Determination Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Phytochemical screening and Antioxidant activity of Cananga odorata extract

Plants are the natural source for the antioxidants from plants source is boon for the investigators. Present study was aimed to study the antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson extract. Study involved preparation hydroalcoholic extract of Cananga odorata leaves (HECOL) using maceration method, followed by its phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity. The HECOL was subjected to determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay for determination of antioxidant activity. Maceration of C. odorata using hydroalcoholic solvent offered dark brown colored HECOL. Phytochemical screening of HECOL exhibited presence of carbohydrates, mucilage, fats and oils, volatile oils, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds. For TPC the gallic acid equivalent of HECOL was found to be 0.507 mg GAE/g. Whereas for TFC, the rutin equivalent of HECOL was found to be 0.2224mg RE/g. The antioxidant activity of HECOL was estimated to be 120.44μg/ml (IC50). Based on the experimental results, present study concludes that HECOL possess the significant antioxidant potential. This study also recommends that antioxidant activity potential of C. odorata leaves should be further explored using different solvent extracts.

A Study on Aphanamixis polystachya for evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties

The present study was conducted to detect possible chemicals (phytoconstituents), and investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activities of the extract of Aphanamixis polystachya (stem bark). Phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard test methods of different chemical group. For investigating the antioxidant activity, two complementary test methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination were carried out. For the evaluation of in Vitro antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, and to determine the thrombolytic activity, the method of Prasad et al., 2007 with minor modifications were used. The bark extracts were a rich source of phytochemicals. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, the Carbon tetra chloride soluble fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 19.86 µg/ml. while compared to that of the reference standards ascorbic acid. Aphanamixis polystachya was also found as a good source of total phenolic contents. Moreover, the extracts revealed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 µg/disc. By comparing with the negative control the mean clot lysis % was significant (p value <0.0009). Therefore, further studies are suggested to determine the active compounds responsible for the biological activities of the plant extracts.

In vitro cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of Litsea monopetala: A medicinal plant

The present study was conducted to assess the cytotoxicity, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of mehanolic extract of Litsea monopetala (Family: Lauraceae) leaves in laboratory using in vitro methods. Cytotoxicity test was done by brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the extract concentration was 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5625, 0.78125 (µg/ml). In vitro thrombolytic activity of Litsea monopetala was performed by clot lysis method using extract concentration 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 (mg/mL) in saline water. Anthelmintic activity test was done by using adult earthworms where 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 (mg/ml) extract concentration were used. Finally antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolic content determination using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The Litsea monopetala extract showed cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii and LC50 value was 41.05(µg/ml) and the investigated thrombolytic activity in our research was 9.52, 9.49, 13.64 and 17.50 % respectively as % of clot lysis. The paralysis time were at 76.75 min, 60 min, 51.75 min, 44.5 min and 64.5 min and death were at 90.50min, 63.75min, 55.50min, 44.75min and 71min. respectively. The Litsea monopetala extract displayed significant antioxidant activity which was 20.75 (mg of GAE / gm) of extracts. The activities observed could be attributed to presence of some of the phytochemicals which have been related with cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant property.

Characterization of phytochemicals and determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the medicinal plant Ardisia solanacea

The present study was conducted to detect possible phytochemicals and evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the extract of Ardisia solanacea. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard test methods of different chemical group. For investigating the antioxidant activity, two complementary test methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination were carried out. For the evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method was used. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, the petroleum ether soluble fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 40.04 μg/ml. while compared to that of the reference standards ascorbic acid. Ardisia solanacea was also found as a good source of total phenolic contents. Moreover, the extracts revealed moderate antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 μg/disc. In cytotoxic activity test, the petroleum ether soluble fraction showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 0.703 μg/ml) among all the fractions comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.544 μg/ml). Therefore, further studies are suggested to determine the active compounds responsible for the pharmacological activities of the plant extracts.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content, Analysis of Bioactive Compound Components, and Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Seri (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves from North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Seri (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves are a plant that is often found and have not been used in various treatments even though it is reported to have various groups of bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. AIM: This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and identify the content of potential bioactive compounds contained in the ethyl acetate fraction from M. calabura leaves. METHODS: M. calabura L. leaves fraction was carried out by maceration method using ethanol followed by partition starting with n-hexane, chloroform, and finally ethyl acetate as solvent. The ethyl acetate fraction was continued for phytochemical screening for the content of bioactive compounds using standard reagents, determination of total phenol content by colorimetric method, determination of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and analysis of bioactive compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura leaves was positive for phenolic content which was indicated by the formation of a turquoise color after 5% FeCl3 reagent was added (in ethanol), phenolic content was 0.0727 mg GAE/g dry fraction, indicating antioxidant activity (IC50) amounted to 54.437 including strong categories as antioxidants and the results of GC–MS analysis obtained various kinds of compounds and it is suspected that compounds that provide potential as antioxidants are phytol. CONCLUSION: The bioactive compound of ethyl acetate fraction of seri (M. calabura) leaves contained phenolic components and has strong antioxidant activity.

