Determination Of Codeine Research Articles

Nanodiamonds stabilized in dihexadecyl phosphate film for electrochemical study and quantification of codeine in biological and pharmaceutical samples

A new architecture for a sensor and a voltammetric procedure were proposed, using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nanodiamonds and dihexadecyl phosphate for determination of codeine (COD) in pharmaceutical and biological fluid samples. Square-wave voltammetry (SWV) was used and the relevant experimental parameters were optimized. Under optimal experimental conditions, the analytical curve presented a linear concentration range from 0.299 to 10.8μmol L−1, and a limit of detection of 54.5nmol L−1. The proposed voltammetric method was used for COD determination in commercial pharmaceutical and biological fluid samples such as urine and human serum with satisfactory results.

Extraction-fluorimetric determination of codeine in human urine

Extraction-fluorimetric determination of codeine in human urine

SmHCF/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of codeine

A new organic-inorganic hybrid [SmHCF/(MWCNT)] on the surface of glassy carbon electrode was synthesized by electrochemical process and was used for the sensitive and selective determination of codeine by employing voltammetric techniques. Scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to characterize and specify performance of the modified electrode, and the results were compared with the other conclusions. The SmHCF-MWCNT modified electrode offers an excellent selectivity, stability and reproducibility voltammetric measurements of COD compared with the bare, SmHCF and MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity associated with COD is indicated from lowering the potential of the oxidation process (starting around 0.75 vs. Ag/AgCl) and the high sensitivity over the entire potential range. The linear dynamic range relationships between oxidation peak currents and COD concentration in two different linear ranges: 2×10−7–1×10−6 (slope=9.842μAμM−1) and 1×10−6–2×10−5 (slope=0.778μAμM−1) with a detection limit of 6×10−8 for COD were observed. The accuracy of the modified electrode was indicated by COD recovery test in the real samples as human serum samples.

On-line solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of codeine in human plasma

A specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for automated determination of codeine in human plasma, using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) system coupled with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The method allowed plasma direct injection onto cartridge without sample pre-treatment. Total analysis time per run was 3 min, allowing high-throughput for codeine determination. SPE on-line along a monolithic column (Chromolith Performance RP-18e, 100 mm x 4.6 mm) demonstrated to be highly effective in terms of backpressure, separation speed and peak asymmetry. Calibration curves range was linear 5.0-200 ng mL(-1). Method showed an excellent intra-day and inter-day precision ranged from 2.34 to 7.25% (CV%) as well as great intra-day and inter-day accuracy, ranging from 97.64 to 110% (RE%). SPE-LC-MS/MS method provided selectivity, accuracy, precision, fastness and high-throughput to assess codeine pharmacokinetics in human plasma samples.

Multiway analysis applied to time-resolved chemiluminescence for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and codeine in pharmaceuticals.

This method is based on the enhancing effect of codeine (COD) and paracetamol (PAR) on the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of Ru(phen)3 (2+) with Ce(IV). In the batch mode, COD gives a relatively sharp peak with the highest CL intensity at 4.0s, whereas the maximum CL intensity of the PAR appears at ~60s after injection of Ce(IV) solution. Whole CL time profiles allowed use of the time-resolved CL data in combination with multiway calibration techniques, as multiway partial least squares (N-PLS), for the quantitative determination of both COD and PAR in binary mixtures. In this work, we found that the impact of Ce(IV) concentration on the CL intensity was different for COD and PAR. Therefore, a Ce(IV) concentration mode was added to the time and sample modes to obtain 3D data. The percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) values for 10 determinations of 1.0×10(-5) mol/L of COD and 1.0×10(-4) mol/L of PAR were 6.1% and 8.7%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) values (S/N=3) were 0.9×10(-8) mol/L and 1.0×10(-6) mol/L for COD and PAR, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of PAR and COD in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Acceptable recoveries (90-110%) were obtained for the quantification of these drugs in the real samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Codeine Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Black

AbstractIn this work, a simple and highly selective voltammetric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PCT) and codeine (COD) in pharmaceuticals and human body fluids employing a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon black (CB) and nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) within a dihexadecylphosphate (DHP) film. Using square‐wave voltammetry (SWV), a separation of ca. 550 mV between the oxidation peak potentials of PCT and COD was obtained. The simultaneous determination of PCT and COD presented a linear concentration range from 3.0 to 47.8 µmol L−1 for PCT and from 0.83 to 38.3 µmol L−1 for COD.

