Price Determination Research Articles

COST OF GOODS SOLD ANALYSIS OF RENGGINANG "MAK LIA" BASED ON THE FULL COSTING METHOD

This research aims to analyze the determination of basic production prices for Rengginang products based on the Full Costing method, with a focus on the "Mak Lia" as a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The Full Costing method is the main topic of discussion because it is able to provide a comprehensive view of all cost components involved in the production of Rengginang products. This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies as the research method. Data was collected through interviews with business owners, direct observation of the production process, and analysis of documents related to production costs. Historical data on sales, raw material costs, direct labor costs, and fixed overhead costs are also obtained to understand their impact on the cost of goods sold. The research results show that the Full Costing method provides a complete picture regarding all costs incurred by "Mak Lia" in the Rengginang production process, including fixed overhead costs. By using this method, "Mak Lia" can determine the cost of goods sold which includes all costs incurred, including fixed components which are often ignored in other methods.

Anti-inflationary Policy in Russia and Steps for Reducing the Volatility of Inflation

Inflation as a process of monetary depreciation is a debatable issue for many theorists. It is formed under the influence of various reasons: monetary emission, increased government spending, global crises, budget deficit, monopoly of big companies on price determination, trade union monopoly, and others. There are many types of inflation, which are classified depending on a specific feature (the rate of price growth, the nature of the flow, causes, etc.). The paper concludes the need to focus more attention on anti-inflationary policy, while considering not just monetary levers but also non-monetary levers, follow modern trends and look for better mechanisms. The results caused actions of a well-coordinated mechanism of public authorities and their cooperation with credit organizations, the principle of simplicity and publicity, improving financial literacy of the population and considering all available opportunities in the information society. By implementing these steps, the state can more effectively influence to bring about anti-inflationary policy. The materials of scientific research can be useful to specialists in the economic field, scientists, postgraduates, undergraduates.

Analisis Petenapatan Harga Jual Pada UMKM Ayam Bakar Taliwang Pak Lalu Karawang

This study aims to determine and analyze how to set the selling price of Taliawang Pak Lalu Grilled Chicken. The method used in this study is direct observation of the object under study and interviews to obtain data on data related to the cost of goods produced and the determination of the selling price of MSME production. The data used are primary and secondary data Data Management Techniques and Data Analysis By calculating the entire cost of production raw materials by including factory overhead costs, labor costs, raw material costs, calculation of cost of goods produced and calculation of selling prices. The results of this study are calculated using the cost plus pricing method in table 12 of cost plus pricing costs in the cost plus pricing method using a 30% mark up, which is Rp. 12,000 with a selling price of Rp. 16,000 so that there is a difference, namely where the selling price set by MSMEs Grilled Chicken Taliwang Pak Lalu is currently higher at Rp. 17,000 per portion, if compared with the selling price based on the cost plus pricing method, which is Rp. 16,000 with a profit achievement of 30%, this can cause a price difference of Rp. 1000.
 Keywords: cost plus production, production cost, selling price

Fluctuations and trends in the prices of red chilies and cayenne peppers in the traditional markets of Makassar City

Chili is a strategic food commodity which is the main seasoning for food in Indonesia. The chili commodity has high price fluctuations because production and supply are highly dependent on the risk of climate change. This research aims to analyse fluctuations, trends and comparisons of prices for large red chilies, curly red chilies and red cayenne peppers in the Makassar City Traditional Market. The data type is monthly time series secondary data for January 2020 to May 2023. Data analysis is coefficient variation, trend linear analysis, and t test. The results of this research show that the prices of large red chilies and curly red chilies have moderate fluctuations, while the prices of red cayenne peppers have high fluctuations. The price trend for large red chilies increased by IDR 144.24 per kilogram, curly red chilies IDR 200.99 per kilogram, and cayenne pepper IDR 362.42 per kilogram per month. The price of cayenne pepper has proven to be significantly higher than the price of large red chilies and the price of curly red chilies. The prices of red chilies and cayenne peppers at Pabaeng-baeng Market and Daya Market do not have a significant difference.

