Blood Glucose Determinations Research Articles

LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of six phenolic acids in rat plasma and hypoglycemic effects in normal and T2DM rats after oral administration of Eleutherococcus senticosus fruits extract

AbstractEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. fruits (ESF) is a natural health food that has been widely used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to establish and validate a rapid and sensitive method for determining of six phenolic acids in plasma of normal and T2DM rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Separation and quantification were performed on a Waters HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with water (A) and methanol (B). The electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated in negative ionization mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to quantitatively analyzed hyperoside m/z 463.2→301.1, caffeic acid m/z 179.1→135.1, chlorogenic acid m/z 353.2→190.9, gallic acid m/z 169.0→125.1, protocatechuic acid m/z 153.1→109.1, and isofraxidin m/z 221.1→191.0, respectively. The hypoglycemic effect of ESF was verified by determining blood glucose and lipid levels in a type 2 diabetes model. This study laid the foundation for exploring ESF clinical guidelines in the future.

Profil HBA1C pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II di Rumah Sehat Baznas Jakarta Tahun 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease caused by impaired insulin action. The incidence of this disease is still increasing in Indonesia, especially type II DM. Measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the best glycemic control to determine blood glucose levels. Patients who have HbA1c levels >7% are at 2 times higher risk of experiencing complications. Checking HbA1c levels is very important to help establish the diagnosis, glycemic control and prognosis of type II DM. The aim of this study was to determine the description of HbA1c levels in type II diabetes mellitus patients at the Central BAZNAS Health Center in 2021 and the proportions based on region, age and type of therapy. This research uses a cross-sectional descriptive research type. The research sample included an affordable population that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 64 samples. The research data is in the form of secondary data obtained from the Hypertension Diabetes program from 2020. Most of the respondents were women (82.8%) and were in the age range of 51-60 years (37.5%) and the least were in the productive age, namely 30-40 year around 4.7%. Respondents who had taken diabetes mellitus medication after having an Hba1C examination showed that the majority (14 people) had normal HbA1C values <6.5% and continued (13 people) with results in the range of 8.7-9.6%. Bogor Regency and Bekasi City, the area with the most respondents is Bogor Regency because there are 2 assisted village points, namely in Ciampea District and Citayam Village, Bojonggede District

HbA1c and Blood Pressure Correlation in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The primary metabolic symptom of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia. Analysing HbA1c levels can help determine blood glucose management. Elevations in blood pressure can be caused by abnormalities in the metabolism of glucose. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may experience elevated blood pressure. To ascertain whether blood pressure and HbA1c levels are correlated in patients with uncontrolled DM. There were 90 subjects aged between 31-65 years consisting of 48 men and 42 women. HbA1c levels were checked using the boronate affinity method and blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer. Data analysis used the independent difference t-test and Mann-Whitney U test as well as the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of α=0.05. Research subjects had an average HbA1c level of 10 ± 2.08% (7.1-15). Mean systolic blood pressure was 132.75 ± 18.04 mmHg (90-180). The average diastolic blood pressure was 83.28 ± 10.38 mmHg (60-120). Subjects who experienced hypertension were 36.66%. There were no differences in blood pressure between men and women (systolic p=0.70 and diastolic p=0.58). There was no correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure (systolic: r=0.022, p=0.81 and diastolic: r=0.022, p=0.81). There was no correlation between duration of DM and blood pressure (systolic: r=.093 and p=0.38 and diastolic: r= -.032 and p=0.76). There was no correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure

Phytochemical Characterization and Investigation of Anthelminthic, Antidiabetic, and Toxicological Effects of Polyscias scutellaria

