Detergent Products Research Articles

Вдосконалення системи контролю за якістю мийних засобів з покращеними екологічними характеристиками

Relevance of work. The work is devoted to the improvement of the quality control system of detergents with improved ecological characteristics and the presentation of innovative formulations with its compliance with modern environmental standards. This meets the needs of the modern market of eco-products and the scientific need to develop and evaluate a new generation of detergents. The purpose of the work is to test a number of methods for validity for diagnosing washing powders for their environmental and functional acceptability. Research methods - theoretical and modeling (development of a scheme of complex analysis of washing powders), representative (presentation of innovative recipes) and diagnostic. Within the framework of the latter, the possibilities of correlation-regression and imitation methods in the assessment of detergents with improved environmental characteristics, as well as the method of component-functional analysis of detergents were tested. Results. The validity of the method of ecological labeling for research and quality control of detergents on the basis of the maximum allowable ecological concentration, which limits or prohibits the use of harmful and dangerous substances, is proved. The innovative recipe of detergents on the example of washing powders of the DeLaMark trademark is presented and on the basis of the developed standards its check is carried out. Its ecological and functional acceptability is proved. Perspectives. Detergents' evaluation indicators and methods of their determination established on the basis of experimental researches allow to improve the procedure of control of products of this type, which is important for satisfaction of consumer needs. This makes it possible to develop recommendations for improving the domestic regulatory framework for the production of detergents with improved environmental performance through the use of OSU OEM 08.002.12.065:2016 "Detergents and cleaners. Environmental criteria for life cycle assessment ". The alternative methods used in the work to assess the quality of detergents allow you to effectively choose the most correct method of determining them.

“Do knowledge, perceived usefulness of halal label and religiosity affect attitude and intention to buy halal-labeled detergent?”

PurposeDespite the high research interest regarding Halal products, most studies on Halal products focused on food and cosmetics. This study aims to examine the factors that affect the attitude and purchase intention of non-food Halal products in a limited context of detergent products. This study is derived from the theory of reasoned action. It incorporates knowledge, religiosity and perceived usefulness of Halal label as antecedents of attitude.Design/methodology/approachThis study applied a self-administered online questionnaire. Data were collected through an online survey with a non-probability sampling technique (convenience sampling). The study retained a total of 264 valid responses. The respondents mainly consisted of Muslim consumers from the 18–24 age group (62.5%), followed by the 25–31 age group (29.2%). Data were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results indicate that attitude toward Halal-labeled detergent is affected by the perceived usefulness of the Halal label, and knowledge of Halal. Consequently, attitude toward Halal-labeled detergent positively affects intention to buy Halal-labeled detergent. This study also suggests that religiosity has a positive effect on the perceived usefulness of the Halal label and purchase intention of Halal detergent.Originality/valueThis study is among the few studies that discuss the antecedents and consequences of attitude toward Halal products in the context of detergent, a non-food Halal product category besides cosmetics. Muslim consumer responses toward Halal label were mostly researched in food and cosmetics contexts, while in some countries such as Indonesia, Halal labeling on all products has recently become mandated by legislation. Hence, this study provides some insights regarding Muslim consumer’s attitudes toward Halal-labeled products besides food and cosmetics.

Technology for regeneration of gas cleaning solutions of PJSC RUSAL Bratsk from sulfur compounds using natural cold

The quality of petroleum cokes used in the aluminum industry is rapidly deteriorating, with the main criterion being an increase in the content of sulfur and vanadium. An increase in the mass fraction of sulfur has a more significant effect on the process of electrolytic production of aluminum. Previous studies show that this leads to a decrease in the performance of electrolysers. Therefore, cumulative accumulation of sulfur in gas cleaning solutions should be avoided and, if possible, sulfur should be removed from the process. The technology of regeneration of gas-cleaning solutions of aluminum electrolyzers from sulfur compounds has been studied. The advantages of the developed technology in comparison with other existing ones are substantiated. A technological scheme for the regeneration of the gas-cleaning solution is given, the theoretical foundations of the process are given, and methods for a possible further intensification of this technology are described. At PJSC RUSAL Bratsk, the technology for removing sodium sulfate from gas cleaning solutions has been successfully tested and implemented on a semiindustrial scale. Atmospheric air was used as a cooler during the cold season. According to the analysis of the chemical composition of desulfurized gas cleaning solutions, this technology will reduce the load on the sludge fields, excluding the withdrawal of solutions to maintain the balance of sulfur products, and reduce the consumption of soda ash. The obtained sodium sulfate can be used in related industries, for example cellulose or synthetic detergents production.