Persepsi Kelompok Tani Alfa Omega Terhadap Penerapan Pertanian Organik Di Kelurahan Rurukan Kecamatan Tomohon Timur Kota Tomohon

The aim of the research was to determine the perception of the Alfa Omega farmer group regarding the implementation of organic farming in Rurukan Village, East Tomohon District, Tomohon City. This research lasted for three months from May to July 2023. The data used in primary data was obtained through interviews with 13 respondents from the Alfa Omega farmer group, which were taken by census and secondary data was obtained from agencies related to the research conducted. Data analysis used is descriptive. The results of the research show that the perception of the Alfa Omega farmer group regarding the implementation of organic farming is relative profit, namely profit if sold to shops that collaborate with the Alfa Omega farmer group, having good quality plants. The perception of suitability of plants is that they are suitable because of fertile soil, high soil moisture and good water access. The perception regarding the ease of trying it is that it is easy to implement organic farming and easy to get raw materials. The perception of complexity is that it takes a long time to neutralize the soil and it is difficult to get a clear price comparison on the market between organic agricultural products and non-organic products. There needs to be outreach so that the Alfa Omega farmer group implements organic farming. It is also hoped that the Department of Agriculture will provide financial assistance to be able to switch to organic farming.

The Impact of Reaction Lights-Based Shadow Training on Foot Agility in Badminton Players at Pelangi Pontianak City

The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of reaction light trainingand shuttle run on footwork agility in PB badminton participants Pelangi Pontianak City. Materials and methods. This study uses this type of experimental research. Inthis study there were two groups of experiments that were deliberately given treatment. Results. The analysis's findings for the first test's Lscore test count and the test's final result were Lcalculated, yielding 0.1866<Ltable 0.2287 and 0.1356<Ltable 0.2287. Thus, based on the analysis of this data, preliminary test results and final tests of the normal distribution can be drawn. The sample size of 15, mean 2.75, standard deviation 1.02, and thitung 10.43 are used to determine whether the H0 or Ha hypothesis is accepted in line with the previously given explanation, after which the price calculated and the price of table t are compared. Price comparison between tcalculates to a genuine degree α = 0.05 with degrees of freedom (dk) = (n–1) = 14 and presentil values on the distribution table-t; the result was tcount (10.43)>ttable (1.7613). Conclusions. There is an effect of training using reaction light tools and shuttle run exercises in improving the agility of footwork (footwork) of PB Pelangi Pontiank City Achievement with tCalculate>tTable Can be taken the decision that there is an effect of training using reactionlights and shuttle run exercises in improving.

PELATIHAN STRATEGI HARGA PADA UKM

Pricing refers to the process of setting the exchange rate of products that will be accepted by consumers. Factors affecting pricing include production costs, intended markets, competition, market conditions, and product quality. Price determination is a key concept in microeconomic theory and is one of the four elements of the marketing mix, Mitra which is the place of PKM activities is engaged in the egg nut snack business with the AMHR brand is located in Muaro Jambi. Through initial observations to business owner Mrs. Aminah through Whatshapp, there are main problems for partners in terms of determining selling prices that can increase competitive advantage. The results of PKM activities showed that the implementation of activities went smoothly, partners were eager to receive the material delivered by the PKM team. There is two-way communication between partners and PKM teams. In addition, outputs are made in the form of publications to journals and IPR.

A coordinated green hydrogen and blue hydrogen trading strategy between virtual hydrogen plant and electro‐hydrogen energy system

AbstractIn the hydrogen‐based integrated energy system (HIES), there exists a hydrogen trading market where hydrogen producers and consumers are distinct stakeholders. Current research in hydrogen trading predominantly focuses on high‐cost green hydrogen (GH), which is not aligned with the current trend of utilizing hydrogen from multiple sources. To address this, this paper proposes a hydrogen trading strategy between the virtual hydrogen plant (VHP) and electro‐hydrogen energy system (EHES) based on a bi‐level model, considering the synergy of GH produced from electrolyzers and blue hydrogen (BH) derived from natural gas in the HIES. In the VHP level, the objective is to maximize profit from hydrogen sales, allowing for the determination of hydrogen prices. In the EHES level, the goal is to minimize the cost of energy supply, leading to the formulation of GH and BH purchasing plans based on hydrogen prices. Additionally, this paper incorporates a risk‐averse model from the information gap decision theory (IGDT) to account for the impact of wind power output uncertainties in the VHP level. Subsequently, leveraging the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of the EHES level, the bi‐level problem is transformed into a solvable single‐level mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC), with the non‐linear equilibrium constraints linearized. The proposed bi‐level optimization model is validated through case studies encompassing industrial and residential hydrogen utilization within the HIES. The outcomes confirm the rationality of the proposed model, demonstrating that, in comparison to exclusively trading GH, the coordinated GH and BH trading can increase the profit of the VHP by 2.7% and reduce the costs of the EHES by 8.5%.

