Price Determination Research Articles

Cost Calculation and Selling Price Determination for MSME in Jababeka Industrial Area

Cost Calculation and Selling Price Determination for MSME in Jababeka Industrial Area

Do uncertain outcomes matter for ticket prices? Examination of the National Football League's secondary ticket market

PurposeThis study examines the impact of outcome uncertainty on the National Football League (NFL) secondary ticket market prices. As a demand-driven market, it is essential to comprehend how resellers respond to outcome uncertainty, one of the consumer demand factors in sports.Design/methodology/approachUsing real-time ticket prices and money lines as a proxy of the probabilities of winning, this study employs a regression analysis and examines 33,554 price observations from the NFL’s secondary ticket market partner, StubHub.FindingsThe result shows a positive relationship between outcome uncertainty and secondary market ticket prices, indicating that resellers adjust the prices in response to the level of outcome uncertainty and put more value on games with greater uncertainty. This finding confirms the demand-driven nature of the secondary ticket market, as outcome uncertainty is one of the demand factors in sports.Originality/valueThis study links the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis with secondary ticket market pricing and fills a gap in the literature by providing an important perspective on games with uncertainty in the secondary ticket market. Outcome uncertainty has limited understanding in relation to secondary ticket market pricing despite its relationship with consumer demand. The positive relationship between outcome uncertainty and the ticket prices, grounded in real-time price data and win probability from sport betting markets, enhances our understanding of price determinations in the secondary ticket market.

Forecasting the outcomes of construction contract disputes using machine learning techniques

PurposeThis study aims to develop a predictive model using machine learning techniques to forecast construction dispute outcomes, thereby minimizing economic and social losses and promoting amicable settlements between parties.Design/methodology/approachThis study develops a novel conceptual model incorporating project characteristics, root causes, and underlying causes to predict construction dispute outcomes. Utilizing a dataset of arbitration cases in Türkiye, the model was tested using five machine learning algorithms namely Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Random Forest in a Python environment. The performance of each algorithm was evaluated to identify the most accurate predictive model.FindingsThe analysis revealed that the Support Vector Machine algorithm achieved the highest prediction accuracy at 71.65%. Twelve significant variables were identified for the best model namely, work type, root causes, delays from a contractor, extension of time, different site conditions, poorly written contracts, unit price determination, penalties, price adjustment, acceptances, delay of schedule, and extra payment claims. The study’s results surpass some existing models in the literature, highlighting the model’s robustness and practical applicability in forecasting construction dispute outcomes.Originality/valueThis study is unique in its consideration of various contract, dispute, and project attributes to predict construction dispute outcomes using machine learning techniques. It uses a fact-based dataset of arbitration cases from Türkiye, providing a robust and practical predictive model applicable across different regions and project types. It advances the literature by comparing multiple machine learning algorithms to achieve the highest prediction accuracy and offering a comprehensive tool for proactive dispute management.

PyJedAI: A Library with Resolution-Related Structures and Procedures for Products

This work presents an open-source Python library, named pyJedAI, which provides functionalities supporting the creation of algorithms related to product entity resolution. Building over existing state-of-the-art resolution algorithms, the tool offers a plethora of important tasks required for processing product data collections. It can be easily used by researchers and practitioners for creating algorithms analyzing products, such as real-time ad bidding, sponsored search, or pricing determination. In essence, it allows users to easily import product data from the possible sources, compare products in order to detect either similar or identical products, generate a graph representation using the products and desired relationships, and either visualize or export the outcome in various forms. Our experimental evaluation on data from well-known online retailers illustrates high accuracy and low execution time for the supported tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Python package to focus on product entities and provide this range of product entity resolution functionalities. History: Accepted by Ted Ralphs, Area Editor for Software Tools. Funding: This was partially funded by the EU project STELAR (Horizon Europe) [Grant 101070122]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2023.0410 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2023.0410 ). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/ .

Code and Data Repository for pyJedAI: A Library with Resolution-Related Structures and Procedures for Products

This work presents an open-source Python library, named pyJedAI, which provides functionalities supporting the creation of algorithms related to Product Entity Resolution. Building over existing state-of-the-art resolution algorithms (Papadakis et al. 2021a), the tool offers a plethora of important tasks required for processing product data collections. It be can easily used by researchers and practitioners for creating algorithms analyzing products, such as real-time ads bidding, sponsored search, or pricing determination. In essence, it allows to easily import product data from the possible sources, compare products in order to detect either similar or identical products, generate a graph representation using the products and desired relationships, and either visualize or export the outcome in various forms. Our experimental evaluation on data from well-known online retailers illustrates high accuracy and low execution time for the supported tasks. To the best of our knowledge this is the first Python package to focus on product entities and provide this range of Product Entity Resolution functionalities.