Aim: Research findings indicate that MEPSL exhibits Very significant anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and moderate toxicological properties. They may endorse the plant's utilization in mainstream medicine for reducing drug intoxication, and managing diabetes and parasitic disorders. Place and Duration of Study: The research was undertaken at Stamford University Bangladesh during the period from September 6th, 2023 to April 28th, 2024. Methodology: The current study examined the properties of Polyscias scutellaria leaf, including its In vitro anthelminthic, In vivo antidiabetic, and toxicological effects, using a crude methanol extract. The leaf powder of the dried plant was extracted using methanol. After phytochemical screening, the methanolic extract (MEPSL) underwent additional testing to evaluate its anthelminthic, antidiabetic, and toxicological activities. The earthworm assay was utilized to conduct anthelminthic testing with various concentrations. A study was conducted on Swiss albino mice to evaluate the antidiabetic effects. The Blood Glucose Determination test was performed using doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. The toxicological tests for acute toxicity were conducted using cinnamon oil at doses of 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg. During the phytochemical screening process, compounds such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and reducing sugars were found in MEPSL. Results: According to the MEPSL findings, the earthworm met its demise after 30 minutes and 24 seconds during the 100 mg/mL anthelminthic test. In contrast, Albendazole took a significantly longer time of 38 minutes and 18 seconds to achieve the same result. MEPSL showed a remarkable reduction in blood glucose levels compared to the standard Glibenclamide. In toxicological testing, a dosage of 5000 mg/kg resulted in the mortality of 3 out of 5 mice, while the application of cinnamon oil led to the death of all 5 mice within 24 hours. Conclusion: Research findings suggest that MEPSL possesses highly significant anthelmintic and antidiabetic properties, along with moderate toxicological effects. These findings may support the integration of the plant into conventional medicine for mitigating drug toxicity and treating diabetes and parasitic infections.

Design and analysis of a metamaterial based biosensor to determine blood glucose concentration

In this paper, a biosensor utilizing metamaterials is designed and simulated to detect blood glucose concentration. The proposed sensor comprised of a microstrip patch antenna designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. A circular-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) cell is integrated onto the patch of the antenna which acts as the sensing region. The sensor is analyzed in order to ascertain the blood glucose concentration ranging from 50-300 mg/dL in a human finger model. The sensing parameter is amplitude of reflection coefficient, which exhibits variation in response to alterations in the dielectric characteristics of the sample being tested. The Cole-Cole relaxation model is employed to predict the dielectric properties of different finger tissues. An analysis of the characteristics of the CSRR was conducted to illustrate its significance in the realm of glucose detection. The glucose level is determined through the utilization of a linear regression model that describes the relationship between the reflection coefficient of the sensor and glucose level. The sensor demonstrates an impressive sensitivity of 1.792 dB per (mgdL<sup>-1</sup>) and has the ability of determining glucose levels with a good accuracy, as verified by the application of Clarke error grid. This sensor exhibits enhanced performance compared to some other recent glucose sensors.

Artificial-Cofactor-Mediated Hydrogen and Electron Transfer Endows AuFe/Polydopamine Superparticles with Enhanced Glucose Oxidase-Like Activity.

Various applications related to glucose catalysis have led to the development of functional nanozymes with glucose oxidase (GOX)-like activity. However, the unsatisfactory catalytic activity of nanozymes is a major challenge for their practical applications due to their inefficient hydrogen and electron transfer. Herein, we present the synthesis of AuFe/polydopamine (PDA) superparticles that exhibit photothermal-enhanced GOX-like activity. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations reveal that the glucose oxidation process catalyzed by AuFe/PDA follows an artificial-cofactor-mediated hydrogen atom transfer mechanism, which facilitates the generation of carbon-centered radical intermediates. Rather than depending on charged Au surfaces for thermodynamically unstable hydride transfer, Fe(III)-coordinated PDA with abundant amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups serves as cofactor mimics, facilitating both hydrogen atom and electron transfer in the catalytic process. Finally, leveraging the photothermal-enhanced GOX-like and catalase-like activities of AuFe/PDA, we establish a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care testing blood glucose determination with exceptional anti-jamming capabilities.

