as the major contributor (97.08% for ∑HQ) wasn't detrimental to the health of Shanghainese. Considering EDIs and HQs data, children were more subjected to health effects associated with the inhalation of BPs than adults. We came up with confirmations that industrial and anthropogenic activities are the major contributors to the load of airborne BPs in Shanghai. We also noticed that meteorological parameters aren't the sole deterministic factors influencing the seasonal profiles of BPs.

Applications of Digital Microscopy and Densely Connected Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Quantification of Babesia-Infected Erythrocytes.

Clinical babesiosis is diagnosed, and parasite burden is determined, by microscopic inspection of a thick or thin Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear. However, quantitative analysis by manual microscopy is subject to error. As such, methods for the automated measurement of percent parasitemia in digital microscopic images of peripheral blood smears could improve clinical accuracy, relative to the predicate method. Individual erythrocyte images were manually labeled as "parasite" or "normal" and were used to train a model for binary image classification. The best model was then used to calculate percent parasitemia from a clinical validation dataset, and values were compared to a clinical reference value. Lastly, model interpretability was examined using an integrated gradient to identify pixels most likely to influence classification decisions. The precision and recall of the model during development testing were 0.92 and 1.00, respectively. In clinical validation, the model returned increasing positive signal with increasing mean reference value. However, there were 2 highly erroneous false positive values returned by the model. Further, the model incorrectly assessed 3 cases well above the clinical threshold of 10%. The integrated gradient suggested potential sources of false positives including rouleaux formations, cell boundaries, and precipitate as deterministic factors in negative erythrocyte images. While the model demonstrated highly accurate single cell classification and correctly assessed most slides, several false positives were highly incorrect. This project highlights the need for integrated testing of machine learning-based models, even when models in the development phase perform well.

Determinants of residential end-use energy: Effects of buildings, sociodemographics, and household appliances

The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of end-use energy consumption: heating, cooling, DHW, lighting, electric appliances, cooking, through the integrated consideration of physical building factors, sociodemographics, and household appliance-use characteristics in residential buildings. To this end, this study collected dwelling and household characteristics through a site survey of 71 apartment households, which is a representative residential building type in South Korea. Additionally, a measurement system was installed so that information pertaining to the energy consumption by end use could be collected; we acquired annual energy data for the period between May 2017 and April 2018. Then, valid determinants for each end use were examined through multiple regression analysis with five regression models. (Model 1: analysis of a single variable that is the most influential; Model 2–4: analysis of valid determinants considering only physical building factors, sociodemographics, and household appliance-use characteristics by each model; Model 5: analysis of valid determinants considering all independent variables). The key findings of the research were as follows. The most deterministic factor was found to be AREA (area for exclusive use) for energy consumption of heating and electric appliances. And nHM (number of household members) was presented as the most influential factor for DHW, lighting, and cooking energy consumption. For cooling energy consumption, AIR_oper (air conditioner operating hour) was shown as the most deterministic factor. Furthermore, the order of influence of physical building factors, sociodemographics, and household appliance-use characteristics over each end-use energy consumption displayed as follows: building > appliance-use for heating, appliance-use > building for cooling, only sociodemographics for DHW and cooking, sociodemographics > building > appliance-use for lighting, appliance-use > sociodemographics > building for electric appliances.

A NOVEL APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

At the macroeconomic level, the consumption of primary energy resources is a deterministic factor of economic development, which justifies the relevance and importance of introducing an appropriate mathematical model.Using the tools of data-driven dynamical systems and Hamiltonian mechanics, we determine the relationship between energy costs and the distance traveled by a particular national economy in the economic space.The basis for the calculations is the time series describing the evolution of a cumulative GDP, recalculated according to the original method from monetary units to linear geometric dimensions, and energy resources consumed over a fixed period of time.The relevance of the mathematic relationships so obtained is verified by comparing the model predictions with the empirical data produced by four national economies, namely those of Canada, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. In all of the four cases the model demonstrated a nearly perfect fit to the actual data.The approach via approximation the evolutions of economic performance and energy consumption by parabolas proposed in the article lies the groundwork for developing a general theory that may be employed to analyze economic performance of a wide spectrum of national economies and world regions.

