Gender Determination Research Articles

Determination of Female Gender by Value of Maxillary Sinus Morphology using Digital Radiography

Aim: To determine gender through digital radiography from the height and width of maxillary sinus. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Kuwait Teaching Hospital and Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2020 to 30th June 2020. Methodology: AP view of radiographs of 64 female participants was used and analysis of morphological parameters of maxillary sinus was done by using microdicom software. Results: The mean height and width of right maxillary sinus was 22.39mm and 22.54mm respectively while the mean height and width of left maxillary sinus was 22.39mm and 20.81mm respectively and was found to be statistically highly significant. Conclusion: Determination of female gender can be done with the help of anteroposterior view of digital radiographs from the height and breadth of maxillary sinuses. Key words: Gender determination, Forensic radiography, Female, Sexual dimorphism, Maxillary sinus

Value of Maxillary Sinus Morphology in Identification of Gender by Using Digital Radiography

Background: Human being recognition is significant for a variety of purposes, including for the humanitarian and sentimental needs for others, for relatives as well as for the court before rendering a decision. In forensic radiology, the radiographic tests and procedures that are relevant to the law or the courts are performed, interpreted, and then reported. Comparing radiography to three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography, radiography has the benefits of being more widely available, having a lower radiation dose, and having a lower cast. The systemic change in size or shape between individuals of varying sexes belonging to the same species is known as sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is reflected by different species' maxillary sinuses. The first paranasal sinus to develop in utero at the age of 10 weeks are the maxillary sinuses, which are two air-filled cavities found in the maxillary bone. They are the largest of the paranasal sinuses. Bones like the pelvis, skull, and femur are used in radiology to identify gender. Maxillary sinuses can be utilized for identification in mass tragedies like aero plane accidents, war, explosions, burnt, decomposing remains, and other calamities. In these situations, all the bones suffer severe damage, but the sinuses are left undamaged. Aim and objective: This research used digital radiography to identify gender based on the morphology of the maxillary sinus. Materials and Methods: From the radiographs (A.P view) of 128 subjects ( 64 males and 64 females), the morphometric characteristics of the maxillary sinus were assessed using microdicom software. Results: The right maxillary sinus average height and width in males was 28.15mm and 25.04mm whereas, in females it 22.39mm and 22.54mm respectively and was found statistically highly significant. Likewise, the left maxillary sinus average height and width in males was 28.91mm and 25.33mm and in females it was 22.39mm and 20.81mm respectively and was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: It was concluded from my study that the anteroposterior (AP) view of digital radiographs can be used to detect the gender based on the height and width of the maxillary sinuses. Keywords: Forensic radiography, maxillary sinus, sexual dimorphism, gender determination mass disaster.

Management of Gender Determination of Newborns and Children with Disorders of Sex Development Using a Multidisciplinary Approach: An Exploratory Study of Islamic Perspective in Malaysia.

Management of newborns with disorders of sex development (DSD), especially in deciding the need for a sex assignment surgery, is a complex matter. It is associated with many bioethical issues, such as concerns about the rights and welfare of the newborns and the reliability of parents' consent to the paternalistic disposition of physicians in making the best decisions. This paper, containing interviews with six medical experts and three religious' experts, aims to raise awareness of the multidisciplinary approach, which uses a combination of medicine, religion, and ethics in managing children with DSD, particularly in Malaysia, to avoid unnecessary psychological, biological, emotional, and societal ramifications.

EP13.03: The accuracy of the maternal intuition and sonographic determination of fetal gender in the first trimester

EP13.03: The accuracy of the maternal intuition and sonographic determination of fetal gender in the first trimester

Gender, Food Security, and Social Determinants of Health in Haiti: A Systematic Review