STRATEGI PENETAPAN HARGA KELAPA SAWIT PETANI PLASMA PADA PT. ADINUSA CAKRA MANDIRI DI KECAMATAN SEPAUK KABUPATEN SINTANG

The pricing of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) (palm fruit can be aimed at protecting plasma farmers such as setting a basic price so that price certainty for farmers is obtained and production incentives are obtained as well as to protect consumers through the determination of the highest price in accordance with the price in the market. Suggestions for this research: It is better to maintain the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) in plantations owned by plasma farmers at PT. Adinusa Cakra Mandiri In Sepauk District, the company must continue to help in the selection of plasma oil palm land so that the fruit continues to be of high quality. The determination of palm FFB prices should be socialized to farmers who own plasma land through the company's partner cooperatives. Keywords: Determination Strategy, Palm Oil Price

Water, energy, and food nexus in a solar-powered brackish water desalination plant in Jordan

Abstract The growing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and energy production applications poses a significant challenge for Jordan. This work assesses the role of brackish water desalination as an alternative to alleviate water scarcity in semi-arid regions. Desalination is still limited in its application in Jordan due to high electricity tariffs. Shifting to renewable sources such as solar energy, abundant in the country, is a feasible way to power technologies with a high energy demand. In this work, we study the brackish water desalination plant at the Hashemite University in Jordan that is powered by a photovoltaic (PV) solar system (the HU PV-BWRO). The plant’s performance was evaluated in the context of the water-energy nexus as a hybrid water supply solution. While this work integrates essential elements, such as water availability, technical options, economic viability, and agricultural management, the analysis primarily focuses on the technical and economic aspects related to water, energy, and food. Water assessment results indicate that the groundwater wells near the HU campus are at risk of quality degradation over time, as they have shown a slight increasing trend in salinization from 2015 to 2023. Energy assessment results show a promising performance from the HU PV-BWRO desalination plant, with a specific energy consumption (SEC) value of 1.2 kWh m−3 (140% to 400% less energy consumption compared with other Jordanian desalination plants of similar capacity). Unit price comparisons indicate that the energy cost of PV (0.042 USD/m3) is 5 times less than the cost of grid electricity (0.24 USD/m3). The operational cost of the solar desalination plant at full capacity, is USD 0.23/m3. This is about 260% less than the operation cost for local, grid-powered desalination plants. Finally, it is estimated that by operating the plant at 50% of its total capacity, the produced water could be sufficient to irrigate up to 80% of the HU campus to increase agricultural production. This study highlights the importance of decreasing reliance on energy for water and food production, and it shows that the use of solar powered desalination could be used as an example in semi-arid regions, particularly in terms of integrating renewable energy and energy efficiency.

“The principles of political economy, though often quoted, are little understood.” Fleeming Jenkin on trade unions and the law of supply and demand

The paper proposes a rational reconstruction of Fleeming Jenkin’s 1868 analysis of wage determination in labour markets characterised by the presence of trade unions. Jenkin intended to show that the supply and demand theory of market price determination did not support the thesis sustained by the opponents of trade unions that the latter are unable to permanently achieve a market-clearing wage higher than that which would be obtained in their absence. Starting with a definition of “demand” and “supply” of a given commodity as functions of a few economic variables, Jenkin elaborated a fresh critique of the wages fund theory and highlighted the impact of trade unions on both supply and demand for labour.

Integrating Price Benchmarks and Comparative Clinical Effectiveness to Inform the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program