Influence of mineral fillers properties on the bonding properties of bitumen mastics

The bitumen mastic composed of bitumen binder and fillers contributes to asphalt mixtures' anti-moisture and anti-cracking properties. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the properties of bitumen mastic and its corresponding influence factors. This study performed an investigation on bitumen mastics considering different mineral fillers. In particular, nine fillers were characterized in particle size distribution, chemical compositions, and microstructures. The binder bonding strength (BBS) was used to evaluate the properties of varying bitumen mastics. The moisture resistance was estimated by measuring the bitumen mastics after moisture treatments. In addition, the asphalt mixtures with optimal filler binder ratio were manufactured for the anti-cracking estimation. The results indicated that the variation of mineral fillers induced the property differences of bitumen mastics. However, the deterministic factor was the filler binder ratio. The microstructure of fillers showed an explicit relationship with the bonding strength of bitumen mastics. The relationships between bonding strength and cracking indicators were weak, indicating a remarkable gap to upscale from bitumen mastics to asphalt mixtures. In addition, the correlation analysis also demonstrated that the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures behaved indicator-dependent.

Beta Diversity of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Benthic Communities Reveals a Major Role of Stochastic Assembly Processes

Community assembly is the result of both, deterministic and stochastic processes. The former encompasses niche-based local-scale mechanisms such as environmental filtering and biotic interactions; the latter includes ecological drift, probabilistic colonisation, and random extinctions. Using standardised sampling protocols, we show that the spatial variation in species composition (beta diversity) of shallow subtidal macrobenthic communities of sub-Antarctic (Strait of Magellan and Yendegaia Fjord [Beagle Channel]) and Antarctic (Fildes Bay [King George Island, West Antarctic Peninsula]) localities reflects a high contribution of stochastic processes to community assembly. Null model analyses indicated that random sampling from species pools of different sizes drove the observed among-locality differences in incidence- and abundance-based beta diversity. We analysed a normalised stochasticity ratio (NST), which delimits between more deterministic (&amp;lt;50%) and more stochastic (&amp;gt;50%) assembly. NST was notably larger than 50%, with mean values of 69.5% (95% CI = 69.2–69.8%), 62.5% (62.1–62.9%), and 72.8% (72.5–73.2%) in Strait of Magellan, Yendegaia Fjord, and Fildes Bay, respectively. Accordingly, environmental factors, such as depth, seawater temperature, salinity, and underwater light penetration, accounted for a small fraction of the spatial variation in community composition across the three localities. In this region, therefore, stochastic processes could have stronger effects on community assembly than deterministic niche-based factors. As anthropogenic biotic homogenisation continues apace, our study can give useful insights into the major ecological processes in Southern Ocean’ coastal marine communities.

Regional discrepancy of microbial community structure in activated sludge system from Chinese WWTPs based on high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing

Overall understanding of microbial community structure in activated sludge (AS) system at regional level is of great significance for operation regulation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, 110 AS samples from 21 cities in different Chinese regions were analyzed based on high-throughput 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing to explore effects of different regions on microbial community structure. Results showed that the regions with different characteristics (south and north, coastal and inland, high GDP and low GDP) had great impact on AS bacterial community in China. Core bacterial communities (101 OTUs) in south China were more abundant than those in north China (49 OTUs), and many core species in south China were associated with nutrient removal. Coastal WWTPs possessed unique bacterial communities due to the influence of marine bacteria. Phyla Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria were observed to be main biomarkers in coastal WWTPs. Compared with low GDP regions, more diverse microbial community and effective wastewater treatment were discovered in high GDP regions, and environmental factor analysis suggested that they were mainly correlated with high capacity and influent TP in the WWTPs. β nearest taxon index (βNTI) analysis showed that microbial community assembly in the analyzed AS samples was dominated by deterministic factors (70.67%) and influent quality was observed to be main factor.

Rate-constrained learning-based image compression

Rate control is a desirable feature, sometimes a requirement, for several applications in still image coding. Usually, the objective is to achieve rate control for every input data with minimal impact on rate–distortion performance. However, this task can be quite challenging. Learning-based image compression is a new paradigm that needs to be competitive with conventional image coding techniques. A learning-based lossy codec may require several trained models for different quality requirements. Therefore, a coding tool providing the ability to achieve a specific rate can be a deterministic factor to apply such models in practical application scenarios. Hence, in this work, we present a non-constrained solution to solve the constrained problem of training a learning-based image codec for a specific bitrate. The proposed solution requires a modified loss function for autoencoder optimization. This modification allows controlling the deviation from the specified target rate. Experiments performed in Kodak and JPEG AI datasets show that autoencoders trained with the proposed loss function can achieve rate constrained encoding with negligible losses in terms of SSIM and MS-SSIM.