Toxicity Evaluation of Household Detergents and Surfactants Using Zebrafish

There are concerns regarding the toxicity of household detergents to humans and aquatic organisms. There are various types of surfactants, which are the main components of detergents, and each detergent product has a different formulation. Therefore, high-throughput technologies capable of analyzing a large number of samples rapidly and accurately are required for research on detergent toxicity. In this study, image analysis techniques were used to quantify the locomotor activities from captured images using larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). When the 135-min time-lapse imaging was completed, the damage to the body of the animals was examined using a microscope. Additionally, we determined the animal survival and LC50. Nonionic decyl glucoside (APG-C10), one of the alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), exhibited the lowest toxicity, whereas linear alcohol ethoxylate (LA-9) exhibited the highest toxicity. AOS (α-olefin sulfonate), LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), and APG-600 showed moderate toxicity between LA-9 and APG-C10. Commercial detergents exhibited various degrees of toxicity, and there was a linear relationship (R2 = 0.776) between locomotor activity and survival percentage of animals.

Transition metal-catalyzed carboxylation of olefins with Carbon dioxide: a comprehensive review

ABSTRACT Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization for the production of fuels and energy-rich chemicals is one of the attractive topics of research in modern-day chemistry. The main barriers in the CO2 utilization include: 1) the cost associated in CO2 capture, separation, purification, and transportation; 2) higher energy demand for conversion due to its higher kinetic and thermodynamic stability; 3) the lack of socio-economical driving forces. Valorization of CO2 has been realized as a viable option for the mitigation of CO2 as well as to create new business opportunities. Carbon dioxide is a nontoxic, renewable, and abundant C1 source; whereas carboxylation of olefins to carboxylic acids represents one of the most important transformations owing to the broad applicability of these chemicals in various domains, such as water-absorbing polymers, preservatives of food, fertilizers, building blocks for the manufacturing of cosmetics, soaps, detergents, rubbers, dyes, animal feed, plastics, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The present review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the transition metal-catalyzed carboxylation of the olefins by using carbon dioxide as a feedstock. Firstly, the hydrocarboxylation or direct carboxylation using coordination complexes of transition metals such as rhodium, copper, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, iron, palladium, and zirconium have been discussed in detail. In the next section, the hetero carboxylation reactions, for example, boracarboxylation, silacarboxylation, carbocarboxylation, thiocarboxylation and dicarboxylation have been presented to explore the wider scope of CO2 utilization for carboxylation reactions. Lastly, the carboxylation of dienes and difunctionalization reactions have been discussed. Further, the recent trends and key challenges in the use of CO2 as a carbxylating agent for carboxylation reactions have been described.

Antibiotics from Extremophilic Micromycetes.

Extremophilic microorganisms, which are capable of functioning normally at extremely high or low temperatures, pressure, and in other environmental conditions, have been in the focus of microbiologists’ attention for several decades due to the biotechnological potential of enzymes inherent in extremophiles. These enzymes (also called extremozymes) are used in the production of food and detergents and other industries. At the same time, the inhabitants of extreme econiches remained almost unexplored for a long time in terms of the chemistry of natural compounds. In recent years, the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens, which affect humans and animals has become a global problem. The problem is compounded by a strong slowdown in the development of new antibiotics. In search of new active substances and scaffolds for medical chemistry, researchers turn to unexplored natural sources. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of studies on secondary metabolites produced by extremophiles. From the discovery of penicillin to the present day, micromycetes, along with actinobacteria, are one of the most productive sources of antibiotic compounds for medicine and agriculture. Many authors consider extremophilic micromycetes as a promising source of small molecules with an unusual mechanism of action or significant structural novelty. This review summarizes the latest (for 2018–2019) experimental data on antibiotic compounds, which are produced by extremophilic micromycetes with various types of adaptation. Active metabolites are classified by the type of structure and biosynthetic origin. The data on the biological activity of the isolated metabolites are summarized.