ObjectivesBy September 2024, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) will publicly report the negotiated prices (Maximum Fair Prices) for the first 10 drugs selected for price negotiation. We estimate initial price offers based on net prices, statutorily defined ceilings, and comparative effectiveness data for the 10 drugs and their therapeutic alternatives. MethodsWe utilized net prices and other price benchmarks for the 10 drugs and their therapeutic alternatives. We searched for data on comparative clinical effectiveness for the primary indications. We outlined a range of plausible initial price offers based on CMS guidance and our interpretation of regulatory intent. ResultsFor ibrutinib and ustekinumab, statutorily defined ceiling prices will likely determine the initial price offers. The integration of net pricing and clinical evidence from comparator branded products will inform the initial price offers for apixaban, empagliflozin, etanercept, and insulin aspart. Rivaroxaban and sacubitril/valsartan have therapeutic alternatives that are generics; therefore, CMS may apply a discount to current net prices. To achieve savings in the negotiation of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin, CMS will have to leverage additional negotiation factors because statutory defined ceilings and net prices of therapeutic alternatives are similar or higher. ConclusionsThis analysis sheds light on important price benchmarks and clinical evidence factors for the determination of the initial price offers. Although we were not able to simulate the offer and counter-offer process, our findings provide a transparent and systematic way to produce initial offers that are consistent with CMS guidance.

Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Telur Asin dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing

The research aims to analyze the price determination of salted egg production using the full coasting method at UMKM. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation methods. The results of this research show that there are differences in calculating the cost of production using the UMKM method at CV. Keramat Telur Berkah with the full coasting method. The basic price for producing boiled salted eggs using Mrs. Emi's UMKM method was IDR. 3,220,- full coasting method IDR. 3,426,- difference IDR. 207,- Mrs. Emi's grilled salted egg IDR. 3,585,- full coasting method IDR. 3,847,- difference IDR. 262,- then for Mrs. Emi's baked salted eggs, the cost of production is IDR. 3,497,- full coasting method IDR. 3,731,- difference Rp. 234,-. Keywords: UMKM, Cost of Goods Production, Full Coasting Method

Analysis of the Selling Price Determination Mechanism at Surya Mart Ponorogo Supermarket in the Perspective of Sharia Economics

Analysis of the Selling Price Determination Mechanism at Surya Mart Ponorogo Supermarket in the Perspective of Sharia Economics

Вопросы применения медианного значения рыночного интервала в регулировании трансфертных цен

Material changes in the tax regulation of transfer pricing have occurred in the early 2024, such changes include the introduction of the median value of the market price interval (financial parameters). This is a new instrument in the regulation of transfer pricing, its introduction was not justified in the bill discussion period, but its effect is significant for tax obligations of Russian companies. The new instrument in the transfer pricing system creates additional risks for taxpayers, as well as for the state in terms of economic relations with regard to timely and full calculation and payment of taxes, as well as for parties to international economic activities and internal relations. This predetermines the research subject: the conditions of and procedure for applying the median value for the purposes of tax control of intracompany transaction prices. The research methodology is based on an analysis of transfer pricing recommendations of the ОECD in АННОТАЦИИ Налоги № 2-2024 47 АННОТАЦИИ terms of applying statistical tools to determine the price of the transaction under analysis, provisions of foreign regulations that determine the pricing procedure in transactions between related entities. Special attention is paid to an analysis of foreign court judgments on determination of the market price of intracompany transactions. An analysis of the ОECD recommendations has given an opportunity to single out obligatory conditions for the application of the median value. The author has identified a tendency towards harmonization of approaches to using the median value in foreign countries and the general trend to clarifying regulations in 2022-2024. The judicial practice shows that irrespective of the activity type or type of transactions performed by group subdivisions, courts award uniform judgments in terms of applying the median value and take into account the ОECD recommendations when passing a judgment. The paper concludes that Russian taxpayers face an additional tax risk rooted in the differences in the approach towards the application of the median value in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for transnational corporations and tax administrations used to regulate taxation of transactions between related entities in explanations of tax authorities and the judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the determination of tendencies towards applying the median value for transfer pricing purposes, evaluation of tax consequences of the novelty for Russian taxpayers.