Abstract: In the aftermath of the 2010 Haitian earthquake, gender equity and food security are key priorities for the Haitian state, bilateral organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Yet there is very little research on the gendered dimensions of food insecurity in Haiti, specifically the nexus between gender, food security, and health. Literature on these themes tends to be divided by discipline: literature in the health sciences and nutrition tends to explore dietary diversity, food choice, and food availability; literature and donor publications in community development and public health focus on peasant and women’s organizations, the impact of NGO projects, and community food cultures; and literature in the social sciences explores the impacts of colonization on Haitian food systems and the intersectional inequalities that bear on Haitian food insecurity and gendered inequity. In this article, we mobilize Charlotte Reading and Fred Wien’s “social determinants of health” framework to unite this literature. Drawing from an extensive review of scholarly research; white papers by bilateral organizations, NGOs, and international financial institutions; and the policy landscape in Haiti, we use the meta themes of gender, Haiti, and food (in)security to frame our analysis. We argue that given the interscalar mechanisms impacting women’s health, intersectional, interdisciplinary, and intersectoral approaches are necessary for understanding the gendered dimensions of food insecurity. We hope that this article inspires scholars and NGOs to mainstream gender in food security research in Haiti. Rezime: Apre tranbleman tè 2010 ki sakaje Ayiti a, kesyon “gender osnon rapò sosyal fanm/gason” ak ensekirite alimantè se yon kokennchèn priyorite pou Leta ayisyen, òganizasyon bilateral yo ak òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal (ONG) yo. Poutan, pa gen anpil rechèch sou sekirite alimantè ann Ayiti ki mete pwojektè sou dimansyon “gender” espesyalman lyen ki genyen ant “gender”, sekirite alimantè ak sante. Literati sou tèm sa yo deplòtonnen nan divès disiplin : literati nan syans sante yo ak nitrisyon gen tandans eksplore divèsite dyetetik, chwa alimantè, ak disponiblite manje; literati nan devlòpman kominotè, sante piblik ak piblikasyon donatè yo konsantre sou òganizasyon peyizan ak fanm, enpak pwojè ONG yo ak kilti alimantè kominote yo; epi literati nan syans sosyal yo eksplore enpak kolonizasyon yo sou sistèm alimantè ayisyen an, ak inegalite entèseksyonèl ki gen sou ensekirite alimantè ayisyen ak inegalite sèks yo. Nan atik sa a, travay Charlotte Reading ak Fred Wien sou detèminan sosyal sante sèvi nou gid pou mete tout literati sa yo ansanm. Atik sa a se rezilta yon analiz pwofon sou literati syantifik ak liv blan an ki pale sou “gender osnon rapò sosyal fanm/gason” ak sekirite alimantè òganizasyon bilateral, ONG ak enstitisyon finansye entènasyonal redije. Analiz la tou chita sou peyizaj politik Ayiti a apati gwo bout tèm “gender” a, Ayiti ak ensekirite alimantè kòm kad analiz nou. Finalman, akoz mekanism entèskalè ki gen enpak sou sante fanm yo, nou soutni lide konpreyansyon dimansyon sekso-espesifik ensekirite alimantè a egzije yon apwòch entèseksyonèl, entèdisiplinè ak entèsektoryèl. Nou espere atik sa a ensite fouyapòt (chèchè) yo ak ONG yo konsidere rapò sosyal fanm/gason nan rechèch sou sekirite alimantè a.

GENDER DETERMINATION FROM MEASUREMENTS OF MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR DENTAL ARCHES – AN OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Sex estimation is one of the essential parameters for the human Identication in forensic analysis. Resilience of palatal structures and mandible to traumatic and natural forces is useful in several forensic situations. Radiography plays a vital role in forensic dentistry to uncover hidden facts which cannot be seen by means of physical examination. The occlusal radiograph gives a bird's eye view of entire maxillary and mandibular arches, and useful in evaluation of dental arches. To assess the usefulness of linear measurements of maxillary and mandi Aims: bular dental arches on occlusal radiographs for gender determination. The study constituted of 60 subjects Settings And Design: (30 males and 30 females) with age range of 21-30 years. 120 cross sectional maxillary and mandibular occlusal radiographs were taken and traced. Maxillary and mandibular dental arch linear measurements on occlusal radiographs were made related to Inter canine, Inter 1st premolar, Inter 2nd premolar, Inter 1st molar, and Inter 2nd molar widths. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent Student t Test and Discriminant function analysis. The Inter 2nd molar width Results: in both dental arches was the best predictor for gender determination. The Predicted gender model showed a sensitivity of 60% & 70% and specicity of 70% & 60% in the maxillary and mandibular arches respectively with overall accuracy of 65% in both the arches. Conclusion: The present study shows a signicant sexual dimorphism in linear measurements of maxillary and mandibular dental arches and can be very useful for gender determination in forensic science