Effects of different drying conditions on bioactive potential of Brazilian olive leaf

Abstract Olive leaf is a residue in olive oil and fruits production, which is considered with bioactive potential due to the high antioxidant activity attributed mainly to the phenolic compounds. The research aimed to investigate the Brazilian olive leaf drying, and also study its influence on the bioactive potential of the leaf. The desorption isotherms of olive leaves were determined and experimental curves were fitted to GAB, BET and Peleg models. Convective drying in a fixed bed dryer was used in different conditions of air temperature (50 ºC and 70 ºC) and air speed (0.9 m s-1 and 1.5 m s-1). Drying curves were obtained for each experimental test. The bioactive potential was reflected in the determination of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and color parameters. Among the moisture equilibrium predictions between the GAB, BET and Peleg models, the first showed a better predictable capability. The results showed that in the drying operation, the increase in air temperature and speed influenced the increase in the drying rate and the reduction of time. The values of the effective diffusivity of the olive leaves varied between 2.61 x 10- 9 m2 s-1 and 10.12 x 10-9 m2 s-1. The samples dried until 10% of moisture (wet-basis) showed a good antioxidant activity, higher than 85%, and maintenance of the phenolic compounds regarding the fresh leaves around 70%. Bleaching and yellowing of leaves after drying were observed for all studied conditions and a decrease in green color at 70 ºC and 1.5 m s-1, in this condition the L*a*b* color parameters were 35.39, -5.00 and 42.66, respectively. This study demonstrated that the proper drying condition was at 70 ºC and 1.5 m s-1 for olive leaf drying and these conditions were important to maintain the original characteristics of the leaves and to spend less time in operation. Thus, this paper describe a viable drying process to take advantage of the olive leaf for the benefit of the environment and human health.

Qualitative Analysis and Determination of Total Phenolic And Total Flavonoid Content Of Needles Of Pinus roxburghii From Srinagar Garhwal

Pinus roxburghii is a gymnosperm tree species, which is abundantly found in the north western Himalayan region and possess medicinal properties. In this study, extracts of Pinus roxburghii needles were made in different solvents which were used for phytochemical screening. The extracts were used to carry out the study of the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content using Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Methanolic extract of Pinus roxburghii needles showed the maximum amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) that were 306.7053 ± 0.88711 GAE/g and 188.1283 ± 0.09029 RE/g respectively. It was concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites can be further investigated for medicinal purposes.

Effect of different drying treatments on total polyphenolics content and in-vitro biological properties of Ficus benghalensis fruit: A comparative study

The effect of different drying process on Ficus benghalensis fruits was studied for their polyphenolics, polysaccharides , antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities in-vitro. Crude polyphenol isolates were quantitatively analyzed for determination of total phenol, flavonoids , and tannin content. Antioxidant activity of crude polyphenolics was analyzed by in-vitro DPPH method. Protein denaturation assay was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of crude polyphenolics from F. benghalensis fruits. The antibacterial activity was determined by growth inhibition assay against Salmonella typhi . Quantitative analysis showed that micro-oven-dried fruit has high total phenolic (92.01 ± 03.46 mg GAE/g extract) and tannin contents (38.27 ± 06.03 mg GAE/g extract). Higher radical scavenging activity was registered for crude polyphenolics from shade- and hot-air-dried fruit (IC 50 at 158.75 and 165.85 μg/ml). Phenolics concentration of micro-oven-dried fruits exhibits higher level protection against protein denaturation (44.79 ± 3.26% at 0.5 mg sample) and showed lowest growth inhibition against S.typhi (1.12± 0.94% at 0.5 mg). The influence of heat processing on ficus fruit and its polyphenolics were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy . Thus, shade and hot-air drying can be possible methods for obtaining heat-resistant polyphenolics with good biological activity from ficus fruits. • The polyphenolic contents of fruits were influenced by drying methods. • The shade- and hot-air-dried fruits showed higher activity. • Drying methods regulate the functional properties of F. benghalensis fruits.