Price benchmarks of drugs selected for Medicare price negotiation and their therapeutic alternatives.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are currently negotiating prices with pharmaceutical manufacturers for the first 10 Part D drugs selected for Medicare drug price negotiation. Non-publicly available data, including the net prices of selected drugs and their therapeutic alternatives, will play a central role in the determination of the maximum fair prices (MFPs). To estimate price benchmarks involved in the derivation of the starting point of the CMS initial price offer for the 10 drugs selected for Medicare price negotiation. For the 10 drugs selected for negotiation, we reported (1) the list price, (2) the net price after manufacturer discounts, (3) the maximum negotiated price based on the minimum statutory discount, and (4) the ceiling of the MFP, estimated as the lowest of the latter 2. We also estimated net prices for therapeutic alternatives to the selected drugs. Net prices were estimated using peer-reviewed methodology that isolates commercial discounts negotiated between payers and manufacturers from mandatory discounts under government programs. All price benchmarks were estimated at the product level, for 30-day equivalent dosing, using 2021 data. 6 products (apixaban, rivaroxaban, empagliflozin, sacubitril/valsartan, etanercept, and insulin aspart) had therapeutic alternatives with lower net prices, which will be integrated with clinical benefit data in the derivation of initial price offers. The other 4 products (ustekinumab, ibrutinib, sitagliptin, and dapagliflozin) had therapeutic alternatives with higher net prices than the drugs selected for negotiation. For ibrutinib and ustekinumab, prices based on the minimum discounts were considerably lower than the estimated net prices and will likely set the starting point of the initial price offer. For dapagliflozin and sitagliptin, the starting point of the initial price offer will likely resemble their existing net prices. Our analyses identify different negotiation scenarios for the first 10 drugs selected for Medicare price negotiation, based on key elements involved in the derivation of the initial price offer. Our analyses can help improve transparency in the negotiation process, because the CMS is not required to reveal the information used in the derivation of price offers.

PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE FULL COSTING DAN VARIABLE COSTING PADA UMKM D’CIWIL CIRENG KRIWIL VAVA HOUSE DI PALEMBANG

Production price is all costs related to a product which some of them are elements of production cost such as raw materials, direct labour, and overhead manufactory. This cost production is used by the business owner to determine the selling price which will be sold to consumers. Production price will determine the earned income level, if the price production determination is incorrect, the income determination will also be incorrect. There are some methods used in determining the production price, those are full costing method and variable costing method. The location of this research was at D’Ciwil Cireng Kriwil Vava House, Jalan Sentosa Lorong Sriraya 6 No. 39 Rt. 42 Rw. 15, Kelurahan Plaju Ulu, Kecamatan Plaju Kota Palembang, South Sumatera. This research was carried out by comparing full method costing and varible costing method. Full costing method was the most appropriate method for D’Ciwil Cireng Kriwil Vava House micro, small and medium enterprise, because it included all elements of cost incurred and had been divided, so that the calculation of price production would be more appropriate and accurate and also could increase the profit of D’Ciwil Cireng Kriwil Vava House micro, small and medium enterprise with the determination of the right selling price.

Estimation of selling price for grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) snack bar products using cost-based method

Abstract Determination of the selling price is an important part of the commercialization process of researched food products. The food product that had been developed was a snack bar product made from grasshopper flour (Valanga nigricornis Burm.). This research purpose was to determine the selling price of snack bar products made from grasshopper flour based on recipe differences. The method of determining the selling price was the cost-based method. Variations of this method are variable costing and full costing. The result of this research was the chosen recipe for the main snack bar production was recipe two. Recipe two had an additional level of grasshopper flour of 8,39% per batch. The estimated selling price of the grasshopper snack bar product from all of these product recipes was Rp. 10,000.00 – Rp. 14,500.00 per pack containing one snack bar per pack. Based on variable and full costing calculations, recipe two had an estimated selling price of Rp. 11,714.01 – Rp. 13,311.37 and of Rp. 12,242.62 – Rp. 13,912.06 respectively. The nutritional values of recipe two per package were water content of 8.08%; ash content of 2.3919%; protein of 13.894%, fat 25.1424%; carbohydrates of 50.4914%; and total Energy of 483.8245 kcal. This value served as nutrition value information that must be printed on the product packaging label. These research results can be used to help the development and design of scale-up processes to make food products compete in the market.

Price and Diet Quality Comparison of Ultra-Processed and Minimally Processed Menus

Price and Diet Quality Comparison of Ultra-Processed and Minimally Processed Menus

Easy Living Rental Appliances Website

Abstract— The rental market for home appliances has seen significant growth in recent years, driven by evolving consumer preferences and the rise of the sharing economy. Easy Living Rental Appliances is a prominent player in this market, offering a wide range of modern appliances on flexible rental plans. This research paper explores the design, functionality, and user experience of Easy Living Rental Appliances, analyzing its strengths and areas for improvement. By examining user feedback, market trends, and industry best practices, this paper provides insights into enhancing the platform’s usability, customer satisfaction, and overall performance. The rental market for home appliances has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by changing consumer preferences, technological advancements, and the rising demand for flexible and cost-effective solutions. EasyLivingRentals.com is an online platform designed to streamline the process of renting home appliances, offering a wide range of modern appliances on flexible rental plans. This research paper aims to analyze and enhance the user experience and efficiency of Easy Living Rental Appliances through various modules and features. Keywords – Easy Living Rental Appliances Platform, Affordable Tech, Price Comparison, Informed Decisions, User Empowerment, Digital Marketplace, Gadget Shopping, Tech Enthusiasts, Innovation, Consumer Electronics.