Assessment of Velar Morphological Variants as Gender Determination Tool in Kanpur Population: A Digital Cephalometric Study

Background: The posterior fibromuscular part of the palate that attaches to the hard palate is what is often referred to as the soft palate. To distinguish between sexes, this research measured the velar for length, breadth, and morphological diversity. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty boys and girls, ages 15–25, had digital lateral cephalograms obtained. Using the taxonomy proposed by You et al., we categorized velar morphology into six different types and conducted an in-depth analysis of each. The resting length of the soft palate may be seen as a straight line stretching from the back of the nose to the tip of the uvula. It was also determined how wide the soft palate really is. IBM SPSS statistics 21 was used for the statistical analysis. The mean, the standard deviation, and the percentage distribution were used to describe the data. To ensure that the data were normally distributed, the Shapiro–Wilk test was run on them. Comparisons of clusters of discrete categories were made using the Chi-square test. To identify statistically significant differences between the sexes, we employed the independent Student's t-test. The mean length and width of different velar shapes of both genders were calculated using an analysis of variance test. Results: Type 2 was more common in males than in Types 1, 3, or 6. Form 6 was the rarest of the forms. Type 1 was more common among women than any of the other types, including Types 2, 3, and 6. The most frequent kind was Type 1. The veli of men are much longer and broader than those of females. Conclusion: In light of all the metric measurements from the current study, gender can be established from the length, width, and soft palate morphology.

Identifying and addressing disparities in the evaluation and treatment of children with growth hormone deficiency

Health disparities are a significant cause of concern globally and in the United States. Disparities have been additionally highlighted throughout the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic during which populations of color have been the most affected by the disease. Social determinants of health, race, ethnicity, and gender have all contributed to disparate outcomes and disparities spanning all age groups. Multiple socio-ecological factors contribute to disparities and different strategies have been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of disparities in pediatric treatment and outcomes, with a focus on children with endocrine disorders.

Cranium morphometry for distinguishing male and female Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) before sexual maturity

Gender determination of Muscovy duck as early as possible is essential for the efficiency and effectiveness of duck production. This study aimed to determine the morphometric differences in prepubertal male and female Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) as predictors of gender. This study used a split-plot design, with the observed variables cranium length, width and height, mandibular length, and rostrum length and width. This study used a total of 80 samples of duck heads consisting of 40 male and 40 female Muscovy duck heads, with ten heads each in the age group of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively. Results showed that the length, width, and height of the cranium, mandibular length, and rostrum lengthand width were greater in males (p <0.05) than those of the females in all age groups. It could be concluded that the morphometric size of prepubertal male Muscovy ducks head was greater than those of the female ones at the same age; thereby, it could be used to distinguish gender. Based on the morphometrics, further study can also be conducted to measure other body parts of the Muscovy duck apart from the cranium. In addition, it is necessary to study the morphometric measurements of the cranium in other poultry as a basis for identifying sex.

Accuracy of Mid-Trimester Ultrasound Scan in Foetal Gender Determination at the University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of prenatal sonographic gender determination during foetal anomaly ultrasound and the overall sensitivity pattern in our institution.
 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 520 consenting pregnant women who presented for foetal anomaly scans within a one-year period in our institution. The diagnostic accuracy of gender determination during the anomaly and delayed scans were determined by comparing the sonographic gender with the birth gender and calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, Mc-Nemar chi-square test were used at 5% level of significance.
 Results: The mean maternal age was 31.51 ±5.02years. Of the 520 consenting pregnant women studied, 16(6.0%) women were having twin gestation. Four hundred and ninety-seven (92.7%) genders were determined during foetal anomaly scan. The accuracy of the ultrasonography (US) examination performed by the resident doctors was 98.02% while the accuracy of the scan performed by the consultant radiologists was 100%. Overall, the accuracy of the gender determination on ultrasound was 98.69%. The general specificity and sensitivity of the US were 98.71 % and 98.68% respectively while the positive and negative predictive value were 99.01 % and 98.29% respectively.
 Conclusion: The accuracy of ultrasound examination in detecting foetal gender during foetal anomaly ultrasound is high with equally high predictive values and therefore it is recommended as a mandatory variable during anomaly scans. There is need for continuous training of resident doctors or operators in lower cadre to improve their competency in foetal gender determination.