EFFECTIVITY TEST OF THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT MAHKOTA DEWA FRUIT (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) WITH METFORMIN TO LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED WISTAR WHITE RATS STRAIN

Metformin is a first-line biguanid drug for type 2 of diabetes mellitus. Metformin potentially causes liver fibrosis in long-term use, its decrease it in their effectiveness of antidiabetic. Combining metformin with antidiabetic a-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors can increase the effectiveness of metformin. Mahkota dewa fruit is a natural ingredient that has antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of action of inhibiting a-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of mahkota dewa fruit extract (EEMF) with metformin on the effectiveness of reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. A total of 20 rats were grouped into 4, namely, group I: given distilled water (negative control); group II: given metformin 45 mg/kgBW; group III: given EEMF 50 mg/kgBW; group IV: given a combination of metformin 45 mg/kgBW and EEMF 50 mg/kgBW. The study was conducted by determining blood glucose levels using the GOD-PAP method. The results showed that the combination of EEMF with metformin had an average decrease per day from after induction to day 7 of 42,9 mg/dL and from day 7 to day 14 of 0,45 mg/dL. It can be concluded that the combination of EEMF dose 50 mg/kgBW with metformin 45 mg/kgBW is not recommended to be used together, because the large decrease has the risk of hypoglycemia effect. Keywords: antidiabetic, alloxan, metformin, fruit of mahkota dewa.

Evaluation of Anticancer, Anthelminthic, Anti-Nociceptive, Antidiabetic and Toxicological Investigation of Ludwigia adscendens

The present research investigated Ludwigia adscendens crude methanol extract invitro anticancer anthelminthic, and invivo anti-nociceptive, antidiabetic and toxicological properties. The coarsely dried plant powder was extracted using methanol. The methanolic extract (MELA) was further tested for anticancer, anthelminthic, anti-nociceptive, antidiabetic and toxicological activities. Cell Viability Assay was used for anticancer testing, and the earthworm assay was used for anthelminthic testing using different concentrations. Antinociceptive tests were done on Swiss albino mice at 200 and 400 mg/kg utilizing a hot plate, acetic acid induced writhing & formalin-induced paw licking tests. Antidiabetic test was done using Blood Glucose Determination test using the dose of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. Acute toxicity was tested utilizing cinnamon oil-induced toxicological tests at 3000, 5000 and 7000 mg/kg. The MELA demonstrated 39.16% inhibition at 1000µg/mL in the Cell Viability Assay. The earthworm died after 6 minutes and 4 seconds in the 100 mg/mL anthelminthic test, whereas Albendazole killed it in 4 minutes and 20 seconds. Hot plate test results were substantial. The formalin-induced nociception test demonstrated strong inhibition rates of 79.54% in the early phase and 74.54% in the late phase at 400 mg/kg, compared to 62.99% and 68.18% for diclofenac sodium. Acetic acid-induced writhing test showed 77.66% of pain inhibition where’s Diclofenac sodium showed 79.61%. MELA inhibited blood glucose level very significantly compared to the standard Glibenclamide. In toxicological testing, 7000 mg/kg killed mice 2/5, whereas cinnamon oil killed 5/5 within 24 hours. The study shows that MELA has moderate anticancer, significant anthelmintic, anti-nociceptive, antidiabetic and mild toxicological properties. They may support the plant's use in conventional medicine to relieve pain, minimize drug intoxication, and prevent cancer, control diabetes and parasitic disorders.

Risk of Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Infants of Mothers With Gestational Glucose Intolerance.