Penentuan biaya produksi dengan metode direct costing sebagai dasar penetapan harga jual pada UD Lourdes Tompasobaru

Direct costing is an accounting method used to calculate production costs. This method only calculates production costs that are directly related to the product and can be traced directly to the product. Normal pricing is the determination of the selling price which is determined by adding future costs with a percentage mark up or addition above the total costs calculated using a certain formula. The aim of this research is to determine the determination of production costs using the direct costing method as the basis for determining selling prices. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this research show that there is a difference between determining production costs using the company's simple calculation method and calculations using the direct costing method. Because of this difference in the selling price determination between the owner (actual) and according to direct costing with normal pricing, there is a quite high difference, where the selling price determined by the company is higher than according to the direct costing method with normal pricing.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND TIMES OF RED BRICK AND LIGHT BRICK WORK ON THE MADRASAH MALLIMIN MUALLIMAT TAMBAK BERAS JOMBANG BUILDING PROJECT

The problem in implementing the construction of the Madrasah Muallimin Muallimat Tambak Beras Jombang Building is that the available funds and time are limited. The approach regarding the material needed for this building work is light brick compared to other work items. In wall masonry work using light brick/hebel, it is necessary to analyze whether the work time can be faster and whether the price comparison obtained is cheaper. The research method used is Value Engineering analysis to produce cost savings. The results of this research include: a) Based on the results of cost and time analysis for wall items, namely by proposing alternative materials as replacements for the initial materials, resulting in cost savings of Rp. 28,298,995.61, and b) When compared with productivity, a builder is able to complete a red brick wall in 133 days, whereas with light brick wall material a builder is able to complete the work in 66 days. So, in terms of work speed, lightweight bricks are faster than red brick walls.

Sentiment Analysis and Marketing Mix in Twitter Conversations About Mixue

This study delves into the rapid growth and public reception of Mixue, a Chinese beverage and ice cream franchise, in post-pandemic Indonesia. Employing Twitter sentiment analysis through the lens of the 7P marketing mix framework (Product, Price, Promotion, Place, People, Process, Physical Evidence), the research evaluates consumer attitudes towards Mixue amidst its explosive expansion and recent Halal certification. Data was collected through Twitter API and Scrapy, encompassing 7087 Indonesian-language tweets related to Mixue between January and February 2023. Sentiment analysis revealed an overall positive reception towards Mixue, particularly regarding its products and affordability. However, concerns emerged surrounding limited flavor variety, perceived high prices, promotional saturation, and queuing difficulties. Implications of these findings highlight the importance of franchise businesses adapting to evolving consumer preferences in the post-pandemic market. Mixue could benefit from diversifying its menu, addressing queuing issues, and tailoring promotions to enhance the customer experience. Gaining insights into public sentiment allows Mixue and other franchises to refine their strategies and maintain long-term success in the ever-changing Indonesian market. This research serves as a valuable stepping stone for further exploration into consumer preferences for specific flavor variations, conducting price comparisons, evaluating promotional effectiveness, and optimizing outlet placement and customer service.Addressing these aspects can fuel Mixue's continued growth and strengthen its position within the thriving Indonesian food and beverage landscape.

The Path to a Sustainable Energy Europe: An Analysis of the Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the application of predictive analytics techniques in the energy field and to identify strategies to stimulate renewable energy production. The analysis begins by examining four key indicators: renewable energy, gas price, gas consumption and renewable energy consumption through a detailed descriptive analysis. Visual graphs are built to get an overview of the evolution of the energy sector in the period 2011-2020 with the help of Tableau software. The analysis is supported by the use of the Random Forest algorithm as a prediction model, considering critical indicators such as gas price, gas consumption and renewable energy consumption. The prediction results provide insight into anticipating changes in renewable energy production in the European countries studied. At the same time, the study highlights the current situation of renewable energy in Europe and identifies the necessary measures for its sustainable development through the analysis of specialized literature. It also examines the way in which big data management, facilitated by technologies such as smart meters and drone sensors, can help improve the energy sector. This research offers valuable results, providing insights into the evolution of renewable and fossil energy, as well as a detailed comparison of renewable energy, gas prices, gas consumption and trends in renewable energy consumption. By integrating predictive analytics techniques, data management and renewable energy-specific indicators, this study makes an innovative contribution to energy systems analysis. Its focus on European countries contributes to the understanding of the growth potential of renewable energy generation in this region.