Accuracy of Mid-Trimester Ultrasound Scan in Foetal Gender Determination at the University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of prenatal sonographic gender determination during foetal anomaly ultrasound and the overall sensitivity pattern in our institution.
 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 520 consenting pregnant women who presented for foetal anomaly scans within a one-year period in our institution. The diagnostic accuracy of gender determination during the anomaly and delayed scans were determined by comparing the sonographic gender with the birth gender and calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, Mc-Nemar chi-square test were used at 5% level of significance.
 Results: The mean maternal age was 31.51 ±5.02years. Of the 520 consenting pregnant women studied, 16(6.0%) women were having twin gestation. Four hundred and ninety-seven (92.7%) genders were determined during foetal anomaly scan. The accuracy of the ultrasonography (US) examination performed by the resident doctors was 98.02% while the accuracy of the scan performed by the consultant radiologists was 100%. Overall, the accuracy of the gender determination on ultrasound was 98.69%. The general specificity and sensitivity of the US were 98.71 % and 98.68% respectively while the positive and negative predictive value were 99.01 % and 98.29% respectively.
 Conclusion: The accuracy of ultrasound examination in detecting foetal gender during foetal anomaly ultrasound is high with equally high predictive values and therefore it is recommended as a mandatory variable during anomaly scans. There is need for continuous training of resident doctors or operators in lower cadre to improve their competency in foetal gender determination.

Determination of Gender From Facial Angels

Determination of Gender From Facial Angels

Gender Difference, Overconfidence and Corporate Social Responsibility A Rising Strength of Female

We present and examine a new theoretical framework that seeks to explain differences in CEOs’ gender and firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. In contrast to previous CEO-centered explanations, our theory emphasizes how executives as vital linkers construe their firms’ CSR. Drawing from gender role theory and upper echelons theory, we contend that when females hold the post of CEOs, they experience treats rooted in negative stereotypes about gender determinism, which in turn enhances their firm’s CSR performance. Our formal analysis suggests that executive overconfidence mediates the positive relation between CEO gender difference and CSR. Notably, female CEOs are associated with higher executive overconfidence, which further leads to an increase in CSR. An extension of our model also shows that, when the level of the board independence gets higher, the effects of CEO gender difference will lessen. We test our predictions empirically with a sample of Chinese firms from the Shanghai or Shenzhen stock exchange in the years 2010 to 2018. Our results are consistent with proposed hypotheses and are robust to different empirical operationalization. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Race, ethnicity, and gender representation in clinical case vignettes: a 20-year comparison between two institutions

BackgroundThe medical case vignette has long been used in medical student education and frequently includes demographic variables such as race, ethnicity and gender. However, inclusion of demographic variables without context may reinforce assumptions and biases. Yet, the absence of race, sexual orientation, and social determinants of health may reinforce a hidden curriculum that reflects cultural blindness. This replication study compared proportions of race, ethnicity, and gender with University of Minnesota (UMN) findings. This study sought to determine if there has been progress in the representation of demographic characteristics in case vignettes. Methods: University of North Carolina (UNC) case vignettes from 2015–2016 were analyzed and compared to UMN case vignettes from 1996–1998. Data included mentions of race, ethnicity, gender and social determinants of health. Results: In the 278 UNC vignettes, white race was noted in 19.7% of cases, black race was in 7.9% cases, and 76.6% of cases were unspecified. In the 983 UMN vignettes, white race was recorded in 2.85% cases, and black race in 0.41% cases. The institutions were significantly different in the proportion of their cases depicting race (0.20; 95% CI (0.15, 0.25)). Males were represented in the majority of vignettes. Discussion: Comparing case vignettes results from two medical schools suggests that reporting explicit demographic diversity was not significantly different. The findings illustrate that sex was the demographic characteristic consistently described, where males were over-represented. Based on these findings, greater cultural diversity as it intersects with social determinants of health is needed in medical student education.