Are fire refugia less predictable due to climate change?

Fire refugia—unburnt habitat within a wildfire’s perimeter—play a key role in wildlife persistence and recovery. While studies have shown that the location of refugia is influenced by local topographic factors, growing evidence points to extreme fire weather becoming the dominant factor driving high-severity wildfires that result in the location of fire refugia being less predictable. Between September 2019 and February 2020, a series of mega-fires in eastern Australia burned largely in broadleaf forest. We assessed burned and unburned areas of forest in eastern Australia using Sentinel-2 satellite data, aggregated monthly over the fire season to calculate a fire severity layer at a 20 m pixel resolution. We found that fires burned 5.7 × 106 ha−1 of forest and woodland. The total percentage area of unburned forest within the wildfire footprint was approximately 10%. The majority (94%) of the unburnt forest and woodland patches within the fire perimeter occurred as patches <1 ha (n = 842 622 and 111 707 ha) with far fewer large unburnt patches (>100 ha) (n = 575 and 286 080 ha). Boosted regression tree analyses of the relationships between fire severity and potential explanatory variables revealed that 63%–78% of the variable importance in the models were climatic and weather-related factors. Fire weather index was the single most important variable for analyses, accounting for 40%–52% of modelled results. Our results reinforce mounting evidence that a shift is underway in the balance between deterministic and contingent factors in the occurrence of fire refugia with local topographic controls being increasingly overridden by severe fire weather conditions, and declining topographic effects as fire severity increases. Further studies are needed over a longer time frame, inclusive of prior forest management impacts, to confirm that the ability to predict fire refugia is permanently declining.

Which is a more deterministic factor for cortical activation induced by transcranial electrical stimulation, electric field or radial field?

Which is a more deterministic factor for cortical activation induced by transcranial electrical stimulation, electric field or radial field?

Abundance dynamics of a new, endemic batoid from Brazil: The Lutz’s stingray, Hypanus berthalutzae

The Lutz’s stingray, Hypanus berthalutzae, is a recently identified, endemic dasyatid species which occurs in shallow habitats exclusively along most of the Brazilian coast. It is frequently caught as bycatch in different fisheries throughout the range of its distribution, but information on population trends and the impacts of fishing is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the structure and dynamics in H. berthalutzae relative abundance off Recife, Northeast Brazil, in order to provide baseline data for species management. H. berthalutzae were caught and sampled in a fisheries-independent, standardized longline and drumline survey which used > 500,000 hooks during ∼11 years. H. berthalutzae catch composition (N = 86) was characterized by a striking predominance of females, with a female:male ratio of 16:1. Most of these individuals measured were considered to be mature. H. berthalutzae catch rates were largely reduced after hooks previously operating directly on the seafloor were suspended in the middle of the water column. Such an effect was included in a zero-inflated generalized additive model developed to assess spatiotemporal and environmental modulators of H. berthalutzae abundance, for which both month and lunar phase proved to be statistically significant predictors. A higher abundance of H. berthalutzae was observed in the rainy season, from March to July (χ2= 19.22; p < 0.001), as well as during full moon periods (Z = 2.38; p = 0.017). The effects of other candidate predictors such as sampling site or year were either nonexistent or superimposed by other more deterministic factors. The results achieved in this fully standardized survey depict the dynamics in adult H. berthalutzae which might be expected to occur in coastal habitats off northeastern Brazil, thus providing a solid contribution to improve the management of local artisanal fisheries towards the recovery and sustainability of H. berthalutzae populations across their range.

Impact of Surface Hydrophilicity on Structure and Transport at the Catalyst-Ionomer Interface: Insights from Molecular Dynamics