A sensitive electrochemical sensor for rapid and selective determination of codeine in biological samples using carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nanotube and nickel oxide nanoparticles

Abstract. This work reports on the analytical performance of carbon paste electrodes (CPE) modified with multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and NiO nanoparticles for the determination of codeine. The morphology of Ni nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry used for qualitative and quantitative electrochemical evaluation of codeine. Under the suitable conditions, the peak current increased linearly with the concentration of codeine in the range of 0.03 to 12.00 µM, with limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) 0.015 and 0.05 µM respectively. The proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for quantifying codeine in various real samples includes Urine, Human serum, Codeine tablet.

A validated method for simultaneous determination of codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, norcodeine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in post-mortem blood, vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue by LC-MS.

The toxicodynamics and, to a lesser degree, toxicokinetics of the widely used opiate codeine remain a matter of controversy. To address this issue, analytical methods capable of providing reliable quantification of codeine metabolites alongside codeine concentrations are required. This article presents a validated method for simultaneous determination of codeine, codeine metabolites codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G), norcodeine and morphine, and morphine metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in post-mortem whole blood, vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction. The validated ranges were 1.5-300 ng/mL for codeine, norcodeine and morphine, and 23-4,600 ng/mL for C6G, M3G and M6G, with exceptions for norcodeine in muscle (3-300 ng/mL), morphine in muscle, fat and brain (3-300 ng/mL) and M6G in fat (46-4,600 ng/mL). Within-run and between-run accuracy (88.1-114.1%) and precision (CV 0.6-12.7%), matrix effects (CV 0.3-13.5%) and recovery (57.8-94.1%) were validated at two concentration levels; 3 and 150 ng/mL for codeine, norcodeine and morphine, and 46 and 2,300 ng/mL for C6G, M3G and M6G. Freeze-thaw and long-term stability (6 months at -80°C) was assessed, showing no significant changes in analyte concentrations (-12 to +8%). The method was applied in two authentic forensic autopsy cases implicating codeine in both therapeutic and presumably lethal concentration levels.

Square-Wave Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol and Codeine in Pharmaceutical and Human Body Fluid Samples Using a Cathodically Pretreated Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

Simple, fast, and inexpensive electroanalytical procedures were developed for the determination of codeine (COD) solely and paracetamol (PCT) and COD simultaneously in pharmaceutical formulations and human body fluids. The methods involve the combination of square-wave voltammetry (SWV) with a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode and a 0.2 mol L –1 acetate buffer (pH 4.0) solution as the supporting electrolyte. Significantly low limits of detection were obtained for COD solely or PCT and COD simultaneously: 1.19 or 18 and 14 nmol L –1 , respectively. The proposed SWV method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of PCT and COD in four samples of pharmaceutical tablets, with results similar (at 98% confidence level) to those obtained using a reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Additionally, adequate results were obtained when concentrations of PCT and COD were determined in human urine or serum samples by addition-recovery. Clearly, the proposed method is an excellent option for the determination of COD solely or PCT and COD simultaneously.

A new sensitive sensor for simultaneous differential pulse voltammetric determination of codeine and acetaminophen using a hydroquinone derivative and multiwall carbon nanotubes carbon paste electrode.

A new sensitive sensor was fabricated for simultaneous determination of codeine and acetaminophen based on 4-hydroxy-2-(triphenylphosphonio)phenolate (HTP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode at trace levels. The sensitivity of codeine determination was deeply affected by spiking multiwall carbon nanotubes and a modifier in carbon paste. Electron transfer coefficient, α, catalytic electron rate constant, k, and the exchange current density, j 0, for oxidation of codeine at the HTP-MWCNT-CPE were calculated using cyclic voltammetry. The calibration curve was linear over the range 0.2–844.7 μM with two linear segments, and the detection limit of 0.063 μM of codeine was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry. The modified electrode was separated codeine and acetaminophen signals by differential pulse voltammetry. The modified electrode was applied for the determination of codeine and acetaminophen in biological and pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory results.

Voltammetric Determination of Codeine on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Nafion/MWCNTs.