Cheiloscopy: A Study of Most Common Morphological Patterns of Lip Prints Among Male Students and Employees of Peshawar Medical College

Objective: To determine the frequency of most common morphological patterns of lip prints among male students and employees of Peshawar Medical College. Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was conducted at Forensic Medicine Laboratory of Peshawar Medical College from November 2021 to April 2022. Material and Methods: A total of 201 male voluntary participants both students and employees were included in the study. Lip prints were be obtained from them using lipstick and cellophane tape, and studied in the presence of lip print expert. The lip print patterns were classified and frequencies determined. Results: Overall pattern, type V (26.62%) and type III (19.58%) were the most common ones. There was no significant difference between the ethnicity. Conclusion: It might be said that lip prints are distinctive, and that using them to identify people. The results showed that print of any two lips were not matched exactly. The patterns did not reveal any significant variability with regards to gender or ethnicity. Thus, trivializing the concept that lip prints can be used as a good indicator for gender determination. Keywords: Lip Prints, Classification, Pattern Types, Cheiloscopy

MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF QUADRATE TUBERCLE AND RELATED NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES ON DRY ADULT BONES

Objectives There is only a little information about quadrate tubercle (QT) and its' clinical importance in anatomy textbooks and literature. This study aims to provide comprehensive morphometrical data about QT, related neighboring structures, and gender differences will also be investigated. Material and Methods A total number of 108 [(34 female/74 male) / (48 right/60 left)] adult femurs were morphometrically evaluated. Distances between QT to the greater trochanter (GT), lesser trochanter (LT), the femoral head (FH), and GT to LT measurements were taken to determine the position of QT. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (v 26.0) package software program. Results The distances between QT-GT; QT-LT; QT-FH; GT-LT parameters determined as 33.65±4.47, 28.52±3.43 (p=0.001); 40.89±4.62, 35.64±3.87 (p=0.001); 79.73±7.05, 70.18±5.66 (p=0.001); 67.53±5.20, 58.68±5.14 (p=0.001) mm in males and females, respectively. The cut-off points were calculated for gender determination as 62.80, 75.45, 30.75, 38.45 mm for GT-LT, QT-FH, QT-GT, QT-LT parameters, respectively. Conclusions In this study, a triangular safe area for arterial anastomoses was determined between QT-GT/QT-LT/GT-LT parameters at the proximal end of the femur. It can create a safe area that can be used in clinical applications when needed. Also, it has been shown that gender determination among the parameters has the highest confidence interval with the GT-LT parameter, while other QT-centered parameters have high predictive power and can be used for gender determination. To best our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature about QT precise distances and use for gender determination together.

Osseous Microanatomy and Histochemical Characterization in Species, Gender Determination and Age Estimation

Background: Bone is a tissue of particular interest, because the hard tissue of the skeleton is normally well preserved and details of microscopic structure can be seen in specimens many centuries old. The microscopic structure of bone can be utilized for identification of unknown bone samples in forensic odontology. Physical anthropologists may encounter complete or fragmentary specimens of bone in which standard anthropometric methods provide inconclusive or questionable information. If the histological structure of such material could reveal, with reasonable accuracy, details of species, age, and gender, it would be a useful and valuable laboratory tool. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections from biopsied lesions (5 cases each of goat bone, 5 cases of chicken bone specimen, 5 cases of human male bone specimen, 5 cases of human female bone specimen) was done. The variation of the trabeculae by measuring the average width of trabeculae, the average marrow space, and the ratio of the above two through morphometric analysis was assessed. The observational percentage variation amongst the species by number of osteons, osteocytes shape i.e., -spindle, elliptical and round, presence of inflammation was noted. The stroma and hard tissue for Collagen characterization (Special stains)Type, orientation and maturity using Picrosirus stain, Sub intimal fibrosis surrounding the bone using Van Gieson, Percentage of mature and immature bone pattern using Azan stain was analyzed. Result: Chicken bone shows absence of osteons in comparison to human bone with increased number of osteocytes. Goat bone shows plexiform pattern with scattered haversian canals more comparable to human bone architecture. Average human Haversian canal diameter was greater than non-human mammalian species. Azan staining helped in differentiation of mature from immature bone. Picrosirus staining helped in establishing collagen type, orientation and thickness. Sub intimal fibrosis surrounding the bone was checked using Van Gieson staining. Discussion: The complexities of bone tissue and its growth processes are such that misinterpretations of a critical nature can be made if the observer is not well informed on the multitude of basic details dealing with Osteogenesis, remodelling, and comparative histology. Conclusion: Bone histomorphological assessment is an effective method for species identification, gender determination and age estimation by fragmentary osseous remains.