To examine the relationship between gestational glucose intolerance (GGI) and neonatal hypoglycemia. This was a secondary analysis of 8,262 mother-infant dyads, with delivery at two hospitals between 2014 and 2023. We categorized maternal glycemic status as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), GGI, or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We defined NGT according to a normal glucose load test result, GGI according to an abnormal glucose load test result with zero (GGI-0) or one (GGI-1) abnormal value on the 100-g oral glucose tolerance test, and GDM according to an abnormal glucose load test result with two or more abnormal values on the glucose tolerance test. Neonatal hypoglycemia was defined according to blood glucose <45 mg/dL or ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia. We used logistic regression analysis to determine associations between maternal glucose tolerance category and neonatal hypoglycemia and conducted a sensitivity analysis using Δ-adjusted multiple imputation, assuming for unscreened infants a rate of neonatal hypoglycemia as high as 33%. Of infants, 12% had neonatal hypoglycemia. In adjusted models, infants born to mothers with GGI-0 had 1.28 (95% 1.12, 1.65), GGI-1 1.58 (95% CI 1.11, 2.25), and GDM 4.90 (95% CI 3.81, 6.29) times higher odds of neonatal hypoglycemia in comparison with infants born to mothers with NGT. Associations in sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary analysis. GGI is associated with increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. Future research should include examination of these associations in a cohort with more complete neonatal blood glucose ascertainment and determination of the clinical significance of these findings on long-term child health.

A study of blood glucose determination by means of an interlaboratory test

Through inter-laboratory comparison, based on the measurement process and measuring equipment conducted according to predetermined criteria, it is possible to evaluate the performance of the participants, which is known as qualification testing and is regulated in accordance with ISO 17043:2017/2018.In the medical field, the term “external quality assessment” is used for qualification testing schemes or wider programs where samples (standard, certified, attested), products, artefacts, pieces of equipment, measurement standards, data sets or other information are used for qualification testing. The processing of measurement data, which in many cases includes a random error detector along with a systematic error detector, is carried out using mathematical statistics methods, including statistical methods that are less sensitive to small deviations from the basic assumptions surrounding the probabilistic model, which are known as robust methods. Robust methods are a powerful tool for demonstrating competence in performing tests and measurements related to qualification testing schemes.

Cardioprotective and Hypolipidemic Effect of Cardamom Oil-Loaded Lipid Carrier Nanoparticles in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of poorly managed diabetes. Inflammation, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and other factors all play a role in DCM pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of cardamom oil-loaded lipid carrier nanoparticles (CEO-LC NPs) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each. STZ (50 mg/kg) caused diabetes in all groups but the negative control. The diabetic control group (G1) received a normal saline solution. For 28 days, group G2 received CEO-LC NPs (600 mg/kg), group G3 received empagliflozin (10 mg/kg), and group G4 (no diabetes) received normal saline as a negative control. On day 29, blood samples were taken to determine blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels, as well as oxidative stress markers. Additionally, atherogenic indices were calculated. Heart tissue was sent for histopathological examination. Results: In diabetic rats treated with CEO-LC NPs, serum glucose, cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced, while HDL levels increased. The CEO-LC NP treatment also reduced oxidative stress by increasing total antioxidant capacity while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, diabetic rats treated with CEO-LC NP had significantly lower AIP, CRI-I, and CRI-II ratios. Conclusions: CEO-LC NPs improve cardioprotection in STZ-induced diabetic rats by lowering plasma lipid levels and oxidative stress.