A glassy carbon electrode modified with a Nafion/MWCNTs composite is shown to enable the determination of codeine using differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer of pH 3.0. At a preconcentration time of 15 s, the calibration graph is linear in the 0.5 µM (0.15 mg·L−1) to 15 µM (4.5 mg·L−1) concentration range with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The detection limit at a preconcentration time of 120 s is as low as 4.5 μg·L−1. The repeatability of the method at a 0.6 μg·L−1 concentration level, expressed as the RSD, is 3.7% (for n = 5). The method was successfully applied and validated by analyzing codeine in drug, human plasma, and urine samples.

A new electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and codeine based on porous silicon/palladium nanostructure

A porous silicon/palladium nanostructure was prepared and used as a new electrode material for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (ACT) and codeine (COD). Palladium nanoparticles were assembled on porous silicon (PSi) microparticles by a simple redox reaction between the Pd precursor and PSi in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid. This novel nanostructure was characterized by different spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The high electrochemical activity, fast electron transfer rate, high surface area and good antifouling properties of this nanostructure enhanced the oxidation peak currents and reduced the peak potentials of ACT and COD at the surface of the proposed sensor. Simultaneous determination of ACT and COD was explored using differential pulse voltammetry. A linear range of 1.0–700.0µmolL−1 was achieved for ACT and COD with detection limits of 0.4 and 0.3µmolL−1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was used for the determination of ACT and COD in blood serum, urine and pharmaceutical compounds.

Design of a Disposable Solid State Potentiometric Sensor for Codeine Content Control in Pharmaceutical Preparations

In the present research, a novel and simple disposable solid state potentiometric sensor is proposed and used for determination of codeine in pharmaceutical samples. The sensing membrane which contains codeinium-tetraphenylborate ion pair is coated on strip-shaped pencil leads and also on stainless steel spinal needles. Composition of the coated membrane has been optimized to obtain a Nernstian response. The best performance was observed with the strip-shaped pencil lead as the substrate and the membrane composition of 52.5 mg of PVC, 43.2 mg of o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE), and 4.3 mg of the ion pair for the sensing membrane. The constructed electrode showed a Nernstian slope of 59.1 ±0.5 mV decade −1 over the concentration range of 1.0 ×10 −4 to 1.0 × 10 −1 mol L −1 and a limit of detection of 5.0×10 −5 mol L −1 of codeine. The electrode has a response time of 15 s and can be applied in the pH range of 5 to 9. The proposed electrode has been used to measure the codeine contents in pharmaceutical tablets.

Design of a New Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles to Use in an Electrochemical Study of Codeine and Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Acetaminophen in Human Plasma Serum Samples

AbstractA new electrochemical sensor was fabricated via TiO2 nanoparticles onto a carbon paste electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studied the response of the modified electrode toward codeine. The effects of pH, modifier amount, pulse amplitude, and scan rate of potential have been examined. Using DPV, we could measure simultaneously codeine and acetaminophen in one mixture. The detection limits of 0.018 and 0.050 µmol L−1 were achieved for codeine and acetaminophen, respectively. The electrooxidation pathway, transfer coefficient, and standard rate constant, are estimated. The proposed voltammetric sensor was successfully applied to determination of codeine and acetaminophen in human plasma serum samples.

Combination of electrochemistry with chemometrics to introduce an efficient analytical method for simultaneous quantification of five opium alkaloids in complex matrices

For the first time, an analytical methodology based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and integration of three efficient strategies including variable selection based on ant colony optimization (ACO), mathematical pre-processing selection by genetic algorithm (GA), and sample selection (SS) through a distance-based procedure to improve partial least squares-1 (PLS-1, ACO-GA-SS-PLS-1) multivariate calibration (MVC) for the simultaneous determination of five opium alkaloids including morphine (MOP), noscapine (NOP), thebaine (TEB), codeine (COD), and papaverine (PAP) was used and validated. The baselines of the DPV signals were modeled as a smooth curve, using P-splines, a combination of B-splines and a discrete roughness penalty. After subtraction of the baseline we got a signal with a two-component probability density. One component was for the peaks and it was approximated by a uniform distribution on the potential axis. The other component was for the observed noise around the baseline. Some sources of bi-linearity deviation for electrochemical data were discussed and analyzed. The lack of bi-linearity was tackled by potential shift correction using correlation optimized warping (COW) algorithm. The MVC model was developed as a quinternary calibration model in a blank human serum sample (drug-free) provided by a healthy volunteer to regard the presence of a strong matrix effect which may be caused by the possible interferents present in the serum, and it was validated and tested with two independent sets of analytes mixtures in the blank and actual human serum samples, respectively. Fortunately, the proposed methodology was successful in simultaneous determination of MOP, NOP, TEB, COD, and PAP in both blank and actual human serum samples and its results were satisfactory comparable to those obtained by applying the reference method based on high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV).