The Influence of Tunneling Incentive and Bonus Mechanism on Transfer Pricing Determination Moderated by Tax Minimization During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Case Study on A Manufacturing Company Listed on the IDX)

This research is a proof-of-concept of important functions and/or characteristics analytically and experimentally. Transfer pricing is a company action that can add potential tax losses to state revenues. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of tunneling incentives and bonus mechanisms on transfer pricing during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, this study also examines tax minimization as a moderating variable for the effect of tunneling incentives and bonus mechanisms on transfer pricing. The sample used in this research is a manufacturing company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2021 period. This study uses multiple regression analysis and moderate regression analysis with statistical product and service solution version 23. The benefit of this research is to increase the literature related to transfer pricing. Tunneling Incentive, bonus mechanism has no effect on transfer pricing and tax minimization cannot strengthen the influence of Tunneling Incentive, bonus mechanism on transfer pricing.

Investigating stimulating factors for customer booking intentions on brand websites

ABSTRACT Customers have ample opportunities regarding channels to use to book a hotel room: offline and online. In the online world, the options are using the hotel’s website, referred to as the brand website, or third party internet sites like online travel agencies (OTAs). The primary objective of this article is to explore the motivators and factors that influence customers in booking hotel rooms through a brand website. Additionally, the study aims to derive insights from the exemplary practices employed by online travel agencies that contribute to their significant share in capturing online bookings. This study relies on the opinions from 110 participants who frequently reserve their hotel accommodations through Booking.com, booking more than once annually for leisure or vacation purposes. Using an online booking channel requires that the booking tool is perceived as user-friendly and trustworthy and offers a comparison of prices. The benefits of a loyalty programme, integration with other travel-related services and hotels paying commissions are the least important to customers. The primary motivator to book via a brand website is the personal contact and the best price. To achieve this, the hotel needs to make sure that the website is easy to use, offers possibilities for comparison of prices and reviews, is mobile friendly and accepts other payments besides credit cards. Currently, a primary disappointment is the quality of the brand website and, therefore, being perceived by the customer as not user-friendly. Hotels should analyse their brand website’s five elements: room price, payment options, user-friendliness, trustworthiness, reputation and visuals to encourage bookings and enhance customer experience.

Exploring user adoption of online hotel booking platforms: A text mining approach

The growing importance of online hotel booking platforms has revolutionized the hospitality industry, generating new business opportunities and intense competition among service providers This study analyzes user-generated content from online reviews to understand what drives user adoption of online hotel booking platforms. Using topic modeling, categorical principal component analysis, and relative importance ranking, the study identifies key factors like comparison of hotel options and online booking features as crucial for user adoption. Conversely, negative hotel experiences contribute to dissatisfaction. The results offer valuable insights for the hospitality industry, emphasizing the dominance of online booking and price comparison in customer adoption.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОЦІНКИ НЕРУХОМОСТІ: ЗАКОРДОННИЙ ДОСВІД

The purpose of the article is to study the features of real estate valuation abroad. The article analyzes the experience of real estate valuation in foreign countries. It was found that the Center of Lithuanian Registers operates in Lithuania, which includes the register of immovable property and cadastre, the register of legal entities, the register of addresses and registers of residents. In Georgia, all registers are united in the National Public Register Agency. In Sweden, a general assessment is carried out every six years with the purpose of adjustments if necessary, a simplified general assessment is carried out three years after the general assessment, a special assessment is carried out annually to assess newly built properties. In Slovenia, an infrastructure has been created for more efficient management of land resources and mass valuation of real estate, and a register of sales prices is in place to ensure the collection of information about deals on the real estate market. In Poland, mass assessment is a set of procedures for determining the cadastral value of property for tax purposes. In Switzerland, the cadastral accounting of real estate is carried out at the international and cantonal levels. In France, residential buildings are taxed separately from industrial and commercial objects. The annual rental value is used to estimate the value of commercial buildings. In Australia, Denmark, Sweden and Indonesia, the method of determining the estimated value is based on the comparison of sales prices, in Switzerland, Canada and the Netherlands – on the capitalization of income from the permanent use of real estate. Ukrainian legislation on real estate valuation is analyzed. Its features during the war period are highlighted. It is indicated that access to the State Register of Property Rights to immovable property has been restored, and separate norms and rules have been established regarding registration actions. It has been found that in Ukraine such methodical approaches to assessment as income (profitable), expenditure (property), comparative (market) have been established. Further research should be aimed at revealing the role of economic analysis in the land management system after the end of martial law.