Nyctanthes arbortristis: In Vitro Efficacy Of Anti-Oxidant Potential And Cytotoxicity Study Of Bark Extracts On Sw982 Rheumatoid Arthritis Cell Line Followed By Phytochemical Profiling By GCMS

Nyctanthes arbortristis, commonly known as the night-jasmine, is a plant rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts on SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cell line in vitro. Sequential solvent extraction method was employed to obtain extracts with varying polarities. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and H2O2 radical scavenging assays and total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on SW982 cells. Results revealed that the bark extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing the highest radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoids contents. Furthermore, the bark extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on SW982 cells, with the ethyl acetate extract exhibiting the most potent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts possess substantial antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cells, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.

Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Small Berries

The authors of this article applied the determination of phenolic and flavonoid content in small berries to create a didactic cycle based on student-centered active learning (SCAL) in which students actively participated in the topic while studying and profile-forming as future biology and chemistry teachers. The fundamental part of the proposed didactic cycle is that students solve the following task: Determine the phenolic and flavonoid content in berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in your region. The submitted interdisciplinary topic is relevant to everyday life, and it aroused interest and enthusiasm among students. The students had the opportunity to test their theoretical knowledge in practical experimental research, and they attempted to work as researchers.

Determination of Antioxidant Capacity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Zahdi Date Seed and Their Effect on Beef Patties

The study included preparation of aqueous (As) and alcoholic (ethanolic Es,methanolic Ms) and oil extracts (Os) of Zahdi date seeds (Zs)(Phoenix dactylifera) . Chemical content of date seed was studied and the total content of phenols and flavonoids were estimated for prepared extract. Bioactive compounds of this extract was identification by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer GCl MS. Antioxidant activity , reducing power, chelating of iron ions of extract was studied , then used the extract which gave highest antioxidant activity in beef patties with two concentrations 0.05% and 0.1% to test their efficiency in oxidative inhibition and prolonging the reservoir age of stored beef patties in refrigerated for 10 – days and following chemical indicators in Peroxide value(PV) , Thiobarbituric acid(TBA) in treated beef patties . Moisture , protein ,oil, ash and carbohydrate contents of Zs 9.36%, 4.87% , 8.56% , 1.34%, 75.87% respectively . All extracts containing many bioactive compounds that identification of GC-MS and differented in their percentage according to the type of extract. All extracts share with some bioactive compound as 1-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, gamma.sitosterol ,Octadecanoic 5-Methyl-2-ethylamino-2-thiazoline, acid , Hexadecanoic acid and 2-hydroxy-1-(hydrixymethyl)ethylester . Alcoholic extracts (Es and Ms) exhibited the highest content of phenolic compound compared with As was 67.32mglml for Es , Ms was 65.32mglml While the total content of flavonoids for As 33.32mglml and Es 52.16 mglml , 46.16mglml for Ms , As and alcoholic extracts of Zs exhibited antioxidant activity was 88.70% for Es and 87.02% for Os , 85.22% for Ms , but As was the lowest 43.01% . The prepared extracts showed the higher reducing power was 2.63 and Chelating of iron ions 60.93 % and for Es ,There was a significant decrease (P<0.05)in peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid in beef patties treated with ethanolic extracts compared with control.

Correlation of Phenolic Content of Multiflora Honey from Malang and Alastuwo to Activity Antioxidant Using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Pickrylhydrazyl)

Honey contains various compounds that function as antioxidants, one of which is phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the phenolic content of multiflora honey from Malang and Alastuwo on antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Qualitative test of phenolic compounds with FeCl3 color reagent, determination of total phenolic content by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity test using DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that qualitatively Malang and Alastuwo honey contained phenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of Alastuwo honey was 0.0278 ± 0.0010 mg GAE/g and Malang honey was 0.0301 ± 0.0004 mg GAE/g. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that Alastuwo honey had weak antioxidant activity (IC50 of 393.37 ± 10.28 ppm), Malang honey had moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 of 217.20 ± 6.61 ppm) and vitamin C had strong antioxidant activity. (IC50 is 2.22 ± 0.19 ppm). The total phenolic content of Alastuwo and Malang honey correlates with its antioxidant activity.