Budget Gadget a Price Comparison Website

Abstract—In today’s dynamic technological landscape, the quest for budget-friendly yet highquality electronic gadgets remains a paramount concern for consumers worldwide. “Budget Gadget” emerges as a pioneering solution to cater to this burgeoning demand, offering an intuitive platform designed to simplify the process of discovering affordable gadgets across diverse categories. Leveraging state-of-the-art technologies such as React.js, MongoDB, and Node.js, Budget Gadget sets out to revolutionize the way users explore and acquire electronic devices. The essence of Budget Gadget lies in its user-centric approach, prioritizing accessibility, affordability, and functionality. Through a seamless integration of intuitive user interfaces and robust backend infrastructure, Budget Gadget aims to empower users with the ability to make informed purchasing decisions tailored to their specific budgetary constraints and preferences. By curating a diverse selection of gadgets spanning smartphones, laptops, smart home devices, wearables, and more, Budget Gadget endeavours to serve as a comprehensive hub for tech enthusiasts and budget-conscious consumers alike..As a testament to its commitment to excellence, Budget Gadget undergoes continuous refinement and enhancement, driven by user feedback, market trends, and technological advancements. With a relentless focus on delivering unparalleled value and utility, Budget Gadget stands poised to redefine the landscape of budget-friendly gadget shopping, offering a transformative experience that empowers consumers to navigate the digital marketplace with confidence and ease. Keywords – Budget Gadget Platform, Affordable Tech, Price Comparison, Informed Decisions, User Empowerment, Digital Marketplace, Gadget Shopping, Tech Enthusiasts, Innovation, Consumer Electronics.

The Roadmap of a Cash Dupont Analysis and Its Impact on Stock Valuation Strategy

It is a common belief that capital intensive corporations are associated with relatively low profit margins. They operate in environments where it may be a struggle to keep returns in excess of their capital costs. This further implies a possible decline in stock value because of these lower margins. This paper extends the financial literature on the effects of capital intensity on firm performance through the introduction of the Cash DuPont Model in conjunction with a Monte Carlo Simulation. The model’s use of the free cash flow to equity (FCFE), cash conversion factor (CCF), and resulting Cash ROE ultimately leads to the determination of the fair price to book value multiple. All of these data metrics are blended into a process of stock price valuation that explains both the possibility and probability of the mispricing of a stock. The results reveal that a capital-intensive firm can show undervalued tendencies despite low profit margins.

Unraveling elements of value-based pricing from a pharmaceutical industry's perspective: a scoping review.

Health authorities use value-based pricing models to determine the value of innovative drugs and to establish a price. Pharmaceutical companies prefer value-based pricing over cost-based pricing. It is ambiguous whether value-based pricing has the same meaning to these stakeholders. We aimed to identify the elements that attribute to value-based pricing of innovative drugs from a pharmaceutical industry's perspective and as possible starting point for (value-based) contracting of drugs. We performed a scoping review of publications available in scientific databases with terms such as 'value-based pricing', 'pharmacoeconomics', 'drug cost', 'innovative drug' and 'drug therapy'. We included 31 publications, covering value elements of innovative drugs from a pharmaceutical industry's perspective. Overall, all found elements of value-based pricing were congruent with the elements of value-based pricing from a health authority's perspective. However, the emphasis placed on the elements differed. The most frequently mentioned elements in our review were economic considerations and cost aspects. Least mentioned were elements regarding cost-effectiveness, disease characteristics and patient characteristics. Although all elements in the drug value framework were present which indicate congruity, there seems controversy on the importance of cost-effectiveness as an element of value. Consequently, establishing a coherent and to all stakeholders' acceptable framework to value and price innovative drugs seems complicated. Mutual understanding can be found in the value elements societal considerations and healthcare process benefits. Our results supported the importance of economic and cost aspects regarding determination of prices of innovative drugs. Further research is required to quantify the weights of all relevant elements in the drug value framework, observe their possible interlinkages, and to weigh them over time.