An improved approximate method for solving two-dimensional time-fractional-order Black-Scholes model: a finite difference approach

<abstract><p>In this paper, we considered the two-dimensional fractional-order Black-Scholes model in the Liouville-Caputo sense. The Black-Scholes model was an important tool in the financial market, used for determining option prices in the European-style market. However, finding a closed-form analytical solution for the fractional-order partial differential equation was challenging. To address this, we introduced an improved finite difference method for approximating the solution of the two-dimensional fractional-order Black-Scholes model in the Liouville-Caputo sense, based on the Crank-Nicolson finite difference method. This method combined the concepts of the finite difference method for solving the multidimensional Black-Scholes model and the finite difference method for solving the fractional-order heat equation. We analyzed the conditional stability and the order of convergence. Furthermore, numerical examples were provided to illustrate the determination of option prices.</p></abstract>

Temporality and Stratification in the Transformation of Value into Price

This article aims to illuminate temporality in value determination and stratification of value and price in the transformation of value into price. This leads to an understanding of value-relocating through the two concepts presented in this study: current-value-relocating (CVR) and integrated-value-relocating (IVR). Based on Marx’s exploration of the labor process and social reproduction and focusing on two components of a commodity’s value and the relation between the individual and aggregate level, the article seeks to propose a non-linear conception of temporality in value determination, which justifies the application of simultaneous equations in value determination. Furthermore, through the depiction of the stratification of value and price, the study insists on retaining the relations among their components in different layers. Lastly, the research attempts to explain all price-value deviations at the aggregate and individual levels in two forms: CVR and IVR.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬЮ ПРОЕКТНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА КОММЕРЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ

The article evaluates the impact of technical and economic indicators of projected residential buildings on the unit costs per square meter of the sold area. The commercialization coefficient (hereinafter Cc) is one of the indicators characterizing the rationality of design decisions. Its purpose is to assess the effectiveness of design solutions in terms of commercial use of the area of a residential building. For this purpose, the Qc for a building as a whole is defined as the ratio of the area of all sold premises to the area of a residential building. Since pricing and cost comparisons in the real estate market are linked to the price of one square meter of the area of the premises being sold, then evaluating the effectiveness of design solutions requires appropriate cost estimates in relation to the unit area of the premises being sold. However, for the purposes of benchmarking construction projects, it is more appropriate to link the cost of erecting a building to a unit area of a residential building, which is the basis for determining the construction volume of a residential building.

Sustainable Packaging Design using Life Cycle Thinking

This research examines environmental impact data, sustainable packaging qualities, consumer feedback surveys, and price comparisons to draw important findings. Research focuses on “Packaging Sustainability Revolution: Life Cycle Thinking Reveals Eco-Friendly Innovations.” This research examines sustainable packaging design evolution. Life cycle analysis (LCA) showed that packaging materials had an average carbon footprint of 120 grams of CO2 per unit and a 60% recycling rate. This shows the diverse environmental impacts of packing options. A study of sustainable package design shows that individuals have preferences. The favorability of biodegradable, recyclable, and minimalist packaging increased significantly. In subjective consumer feedback surveys, Packaging A and Packaging B scored 8.3 and 8.7 total satisfaction. In contrast, Packaging C and D do well. The cost increases among models in Cost comparisons expenditures show the economic effects of sustainable design. This emphasizes the tight balance between consumer satisfaction and sustainable practices' economic sustainability. The empirical findings improve scholarly discourse on life cycle thinking in Cost comparisons by revealing the sustainability variables driving the Packaging Sustainability Revolution.