Gender Determination Research Articles

Gender Determination by Orbital Aperture Morphometry in Nalgonda Population

Background: The orbital aperture morphometry can be considered as a valuable tool in gender determination since orbit possesses resistance to damage and disintegration processes. Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate the orbital aperture dimensions in nalgonda population and verify their relationship with gender. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the morphometric dimensions of orbital aperture seen on digital orthopantomogram taken using PLANMECA digital machine and ROMEXIS software. The height and width of the orbits were measured using measuring tools in the accompanying software. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: Linear measurements such as orbital height and orbital width, were significantly greater in males than females in the Nalgonda population with P < 0.001. The present study found 85.6% accuracy after subjecting the obtained value to discriminant function analysis. Conclusion: The discriminant scores greater than 1.5 value indicate the sample as male and scores lesser than 1.5 value indicate the sample as female. Therefore, orbital aperture measurements can be used for gender determination in human identification.

Mandibular Ramus: An Indicator for Gender Determination.

Background The goal of this study is to use digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) to find out the role the mandibular ramus plays in figuring out a person's gender. Methodology Six hundred digital OPGsof patients, aged 21 to 50 years of either gender, fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria, were randomly selected from the department archives exclusively for this digital retrospective study. All the scans were anonymized before the analysis. A total of seven measurements (in mm) were performed on OPGs, namely, minimum and maximum widths of the ramus,minimum and maximum condylar heights,maximum height of the ramus and coronoid,gonial angle bilaterally, and bigonial width. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), by a stepwise discriminant functional analysis for gender determination. Results Linear measurements, including maximum and minimum widths of the ramus, maximum height of the condyle, height of the ramus, and coronoid and bigonial width, revealed more values in males than in females. However, the gonial angle showed higher average values in females than in males. Moreover, all seven parameters showed statistically insignificant age-related changes. Conclusions The mandibular ramus showed high sexual dimorphism, and its analysis on OPG can be a valuable aid in the determination of gender in the fields of forensic odontology and anthropology.

A Study On Odontometric Assessment Of Mandibular Canine For Sexual Dimorphism

Introduction: Gender identification from the skeletal remains is an important part and procedure of forensic sciences. In forensic investigations the tooth especially canine gives excellent evidence in determining the gender because of many physical characters of it. Sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine provides an immense usage in forensic investigation. The aim of the study was to assess the dimensions of mandibular canines, as an adjunctive tool in determination of gender and dimorphism pertaining to the age group of 21-32 years. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 80 subjects in general population (40 males and 40 females). Following parameters were considered in the study; mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular canine, intercanine arch width and right and left MCI. All the measurements were taken on dental casts and tabulated for statistical analysis. Results: Mesiodistal dimension and intercanine values were utilised to determine the mean for the right and left mandibular canine. Assessment of the Standard Mandibular canine index showed more sexual dimorphism with right mandibular canine. Conclusion: The accuracy of determining gender using the mesiodistal parameter of mandibular canine turns out to be satisfactory and justifies usage as tool in forensic sciences. Keywords : Mandibular Canine, Canine Index, Sexual Dimorphism, Mass Disaster.

Sex-role parenting mentally retarded teenagers

This article analyzes the features of manifestation of sex-role behavior of mentally retarded adolescent students. The results of the study was to investigate the nature of the manifestation of sex-role behavior in mentally retarded adolescents (adoption of its sex, gender determination regarding interpersonal relationships, values and direction). The methodology of working on forming ideas about the future family of pupils with intellectual disabilities is presented in the article.

Validation of Gender Identification by “Alu” Insertion on Y Chromosome for Forensic Mass Disaster