Estimation of Insulin Resistance in Obese Adults in Baghdad

Background Insulin works to control blood sugar levels by sending signals to liver, muscle and fat cells to bring in sugar out of the blood. Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia are only a few of the interconnected metabolic disorders that are frequently linked to these diseases. A statistical procedure called the Homeometric Assessment Model (HOMA) is used to determine the insulin resistance and pancreatic cell activity. (HOMA - IR). Both are determined using insulin and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), but utilizing different formulas. Although investigations based on a modified version of HOMA using connective peptide concentrate (C-peptide) are shown, they are extremely scarce.&#x0D; Objective: A study of the effect and help (TyG &amp; HOMA-IR) of knowing insulin resistance and early detection of prediabetes.&#x0D; Subjects, Material, and Method: Analytical cross-sectional and cohort designs are the two types of statistical designs. The study was conducted on 160 volunteers, recruited at the beginning of the study and chosen from an age group based on the study data and the preliminary analysis, with ages ranging from (40-70 years). They were separated into two groups: the first group includes 80 individuals, after adopting an average body mass index of more than 25, who suffer from insulin resistance, and the second group includes 80 healthy individuals who do not suffer from insulin resistance and whose body mass index is less than 25. It was determined Blood glucose, lipid profile, and HBA1C using Cobas c111 on serum samples from both groups. Fasting insulin was determined using Cobas E411 and serum glycine using ELISA kits.&#x0D; Results: After conducting the statistical procedures for the results of the subjects for each of TyG, HOMA - IR, it was found that there was a significant change and p- value (0,00).&#x0D; Conclusion: HOMA-IR has had an important role in the evaluation, detection and prognosis of prediabetes. It also helps detect early complications associated with T2DM and helps determine the best treatment options. It also found that the TyG index beats the HOMA-IR for predicting prediabetes. It has the best potential for early detection and prevention of prediabetes&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Screening Blood Glucose Levels at Adolescents in Rongtengah Village, Sampang District

Background &amp; Objective: Blood glucose is the level of glucose in the blood whose concentration is strictly regulated by the body. Increased blood glucose in adolescents is caused by changes in lifestyle and diet that tend to refer to an unhealthy lifestyle and diet due to frequent consumption of sugary drinks, instant food, or fast food. If this habit cannot be changed, it can lead to blood glucose disease. The purpose of this study was to determine blood glucose levels in adolescents aged 17-20 years in RW 06, Rongtengah, Sampang. Method: The type of research used is descriptive. The population in this study were adolescents aged 17-20 years in Rongtengah Village, Sampang. The research sample was adolescents aged 17-20 years in RT 01 to RT 05, RW 06, a total of 42 people from Rongtengah Village, Sampang. This study used a purposive sampling technique that met the criteria of 17-20 years of age—the technique of checking blood glucose levels using the POCT method with units of mg/dL. Data analysis in this study will be tabulated in tabular form. Result: The results of the study obtained as many as 5 high yield samples, the results of normal blood glucose levels as many as 37 samples. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study shows that adolescents still have the potential to have high blood glucose levels.

Synthesis of unique three-dimensional CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages via Kirkendall effect for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Transition metal oxides / hydroxides, which have the advantages of wide distribution, low price, low toxicity, and stable chemical properties, have attracted much attention from researchers. Therefore, this work reports the construction of the unique CoMn2O4 nanocages assisted by the Kirkendall effect, and worm-like Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were grown on the surface via hydrothermal method, the final product CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages were applied to construct efficient and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing. The stable three-dimensional hollow CoMn2O4 nanocages structure, not only can provide a wider specific surface area and more abundant active sites, its porous structure also can effectively inhibit the aggregation of nanoparticles, increase the ion diffusion path, shorten the electron transport distance, and improve the electrical conductivity. Loading Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles on the CoMn2O4 nanocages can increase catalytic sites, and further strengthen the electrocatalytic performance. Due to the good synergistic effect between CoMn2O4 and Ni(OH)2, CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages electrochemical sensor can achieve sensitive and rapid detection of trace glucose, with excellent linear range (8.5–1830.5 μM), low limit of detection (0.264 μM), high sensitivity of 0.00646 μA mM−1 cm−2, and outstanding repeatability. More importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of blood glucose in human serum with good recoveries (95.64–104.3 %). This work provides a novel scheme for blood glucose detection and expands the application of transition metal oxides / hydroxides in the field of electrochemical sensing.