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of whole plant of Astragalus creticus (Fabaceae)

Purpose: To determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the cytotoxic, immunemodulatoryand anti-inflammatory potentials of the whole plant of Astragalus creticus (Fabaceae).Methods: Folin-Ciocalteu (FCR) method was used for determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Astragalus creticus. The cytotoxic potential of the extracts on 3T3 and HeLa cell lines were evaluated using MTT assay. Brine shrimp larvae mortality was determined by lethality bioassay, while inhibitory effects were determined on mouse fibroblast (3T3)and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines. In vitro immunomodulatory and in vivo anti-inflammatory effectswere assessed using reactive oxygen species (ROS) chemiluminescence and formalin-induced rat paw edema assays, respectively.Results: Dichloromethane extract had higher contents of phenolics (TPC = 324.75 ± 2.47 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (TFC = 95.51 ± 0.82 QE/g) than the methanol extract (TPC = 79.82 ± 1.53 mg GAE/g, TFC = 56.11 ± 0.93 QE/g). The dichloromethane extract exhibited high cytotoxic andimmunomodulatory potentials, with 76.66 % mortality in brine shrimp lethality bioassay and 83.9 % inhibition (IC50 = 18.0 ± 1.1 μg/mL) in chemiluminescence assay. The extract also resulted in 22 and 13 % inhibition of viability of HeLa and 3T3 cells, respectively, while the methanol extract produced 13 % inhibition of both cell lines. The methanol extract produced very significant anti-inflammatory activity,with a maximum of 49 % inhibition of paw edema at a dose of 160 mg/kg (p &lt; 0.01).Conclusion: These results suggest that the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Astragalus creticus (Fabaceae) exert cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings provide scientific validation for the traditional medicinal use of the Astragalus genus.

Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit mix from Malino, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi

This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of single fruit extracts and mixtures of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Sims), and strawberries (Fragaria sp.). Tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent using the maceration method. Determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-ciocalteu method, measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (1.1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) spectrophotometrically and measuring the degree of acidity (pH) using a pH meter. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s further test. The results showed that the total phenolic content of tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries before and after mixing were tomato extract (1,731 mg GAE/g), purple passion fruit extract (1,577 mg GAE/g), strawberry extract (1,917 mg GAE)./g), tomato and purple passion fruit extract (1,758 mg GAE/g), tomato and strawberry extract (2,020 mg GAE/g), strawberry and purple passion fruit extract (1,924 mg GAE/g) and tomato, purple passion fruit extract and strawberries (2.107 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity showed that there was a significant difference between the purple passion fruit treatments (78.695%), tomatoes and strawberries (86.160%) and tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries (88.328%), but not significantly different from the tomatoes (80.683 %), tomatoes and purple passion fruit (82,059 %) as well as the treatment of strawberries (83.690 %), strawberries and purple passion fruit (84.097 %), but significantly different from the BHA control (93.526 %). It can be concluded that the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the mixed extracts of the three fruits, namely tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries, were higher than those of the single fruit extracts without mixing.

Phytochemical screening and Antioxidant activity of Opuntia ficus-indica seeds from Algeria

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. is the Cactaceae plant with the greatest economic relevance in the world. The biologically active compounds isolated from plants are known to be efficient as antibacterial and antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the polyphenolic, profile and characterize the antioxidant capacity of seeds of Algerian prickly pear cultivar. The determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents of Opuntia ficus-indica seeds were carried out by the Folin-Ciocalteu, the aluminum trichloride and the polyvinyl polypyrrolidine spectrometric methods. Antioxidant activities of seeds extract were assessed using free radical scavenging assay DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential FRAP and β -Carotene bleaching assay. The present study shows that seeds are rich in total phenolic and flavonoids contents 38.99±0.10 mg EAG/g DW and 31.58±2.00 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The content of total tannins was estimated at 2.8±0.01 mg CE/g DW. The tannins extract showed the most important inhibition of DPPH radical activity (IC 50 = 10±0.008 µg/mL) higher even compared with standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and Trolox. Also a stronger β -Carotene bleaching inhibition capacity (IC 50 = 0.46±0.04 mg/mL) is observed. In this context, the results presented deduce that these seeds are a promising source of phenolic compounds. Biological studies are needed to elucidate and conclude the effectiveness of these plants, which can be a challenge for new food and cosmetic products.