Background: Gender determination of human samples is critical in forensic identification. The most popular forensic kit AmpliFlSTR® is based on Short Tandem Repeat (STR), and gender determination is performed on a single copy Amelogenin gene with X and Y homologous chromosomes. This method is not sufficiently sensitive for degraded and a small number of samples and requires a lengthy time. Furthermore, this method needs fragment analysis by a genetic analyzer and an analytical kit for sample preparation, which is costly and not available for public support in developing countries. Aim: Thus, it is urgent to have an alternative, quick, and cost-effective gender identification method during mass disasters. Objective: We proposed to use an alternative PCR method with a single AluSTYa primer and compare it with our designed primer to identify male and female DNA samples in mass disasters when identification is crucial. Method: In the current research, we scanned 16 samples from the fire incidence area known as Mohammadpur slum of Dhaka city in different time frames, where bodies were partially burnt. Patients were admitted to the burn unit of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Thirty-six unknown samples from the healthy cohort were included from the Dhaka University campus for comparison. Modified Alu primer was used in addition to known commercial AluSTYa primers. Results: This study revealed that our designed primer and commercial AluSTYa primer could identify Alu insertion by a simple PCR method into a non-recombinant Y homologous region. The results showed the high quality of DNA extracted from the burnt specimens and a 100% difference in the number of bands in X and Y chromosomes by a simple, robust, and cost-effective PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis method for gender identification. Conclusion: This method can be applied to mass disaster incidents where rapid gender identification of unknown persons is urgent for forensic purposes.

13-Year Analysis of Gender Disparity in Peer-reviewed Burn Literature.

Women are less likely to be senior authors, invited to write in scientific journals, and to be cited in high impact journals. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in authorship and gender differences in peer-reviewed burn literature over 13 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of original research articles published from January 2009 to September 2021 in three burn journals. A gender determination application was used to categorize the gender of the first and senior author. Of the 3908 articles analyzed, 42.5% had a woman first author and 27.6% had a woman senior author. We identified 2029 unique senior authors, 29.0% of whom were women. Woman senior authorship was associated with increased odds of woman first authorship [OR = 2.31 (95% CI: 2.00, 2.67); P < .001]. The percentage of papers with a woman senior author increased from 17.8% in 2009 to 35.7% in 2021. If this 1.0% (95% CI: 0.50-1.51%) linear trend increase per year in woman senior authorship continues, we will expect to see equal proportions of woman and man senior authors in the included journals starting in 2037. The field of burn care is far from reaching gender parity with respect to authorship of peer-reviewed publications. Supporting and encouraging gender-concordant and discordant first:last authorship dyads in mentorship as well as redistributing obligations that may detract from authorship opportunities are potential ways to improve parity in authorship and academia.

High accuracy gender determination using the egg shape index

Since only female chicks are used in layer hens, usually hatched male chicks are killed. It is estimated that around 7 billion chicks per year are killed immediately after hatching. In addition to being unethical, this situation also causes great financial losses. Sex determination in chicks can be done before or after hatching. Of course, determinations made before hatching are more advantageous, but the prediction rate is relatively low. The morphology of an egg is expressed in terms of the Shape Index (SI), which is the ratio of the short diameter to the long diameter. In this study, male and female chicks were predicted by using the shape index of the eggs using the RUSBoost Classifier using Shape Index. Although SI varied according to the egg type, a significant correlation (r = 0.78) was observed between chick sex and SI. Therefore, it was possible to estimate gender by utilizing SI in chickens, even if the accuracy of classification was not as high as in ducks. Besides the SI, mass, short axis, long axis, ovality, volume, eccentricity parameters were obtained and used for the results. With this features, females classified with 80% and males classified 81% correctly. The model predictions were applied to the probability of female chick hatching equation from the previous studies, 71% of the estimations were correctly classified according to this equation.With this work, around 80% of accurate predictions were made. In this case, killing 5.65 billion chicks can be prevented. Likewise, many eggs are not wasted. 1.13 billion USD loss can be prevented.

Auricular Parameters: A Tool for Stature, Gender and Ethno-facial Determination in a Nigerian Population.

Background: The auricle is a defining feature with the capacity for facial identification, age estimation, and gender determination. This study was designed to establish auricular parameters as a possible tool for identification. Methods: The purposive sampling method was used to randomly select 150 males and 150 females such that each of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria: Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba was represented by 100 individuals. Results: Sexual dimorphism was established in all auricular parameters except right lobular length. Auricular parameters varied significantly among the ethnic groups. All the auricular parameters except left lobular length correlated significantly with stature, no significant correlation was noted between auricular parameters and nasal parameters. Facial height correlated significantly with both right and left auricular lengths. Conclusion: Auricular parameters are good predictors of ethnicity, stature, and gender. They can also be used to determine some facial parameters.

Evaluation and comparison of linear and diagonal odontometry of first molars as a tool for gender discrimination; assessed in a population from Maharashtra.