A biosensing array for multiplex clinical evaluation of glucose, creatinine, and uric acid

The multiplex and simultaneous determination of blood glucose, creatinine and uric acid is essential for the early screening of chronic diseases or regular disease monitoring. Here, we report for the first time a biosensing array for the multiplex and simultaneous determination of plasma glucose, creatinine and uric acid. The sensing electrodes are fabricated on a PET surface, including three working electrodes, one reference electrode, and one counter electrode. Each specific enzyme is immobilized on its corresponding working electrode. The biosensing array can exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity for the simultaneous determination of blood glucose, creatinine and uric acid in real blood samples, and the measurement results are accurate and consistent with those from the clinical biochemistry analyzer in the hospital. It is expected that this work could provide new avenues for the fundamental study of biosensing device construction, as well as practical applications of the detection of biomarkers in chronic diseases.

Results of glycaemic control on exertion in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in FOX children's recreational camp settings

ANO “Children’s Camp FOX CAMP (Lager’ Lisonok)” has been operating in Russia since 2019. Changes of observations in the Moscow region, Sochi, Kaliningrad region, Sochi, Gelendzhik, Chelyabinsk region, Altai. In the period from 2019 to 2022, 796 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) visited the shifts and active tours of the ANO “Children’s Camp FOKS CAMP (Lager’ Lisonok)”. The priority of children’s recreation is a focus on increased activity: marathons at various distances, football matches, basketball, alpine skiing and long hikes in the mountains, rafting. It is known that activity in patients with type 1 diabetes increases sharply by the level of blood increase, by a decrease in this indicator. In order, to prevent the development of hypoglycemia during heavy exercise, it is very important to quickly determine blood glucose using a glucometer and take the necessary measures to stop it. Thus, the presence of sufficient shifts is necessary to quickly and accurately carry out self-monitoring, sometimes in various and difficult conditions (on mountain trails, on a suspension bridge, when rafting on a mountain river, on the beach). This article presents the development of events on elevated blood levels in children and adolescents with DM1 in the conditions of the marathon, running at various distances in the conditions of the summer shift in the Moscow region of the children’s health camp ANO “Children’s Camp FOX CAMP (Lager’ Lisonok)”.

Intermittent fasting activates macrophage migration inhibitory factor and alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Switching to normal diet (ND) is the regular therapy for high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intermittent fasting (IF) is a unique treatment which may exhibits better therapeutic efficacy. Thus, we aim to investigate the therapeutic effects of these treatments and exploring the mechanisms. In the present study, NAFLD mouse model was induced by a 10-week HFD. Thereafter, mice adopted continued HFD, ND, or IF for the next 12 weeks. Finally, the liver was then harvested to assess lipid deposition, lipid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy, while blood was collected to determine blood glucose and insulin. The results showed that IF and ND treatment improved lipid deposition and metabolic disorder of NAFLD mice; the increasing body weight, liver weight, and HOMA-IR index of HFD mice were also alleviated by IF and ND. Furthermore, IF and ND treatment activated the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/AMPK pathway and regulated its downstream autophagy and apoptosis. However, the efficacy of IF was better than ND. Both IF and ND activates MIF signaling and alleviate the lipotoxicity of NAFLD while IF therapy is more effective than ND. The different MIF up-regulation might be the underlying mechanism of why IF benefits more than ND.

Estimation of Gingival Crevicular Blood as Noninvasive Method to Determine the Blood Glucose Level: A Comparative Study.