Antioxidant and bio-activities of leaf extracts from Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus globulus member of Myrtacaea family, is one of the important medicinal widely used plant.In this study methanolic leaf extract of Eucalyptus globulus was studied for the estimation of phytochemical constituents , in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity . Fresh leaves were ground with methanol used for estimations. Phytochemical constituents were estimated by total phenolic content and total Flavonoid content determination. Spectroscopic analysis by UV-VIS, FT-IR and fluorescents analysis was also conducted. In vitro anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were also monitored.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids , phenols , carbohydates and saponins. Considerable amount of phenolics (50 mg equivalent par g of dry weight) and flavonoids (23 mg equivalent par g of dry weight) were detected in extract. Extract exhibited considerable DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) scavenging activities, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity , Iron reducing power and Superoxide radical scavenging activity. Fluorescent spectroscopy revealed the presence of fluorophores in extracts. A strong anti-inflammatory activity of extract was observed using fluorescent spectroscopy. An appreciable in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria like gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, MTCC 40 was detected. This study confirmed that methanolic extract Eucalyptusglobulus possesses potent antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities possibly important quantity of flavonoid and phenolic content present in it .

Determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of fruits from wild and creole Carica papaya genotypes in comparison to commercial papaya cultivars

Determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of fruits from wild and creole Carica papaya genotypes in comparison to commercial papaya cultivars

A Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extract from Various Parts of Moringa oleifera

In this work, we reported a comparative study on the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from different parts of Moringa oleifera plant, i.e. leaves, twigs, stem barks, and woods. The phytochemical content of each extract was screened through qualitative analysis and followed by quantitative analysis for the determination of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The results showed that different parts of Moringa oleifera plant would give different extracted natural products. Either leaf or twig part of Moringa oleifera contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, polyphenols, proteins, amino acids, and phenolics. Meanwhile, only flavonoids, carbohydrates, and phenolics were found in the aqueous extract of the wood part of Moringa oleifera. In agreement to the phytochemical assay, the aqueous extract of leaf part of Moringa oleifera gave the highest total phenolic content (684 ± 16.7 µg GAE mL-1) and the highest flavonoid content (514 ± 26.1 µg CE mL-1) than other parts. Consequently, the leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (64.6 ± 0.69%) which is close to the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid (71.7 ± 0.56%) as the positive control. This finding is critical for the utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf part as the most potent source of antioxidant agents in the future.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of stem extract of Coleus forskohlii L. collected from Al-Baha Area, Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Coleus forskohlii L. stem extract in Al-Baha area, Saudi Arabia. Stem samples were collected from Al-Baha area and air-dried followed by extraction with ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The extracts were then subjected to phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and reducing sugars. Total phenolic content was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in n-butanol extract (274.33±3.29 mg GAE/gm), followed by ethyl acetate extract (182.94±1.82 mg GAE/gm), ethanol extract (79.63±2.02 mg GAE/gm) and petroleum ether extract (73.38±3.07 mg GAE/gm), while the lowest content was in chloroform extract (60.06±2.12 mg GAE/gm). The antioxidant activity was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in n-butanol extract (67.68±1.55%), followed by ethyl acetate extract (43.38±1.27%), ethanol extract (36.02±1.29%), petroleum ether extract (20.71±0.59%) and chloroform extract (19.73±0.74%). The antimicrobial activity showed that all microorganisms tested were resistant at the concentration of 25 and 50 mg/ml of plant extracts, whereas the concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml showed varying activities against gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and Candida albicans. The study concluded that the stem extracts of C. forskohlli have promising pharmacological and biological activities that could be beneficial in pharmaceutical as well as food and medicinal industries.

Heat Treatment of Reishi Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) Basidiocarp Enhanced Its β-glucan Solubility, Antioxidant Capacity and Lactogenic Properties.

The effect of heat treatment on dried fruiting bodies of Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) is investigated. Control and samples treated for 20 min at temperatures of 70, 120, 150 and 180 °C were subjected for their free radical scavenging capacity, different glucans and total phenolic content determination. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei supplemented with control and heat-treated samples is also investigated. The roasted mushroom samples at 150 °C and 180 °C showed the highest level of β-glucan (37.82%) and free radical scavenging capacity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). The content of total phenolics (TPC) was also influenced by heat treatment and significantly higher TPC values were recorded in samples treated at 120 °C and 150 °C. The presence of reducing sugars was only detected after heat treatment at 150 °C (0.23%) and at 180 °C (0.57%). The heat treatments at 120, 150 and 180 °C, significantly attenuated the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic E. coli, in a linear relationship with an elevated temperature. The supplementation of heat-treated Reishi mushroom at 120 °C resulted in the highest growth rate of probiotic L. casei. The obtained results in this study revealed the significant effect of short-term heat treatment by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, β-glucan solubility and prebiotic property of the dried basidiocarp of Reishi mushroom.