Linear odontometry is customarily used in gender determination which can pose difficulties in cases of tooth decay, attrition since they mainly involve the proximal surfaces. The present cross-sectional observation study, estimated the efficacy of alternative measurements, that is, diagonal measurements and cervical measurements in gender determination in comparison to routine odontometry. A total of 200 dental cast models (upper and lower) of 100 individuals (50 male and 50 female) from Maharashtra state were included. Univariate discriminant function analysis showed that, in maxillary molars, MD width gave the highest gender dimorphism of 64%, followed by BL with 62%. In the mandibular teeth, MD gave an accuracy of 75% followed by MB-DL with 73%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overall diagonal and linear measurements gave the highest dimorphism of 81% with 80% correctly identified as females and 82% as males. The mandibular MD, BL and MB-DL gave an accuracy of 79% with 78% corrected identified as females and 80% correctly identified as males. Mandibular ML-DB and Cervical DB-CML together gave an accuracy of 77% and mandibular MD with75%. Thus, the study proves that diagonal measurements give almost equivalent or better results than linear measurements in gender determination.

Assessment of Frontal Sinus, Maxillary Sinus Dimensions, and Nasal Septal Pattern in Gender Determination

Background: Frontal sinus pattern is unique for each individual which has made it an important tool in forensic sciences. The dimensions of the maxillary sinus also tend to stabilize after puberty and remain intact when skull bones are poorly disfigured. These sinuses exhibit different dimensions among male and female subjects. Nasal septum patterns can be utilized as a tool. Aims and Objective: The present study is intended to determine the sexual dimorphism with dimensions of the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and nasal septum pattern by cone beam computed topography. Materials and Method: The study subject consisted of 100 images of CBCT images which were collected from the database retrospectively. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: The parameters were higher in male in comparison to female subjects. The length, height of the maxillary sinus, and frontal sinus width showed statistically significant results. The deviated nasal septum was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The maxillary sinus and frontal sinus are utilized for personal identification and gender determination with the nasal septum as an adjuvant tool.

Wet nitrocellulose membrane for the level 3 feature visualization of various latent fingerprints and gender determination.

A facile and high-resolution enhancement of latent fingerprints (LFPs) has been developed by using a wet nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as a matrix under natural light. A clear fingerprint pattern was presented on the membrane after a fingertip touch owing to the difference in light transmittance between the ridge residues and the wet-NC-membrane background. Compared with conventional methods, this protocol can provide a higher resolution fingerprint image to extract level 3 details accurately. It is also compatible with commonly used fingerprint visualization techniques (magnetic ferric oxide powder and AgNO3. The modified membrane could be more general to realize the high-resolution visualization of LFP transferred from various substrates, even independent of light projection. Due to the excellent feasibility and reproducibility of level 3 details extracted by the wet NC membrane, the frequency distribution of the distance between adjacent sweat pores (FDDasp) could be used to effectively distinguish the fragmentary fingerprints. Finally, the level 3 features of LFPs from females and males were conveniently extracted by the wet-NC-membrane method for gender identification. The statistical results indicated that females had a higher average sweat pore density (115/9 mm2) than males (84/9 mm2). Taken together, this approach provided a high-resolution, reproducible, and accurate imaging of LFPs, which shows great promise for forensic information analysis.

Determination of Gender by Palatal Rugae Print

Identification of a person “living or dead” is an important task in forensic medicine and it can be partial or complete. There are several situations where establishment of complete identification is not possible such as in plane crashes, railway accidents, building collapses, burnt or mutilated bodies etc. In such situations partial identification is required where certain major criteria's are taken into consideration such as age, gender, race and stature of a person. Determination of gender of a person forms one of the important criteria of partial identification of a person. Gender determination can be estimated by several methods such as dental data, karyotyping and skeleton remains. Adding to this we have conducted a study on palatal rugae to look for any sexual dimorphism, which have been observed in several studies conducted in past. To determine the gender of a person from palatal rugae print, this study was carried out in SSIMS &amp; RC, Davangere, Karnataka. The maxillary casts of 250 subjects (125 males and 125 females) within age range of 12-25 years were taken into consideration and were analyzed by using SPSS student unpaired 'T' test. Several parameters were taken into consideration among which few had shown statistically significant variation in both sexes. The result of this study indicates that there is gender differentiation in palatal rugae print, so this can be efficiently used for determination of gender of a person.