Understanding local reaction conditions at the catalyst/support-ionomer interface in the cathode catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells is vital for improving cell performance and stability.1 The structure of the ionomer layer and the state of the catalyst support surface at the interface affects key properties of the system, such as water film structure and the distribution of protons and oxygen molecules at the catalyst-ionomer interface.2 The effect of catalyst surface facet and oxidation on the proton density accumulation at the interface was previously studied using molecular dynamics simulations.3 In this work, the interfacial region between catalyst and support surface and ionomer skin is further studied by expanding the classical molecular dynamics model. This water-filled nanopore model is constructed to study the impact of local charge density distribution, density of sidechains at the ionomer layer, and water layer thickness on equilibrium water structure, electrostatic conditions, and transport properties of water, hydronium, and molecular oxygen at the interface (Figure 1). Structural properties of the catalyst and support surfaces are obtained from explicit quantum mechanical Density Functional Theory simulations, and the effect of the electrode potential is simulated via surface charge density by varying the oxide coverage of both C and Pt. The analysis of simulations in a flooded pore indicates that surface hydrophilicity, which is represented by water adsorption and the formation of ice-like water clusters at the surface, is a major deterministic factor that affects interfacial proton density, ionomer sidechain mobility, and interfacial oxygen lateral movement. The results obtained in this work can guide the design of new catalyst materials, where the hydrophilicity of the surface can be tailored to minimize local proton transport resistance and improve electrode performance.Figure 1. Snapshot of the model system with the graphite slab partially covered by epoxide with a C/O ration of 4:1 as the support surface, and a Nafion skin layer of 1124 EW as the ionomer. Li, H.; Tang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Shi, Z.; Wu, S.; Song, D.; Zhang, J.; Fatih, K.; Zhang, J.; Wang, H.; Liu, Z.; Abouatallah, R.; Mazza, A., A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources 2008, 178 (1), 103-117. Jahnke, T.; Futter, G.; Latz, A.; Malkow, T.; Papakonstantinou, G.; Tsotridis, G.; Schott, P.; Gérard, M.; Quinaud, M.; Quiroga, M.; Franco, A. A.; Malek, K.; Calle-Vallejo, F.; Ferreira de Morais, R.; Kerber, T.; Sautet, P.; Loffreda, D.; Strahl, S.; Serra, M.; Polverino, P.; Pianese, C.; Mayur, M.; Bessler, W. G.; Kompis, C., Performance and degradation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: State of the art in modeling from atomistic to system scale. Journal of Power Sources 2016, 304, 207-233. Spooner, J. A.; Eslamibidigoli, M. J.; Malek, K.; Eikerling, M., Molecular Dynamics Study of the Nanoscale Proton Density Distribution at the Ionomer-Catalyst Interface. Pacific RIM Meeting on Electrochemical and Solid State Science 2020, (I01A-2101). Figure 1

Co-occurrence of planktonic bacteria and archaea affects their biogeographic patterns in China\u2019s coastal wetlands

Planktonic bacteria and archaea play a key role in maintaining ecological functions in aquatic ecosystems; however, their biogeographic patterns and underlying mechanisms have not been well known in coastal wetlands including multiple types and at a large space scale. Therefore, planktonic bacteria and archaea and related environmental factors were investigated in twenty-one wetlands along China’s coast to understand the above concerns. The results indicated that planktonic bacteria had different biogeographic pattern from planktonic archaea, and both patterns were not dependent on the wetland's types. Deterministic selection shapes the former’s community structure, whereas stochastic processes regulate the latter’s, being consistent with the fact that planktonic archaea have a larger niche breadth than planktonic bacteria. Planktonic bacteria and archaea co-occur, and their co-occurrence rather than salinity is more important in shaping their community structure although salinity is found to be a main environmental deterministic factor in the coastal wetland waters. This study highlights the role of planktonic bacteria-archaea co-occurrence on their biogeographic patterns, and thus provides a new insight into studying underlying mechanisms of microbial biogeography in coastal wetlands.

МЕТОДИКА ОЦЕНКИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ИННОВАЦИЯМИ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ ЛЕСОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

The article presents the results of a study to assess the provision of innovations at enterprises and organizations of the timber industry. The crisis consequences associated with restrictive measures had a significant impact on the timber industry. The changes are primarily related to the transfer of many workers to a remote form of work, the observance of social distance in the workplace. Many business leaders were forced to make management decisions to reduce production capacity. The key component of the developed methodology is the formed deterministic factor model, which reflects the provision of innovations at enterprises, formed on the basis of indicators characterizing the level of innovative development. The study was based on such indicators as the dynamics of research funding in the structure of GDP, the dynamics of costs associated with financing innovative activities, the level of innovative activity, as well as the volume of innovative products. Based on the results of the assessment, it was concluded that pulp and paper enterprises are provided with innovations most of all, against the background of more than a twofold increase in the costs of science and innovation. Then there are woodworking enterprises, where there is a stable low level of innovation provision. The worst situation is demonstrated by furniture enterprises, where a critical level of innovation provision is noted.