Mandibular Ramus: An Indicator of Gender and Chronological Age - A Digital Radiographic Study

Background: The determination of sex and age of individual is important in forensic practice and medico legal purposes. Mandible may play a vital role in sex estimation as it is the most dimorphic bone of skull that often is recovered intact. The present study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of mandibular measurements in gender determination and age estimation as seen on digital panoramic radiographs. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare seven parameters of the mandibular ramus obtained from digital orthopantomographs, and to assess the usefulness of these parameters as aids in gender and age estimation. The objectives were: 1. To assess:-Maximum ramus breadth in mm, Minimum ramus width in mm, Projective height of ramus in mm, Maximum height of the ramus in mm, Maximum coronoid height in mm, Gonial width in mm and Bigonial angle in degrees, 2. To correlate each of these seven variables with the age of the patient, and 3. To compare these seven parameters between males and females. Materials and Methods: OPGs of 500 patients satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria selected from the Dept. of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Govt. Dental College, Kottayam, were being studied. Permission from the concerned departments was taken. The measurements were made on this radiograph using GIMP 2.8 Software. Results: All the parameters were found to show statistically significant difference between males and females. After performing logistic regression, an equation was formulated to determine gender from the parameters that were statistically significant in regression analysis. The cut off was set at 0.5. Values above the cut off value were interpreted as males and values below the cut off were interpreted as females. The overall accuracy of sex determination at this cut off value from this method was 73.9%. Significant correlation was not noted between the mandibular parameters and age of the individual. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the mandibular ramus can be considered as a valuable tool in gender estimation since it possesses resistance to damage and disintegration processes. Nevertheless, the age of the individual cannot be determined using this method.

A substantiate comparative study of the mandibular canine index method of gender assessment using two decedent Maharashtra population

Introduction: Mandibular Canine Index (MCI), indispensable tools of forensic odontology in gender determination of skeletal remains is a contributing part of anthropological, genetic, odontological, and forensic investigations as well as archaeological and medico-legal examinations. Aim & Objective: To compare the differences in odontometrics of mandibular canine between males and females of two different regions in Maharashtra. Method: Present study includes 60 individuals (15 male and 15 female subjects belonging to the Kolhapur region and 15 male and 15 female subjects belonging to the Mumbai region) having age group 21 to 28 years. The mesio-distal width of the right and left mandibular canine and intercanine distance were measured. Subsequently, standard MCI, intercanine distance, sexual dimorphism, and percentage accuracy in both regions were calculated. Result: Statistically highly significant variation was seen in mesio-distal width of mandibular canine in the left side of the population of both the regions as compared to the right side. Also, variation in intercanine distance was seen in females of both the population. There was no variation seen in MCI of both the population. The standard MCI was 0.24 for Mumbai and 0.25 for the Kolhapur population. Conclusion: As region, racial patterns, genetic and epigenetic factors indirectly affect MCI values, this technique can be used as one of the diagnostic adjuvant and reliable methods for gender determination in forensic dentistry.

Gender determination of domestic chicks based on vocalization signals

Gender determination in chicks is an important task in poultry production and is helpful for precision feeding of different sexes. At present, most chicken sex identification methods need to be completed manually by professionals, which is time-consuming and laborious. In this paper, a method was designed to determine the sex of one-day-old chicks according to vocalizations. This method uses sound technology to detect chick vocalization and automatically detects vocalization endpoints by the double threshold method using three parameters: short-term energy, short-term zero crossing rate and duration. The audio features were extracted as the input of the three deep learning models for learning and classification. In the experiment, the training set was used to train the model, and the test set was used to calculate the detection results. The vocalizations of the training set and test set came from different chicks. In the gender detection of each vocalization, the accuracy of convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gate recurrent unit (GRU) was 74.55%, 75.73% and 76.15%, respectively. The highest recall was 77.03% of GRU, and the highest specificity was 78.38% of LSTM. After that, the gender of chicks was predicted according to the vocalization detection results. The average accuracy values of CNN, LSTM and GRU for vocalization were 91.25%, 87.08% and 88.33%, respectively. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can be used to detect the gender of chicks by vocalization, which is of great significance for automatic chick gender detection and intelligent poultry production.