Determination of gender by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in computed tomography

Determination of gender by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in computed tomography

Morphometric analysis of mental and mandibular foramen in gender determination among sriganganagar population: A cross-sectional digital panoramic study

Morphometric analysis of mental and mandibular foramen in gender determination among sriganganagar population: A cross-sectional digital panoramic study

Foramen Magnum as a Tool for Sexual Dimorphism

Background: Gender determination by skeletal relies predominantly on the skeletal radiology. Foramen magnum is in a favorable anatomic position, protected by soft tissue and skeleton of the head protecting the area for forensic examination. Foramen magnum being a relatively indestructible structure becomes an important tool in identification of gender. Objective: To study the vagueness and reliability of the foramen magnum (FM) in gender classification through the use of reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images. Materials and Method: A total of 200 patients (100 males and 100 females; age range, 18–60 years) were selected for the study. The FM measurements (sagittal, transverse, circumference, and area) were obtained from reformatted axial sections using a CT scan. Results: It was found that the mean FM sagittal diameter was 35.09 ± 2.48 mm, the FM transverse diameter was 28.76 ± 2.82 mm, the FM circumference was 110.56 ± 8.84 mm, and the FM area was 746.20 ± 108.47 mm2. According to Student’s t-test results, in all measured parameters, there was a significant difference between the genders (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In all of the measured variables, there is a statistically significant difference present in the mean values of various parameters between both genders, with males having higher dimensions than female, indicative of sexual dimorphism.

Mandibular ramus- An indicator for gender determination: A digital panoramic study in Bagalkot population.

In medico-legal investigations identification of skeletal remains is of utmost importance. The skeletal remains most commonly investigated are pelvic and skull bones with the mandible an important element to analyze sexual dimorphism. Mandibular ramus can differentiate between the two genders as the stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are different in both genders. Metric analysis on the radiographs is found to be of higher values when skeletal sex determination is considered. 1) To compare and evaluate the various measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital OPG's. 2) To assess the usefulness of mandibular ramus as an aid in gender determination in the Bagalkot population. A retrospective study was conducted on 80 patients (40 males & 40 females) using Kodak 8000 C digital panoramic radiographs of the Bagalkot population with ages ranging from 18 to 58 years. Five parameters namely coronoid ramus height, condyle ramus height, condyle coronoid breadth, maximum ramus breadth, and minimum ramus breadth were taken into consideration, the values were measured and data were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. In the present study, all the measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital panoramic radiographs showed a statistically significant difference between both the genders except for minimum ramus breadth which was found to be insignificant. Discriminant analysis of mandibular ramus using panoramic radiography can be used as an effective tool in gender determination and can be used as an aid in forensic sciences.

Gender determination using dental arch characteristics among a south Indian pediatric population: A morphometric study

Aim: To establish the normative data of dental arch characteristics and use them to determine the gender among a pediatric population of south India. Methods: Three hundred children aged 3 to 5 years were selected. The intra oral examination of each child was carried-out using a sterile disposable mouth mirror and a CPI probe. To receive maximum illumination, the oral examination was done in adequate natural daylight seating the child in upright positioning on a chair. Following, the molar and canine relationship was recorded. The investigators prepared the maxillary and mandibular impression of teeth and their dental casts. The intercanine width, intermolar width, dental arch form, arch length and arch perimeter was measured. The descriptive analysis of all the explanatory and outcome parameters was done using frequency and proportions for categorical variables, whereas in Mean &amp; SD for continuous variables. To compare the selected dental arch parameters between genders, Independent Student t-test Chi-Square test were used. P≤0.05 was set as the level of significance. Results: The mesial step molar relationship and Class I canine relationship were found be more common among males compared to females, however it was not statistically significant (p&lt;0.26). Although, the ovoid arch form was commonly seen especially among males followed by square and tapered, it was not statistically significant (p=0.14). The intercanine width, intermolar width, arch length and arch perimeter was greater in males than females. (p&lt;0.001) Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism was observed among the studied dental arch parameters. Dental arch dimensions like intercanine width of the maxillary arch, intermolar width, and arch perimeter of both maxillary and mandibular arches showed to be an indicator for gender determination with an accuracy of 100%. Keywords: Dental Arch; Primary Teeth, Sexual Dimorphism

Qualitative Analysis of the Right Plantar Dermatoglyphic Configurations in Himachal Pradesh: A Dimorphic Study

Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is defined as the study of the configurations on the plantar aspect of the feet and the palmar aspect of the hands. It is a well established fact that these epidermal configurations are distinct for each and every individual. Aim: To study and analyse the plantar dermatoglyphic patterns on the right sole of the individuals of Himachal Pradesh and to know its implication in gender determination. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India, and the data was collected over a period of one year (May 2021 to May 2022). The sole dermatoglyphic prints of 400 individuals (200 males and 200 females) of the age group 18-45 years without any known medical conditions were analysed for the dermatoglyphic patterns visualised in the Hallucal/Thenar/ First Interdigital Area (Rt Th/H/ID1), Second Interdigital Area (Rt ID2), Third Interdigital Area (Rt ID3), Fouth Interdigital Area (Rt ID4), Hypothenar Distal Area (Rt HTD), Hypothenar Proximal Area (Rt HTP) and the Calcar Area (Rt C) of the right sole. The findings thus obtained were then subjected to Chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 software. Results: The mean age of the subjects included in the study was 29±4 years and 16±7 years for 200 Himachali males and 200 Himachali females, respectively. The study showed that there was indeed an association between the right plantar dermatoglyphic patterns and the sex of the people belonging to Himachal Pradesh, India. The results suggest that the distribution of the dermatoglyphic patterns on Rt Th/H/ID1 of the females was significantly different from the males (p-value &lt;0.05). On the Rt ID2, Rt ID3 and Rt ID4, the differences observed between the females and males were highly significant (p-value &lt;0.001) whereas on the Rt HTD, Rt HTP and the Rt C, all the males and females depicted a lack of pattern. Conclusion: The results of this investigation suggest that there exist some significant differences between the male and female subjects of Himachali population. The plantar dermatoglyphic patterns could therefore be utilised as an important tool to determine the gender of an individual in forensic and medico-legal aspects as well as to determine the relationship of an individual to an ethnic group based in different geographical areas.

Artificial Neural Network as a Predictive Tool for Gender Determination using Volumetric and Linear Measurements of Maxillary Sinus CBCT: An Observational Study on South Indian Population

Introduction: Determination of age and gender using bones of skull is central aspect of forensic odontology. Maxillary sinuses in this regard have shown high accuracy in predicting gender. Aim: To identify gender using the volumetric and linear measurements of maxillary sinuses obtained from a Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based tool. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 80 volumes of CBCT (derived from n=80 patients) with equal gender distribution. The CBCT images were analysed for eight linear and two volumetric measurements namely the maxillary sinus height, maxillary sinus length, maxillary sinus width, distance between infraorbital foramen and distance between maxillary sinus. The data from these parameters were reported by two experts and subjected to discriminant analysis and McNemars test for gender determination. The same data was also fed to the ANN software and the accuracy of its gender prediction was analysed by Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC) and Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results: The ROC test and AUC (ANN –test) had shown high accuracy for prediction of gender form the data of the CBCT parameters for maxillary sinuses. McNemars test showed that the difference in proportion between the actual gender and ANN predicted gender was not significant (p-value=0.687) and the agreement between the actual gender and ANN in measuring the gender was 84.6%. The male sex was predicted correctly upto 89.7% and female sex upto 94.9%. Conclusion: This study has found ANN to have an encouraging predictive power in gender determination based on linear and volumetric measurements of maxillary sinus obtained from CBCT

Role of Pulp Volume Method in Assessment of Age and Gender: An Observational Study from Lucknow, India

Introduction: In forensics, age and gender determination are required for victim identification. Secondary dentine deposition occurs throughout life, resulting in decreased pulp volume and size. Evaluation of pulp volume using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a non invasive method used to evaluate age and gender. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of the pulp volume method in determining age and gender. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in the Oral Medicine and Radiology Department of King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from July 2019 to August 2020. Pulp volume measurements were obtained from CBCT data of randomly selected individuals (n=90) aged 18-70 years, focusing on maxillary Central Incisors (CI) and maxillary Canine (C). Statistical analyses, including Chisquare test, Pearson’s correlation, linear regression, and logistic regression, were performed on the data. Results: The CBCT data from 90 individuals, aged 18-70 years, were evaluated for pulp volume of maxillary CI and C. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a decrease in pulp volume with age. The validation of the equations for sex determination revealed higher prediction accuracy for CI (56.70%) compared to C (53.30%). Conclusion: Pulp volume obtained from CBCT can serve as a reliable indicator for age estimation and gender prediction.