Facile simultaneous electrochemical determination of codeine and acetaminophen in pharmaceutical samples and biological fluids by graphene–CoFe2O4 nancomposite modified carbon paste electrode

A nanocomposite of graphene (Gr) and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was synthesized with a facile preparation method in order to fabricate a modified carbon paste electrode. The morphology and structure of Gr/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, electrochemical characterization of the nanocomposite was demonstrated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Based on the synergistic effect of Gr and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for acetaminophen (Ac) and codeine (Cod) was successfully fabricated. The linearity ranged from 0.03 to 12.0μM for both Ac and Cod. Low detection limits of 0.025μM for Ac and 0.011μM for Cod were achieved based on three times of the standard deviation of the blank over sensitivity (3s/m). The proposed method was free from interference effects of glucose, ascorbic acid, caffeine, naproxen, alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, and others. No electrode surface fouling was observed during successive scans. High stability, high sensitivity, and low detection limit made the proposed electrode applicable for the analysis of various real samples. Moreover, its practical applicability was reliable and desirable in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples analysis.

Cytochrome P450 2D6 based electrochemical sensor for the determination of codeine

Considering the enzymatic activity of the cytochrome P450 2D6 on substrates such as codeine, the current paper includes the development of an enzymatic biosensor for detection of this drug. Home-made screen-printed electrodes were used as electrochemical transducers of the biosensor, in which the enzyme was covalently attached to the carbon surface of the working electrode, this type of modification being the most suitable for the immobilization of the biological element. Chronoamperometric measurements were carried out under optimum conditions of pH and working potential, pH 7 and +200mV vs. screen-printed Ag/AgCl electrode, giving a reduction signal related to the concentration of codeine in solution. Consecutive additions of a solution of codeine were performed to obtain calibration curves in order to validate the electrochemical method in terms of precision and calculate its capability of detection. These biosensors were used for the determination of codeine in urine and commercial pharmaceutical samples.

A novel method for simultaneous determination of codeine and acetaminophen in plasma by combination of UVVis spectroscopy and artificial neural network

A novel method for simultaneous determination of codeine and acetaminophen in plasma by combination of UVVis spectroscopy and artificial neural network

Simultaneous determination of codeine and caffeine using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode

In the present paper, the simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and caffeine (CF) is described by the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode (SWCNT/CCE); prepared via a simple and rapid method. The results show that the SWCNT/CCE exhibits excellent electrochemical catalytic activity toward the oxidation of these compounds with respect to the bare CCE and offers two anodic peaks at 1.05 and 1.38V vs. saturated calomel electrode for oxidation of CO and CF, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for simultaneous determination of CO and CF at micromolar concentration level. In the optimum conditions, it is found that the calibration graphs for CO and CF are linear in the concentration ranges 0.2–230 and 0.4–300μM with detection limits of 0.11 and 0.25μM for CO and CF, respectively. The SWCNT/CCE presents good stability, reproducibility, and repeatability and the proposed method has been successfully applied for determination of CO and CF in some pharmaceutical, drinking and biological samples with high recovery rate.

Two new electrochemical methods for fast and simultaneous determination of codeine and diclofenac

In this paper, we present two new electrochemical methods for fast and simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and diclofenac (DCF). The first one is based on batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-MPA) and the second one is based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D). The proposed BIA-MPA method is highly-precise (RSD of 1.1% and 0.9% for DCF and CO, respectively; n=10), fast (300 injections h(-1)) and has low detection limits (1.1 and 1.0 µmol L(-1) for DCF and CO, respectively). The proposed CE-C(4)D method allows the determination of CO and DFC in less than 1 min with high precision (RSD of 0.3% and 0.7% for DCF and CO, respectively; n=10) and low detection limits (11 and 21 µmol L(-1) for DCF and CO, respectively). Both proposed methods were applied to the determination of CO and DCF in pharmaceutical samples with similar results to those achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a 95% confidence level.