The current study's aim was to assess gingival crevicular blood as a noninvasive method to measure blood glucose levels. The current study comprised a total of 50 patients who had been diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and age was ≥30 years old. The study's procedures were carried out after receiving informed consent. For finger capillary blood collection method, a sterile lancet was used to prick the finger and a drop of blood was taken, for gingival crevicular blood collection method, blood was taken from the gingival margin of the chosen site, and for venous blood collection method with the aid of a disposable syringe, a venous blood sample was taken from the patient's antecubital fossa for determining blood glucose levels. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences between the three methodologies' significance, and Karl Pearson's correlation (r) was used to determine their correlation. The maximum glucose level was found in venous blood (187.78 ± 18.23), followed by finger capillary blood (181.88 ± 21.67) and gingival crevicular blood (169.04 ± 11.24). And there was no significant difference between the different blood collection methods (p > 0.05). The positive significant correlation was found between gingival crevicular blood and finger capillary blood (r = 0.912, p < 0.001). Correlation with gingival crevicular blood and venous blood showed a positive correlation (r = 0.898, p < 0.001). Correlation between venous blood and finger capillary blood also showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.988, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggest that blood drawn from the gingival crevicular during a clinical examination may be a great source for glucometric analysis. The gingival crevicular blood may show to be a promising technique for routine dental office screening for diabetes mellitus in periodontal patients, even if capillary/venous blood samples used for diabetes mellitus screening are the gold standard. Oral health is crucial for the early detection of many systemic disorders. As a result, dentists are crucial in the screening for systemic disorders. One of the prevalent chronic disorders is diabetes. Any systemic disease that is detected early enough can avoid long-term problems.

Hepatoprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine on liver injury by irisin upregulation and oxidative stress reduction in diabetic rats

BackgroundThe current study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress in rat liver with diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on irisin expression.MethodsTwenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, 7 rats in each group, and 30-day regimens of experimental or control groups. NAC-treated group is as follows: 100 mg/kg once daily was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Diabetes-induced group is as follows: single-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) was used to induce DM in overnight fasting Wistar rats. By determining blood glucose concentration in STZ-induced rats 72 h after injection of STZ, DM was assessed. DM + NAC group is as follows: STZ-induced DM plus NAC is described previously. On the 30th day of the experiment, liver samples were collected after fasting and anesthesia. Biochemical analyses were performed to measure total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Each liver sample was weighed and then prepared for histopathologic evaluation by light microscopy.ResultsThere was a statistically significant decrease in TAS levels and an increase in TOS and MDA levels in the DM group compared to the control group. In contrast, TOS and MDA levels were found significantly decreased, and TAS levels increased in the serum and liver tissues of the DM + NAC group compared to the DM group. Liver samples were also used for histopathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. STZ-induced liver damage was detected as oxidative stress, increased irisin immunoreactivity, sinusoidal dilatation, and hepatocyte degeneration. In the DM + NAC group, it was observed that NAC significantly reduced the aforementioned histopathological changes due to STZ.ConclusionIn the early period of diabetes, due to the antioxidant properties of irisin related to the sudden response of liver tissue to oxidative stress, it is thought that the immunoreactivity in the tissue increases in the early period. As a result, NAC in diabetic rat liver tissue was found to suppress oxidative damage and irisin immunoreactivity.

NON-INVASIVE PPG-BASED ESTIMATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

This paper focuses on non-invasive blood glucose determination using photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, which is crucial for managing diabetes. Diabetes stands as one of the world’s major chronic diseases. Untreated diabetes frequently leads to fatalities. Current self-monitoring techniques for measuring diabetes require invasive procedures such as blood or bodily fluid sampling, which may be very uncomfortable. Hence, there is an opportunity for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring through smart devices capable of measuring PPG signals. The primary goal of this research was to propose methods for glycemic classification into two groups (low and high glycemia) and to predict specific glycemia values using machine learning techniques. Two datasets were created by measuring PPG signals from 16 individuals using two different smart devices – a smart wristband and a smartphone. Simultaneously, the reference blood glucose levels were invasively measured using a glucometer. The PPG signals were preprocessed, and 27 different features were extracted. With the use of feature selection, only 10 relevant features were chosen. Numerous machine learning models were developed. Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the radial basis function (RBF) kernel performed best in classifying PPG signals into two groups. These models achieved an accuracy of 76% (SVM) and 75% (RF) on the smart wristband test dataset. The functionality of the proposed models was then verified on the smartphone test dataset, where both models achieved similar accuracy: 74% (SVM) and 75% (RF). For predicting specific glycemia values, RF performed best. Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 1.25 mmol/l on the smart wristband test dataset and 1.37 mmol/l on the smartphone test dataset.