Creating value from plastic waste.

Polyethylene can be upcycled into alkylaromatic compounds for the production of detergents

A new future for polyethylene

Polymer Chemistry Most current plastic recycling involves chopping up the waste and repurposing it in materials with less stringent engineering requirements than the original application. Chemical decomposition at the molecular level could, in principle, lead to higher-value products. However, the carbon-carbon bonds in polyethylene, the most common plastic, tend to resist such approaches without exposure to high-pressure hydrogen. F. Zhang et al. now report that a platinum/alumina catalyst can transform waste polyethylene directly into long-chain alkylbenzenes, a feedstock for detergent manufacture, with no need for external hydrogen (see the Perspective by Weckhuysen). Science , this issue p. [437][1]; see also p. [400][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abc5441 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abe3873

Polyethylene upcycling to long-chain alkylaromatics by tandem hydrogenolysis/aromatization

The current scale of plastics production and the accompanying waste disposal problems represent a largely untapped opportunity for chemical upcycling. Tandem catalytic conversion by platinum supported on γ-alumina converts various polyethylene grades in high yields (up to 80 weight percent) to low-molecular-weight liquid/wax products, in the absence of added solvent or molecular hydrogen, with little production of light gases. The major components are valuable long-chain alkylaromatics and alkylnaphthenes (average ~C30, dispersity Ð = 1.1). Coupling exothermic hydrogenolysis with endothermic aromatization renders the overall transformation thermodynamically accessible despite the moderate reaction temperature of 280°C. This approach demonstrates how waste polyolefins can be a viable feedstock for the generation of molecular hydrocarbon products.

Behaviour of pancreatic lipase enzyme during recyclization when synthesizing butyl butyrate in non-aqueous media

Aromatic substances are widely applied in the creation of fragrances for cosmetic, detergent and food products, as well as medical preparations for external use. Environmentally friendly enzymes obtained using green chemistry methods are of particular value. Therefore, the enzymatic synthesis of esters of aromatic aliphatic acids and aromatic alcohols is of great practical interest. This approach has significant advantages over chemical methods, since it is carried out at low temperatures without the formation of byproducts, thus requiring no special purification techniques. Although the cost of enzyme preparations is rather high, immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly and continuously. In the present work, we investigate the possibility of using non-immobilized freeze-dried lipase (Lipase from porcine pancreas, Type 11) for repeated esterification of butyl alcohol with butyric acid. The synthesis was carried out in hexane. The completeness of the process was controlled by titration of the residual acid with aqueous alcoholic alkali in the reaction medium. The resulting enzyme preparation was separated from the reaction mixture and reused with a new portion of the substrate. It is shown that the obtained enzyme can be used for more than 10 cycles. It was found that, starting from the second cycle, the enzyme activity increases depending on its concentration in the medium. In addition, the butyric acid conversion increases by 6–180% reaching the initial level only after the 10th cycle. The unusual effect of increasing the enzymatic activity of lipase in recycles can be explained by both the phenomenon of autocatalysis, i.e. activation of the enzyme by water released as a result of esterification, and structural features of the active site of pancreatic lipase.

Copper Chelants and Antioxidants in Laundry Detergent Formulations Reduce Formation of Malodor Molecules on Fabrics

AbstractFor consumers who use laundry detergents, a top unmet need is to reduce malodor that can persist on fabrics, even after washing and drying. A known source of odor is autoxidation of residual sebum on fabric, leading to the generation of an array of odiferous compounds. To prevent this oxidation process, two technologies were evaluated: (i) antioxidants to scavenge radicals and (ii) metal chelants to inhibit the involvement of copper ions as catalysts in the autoxidation process. Copper is a common component of sweat, soil, and municipal water supplies, especially where copper piping is involved, which is typical in many US homes and businesses. For the evaluations, swatches of fabric were treated with artificial sebum, then washed in commercial washing machines with tap water containing laundry detergent, and dried using commercial dryers. Copper added to the wash at a level representative of consumer homes substantially increased the formation of known malodor molecules. Copper chelants [in particular, diethylenetriamine (DETA)] added to the wash were effective in inhibiting the formation of malodor molecules. In combination with antioxidants [in particular, methyl 3‐(3, 5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (MtBHPP)], the inhibitory effect was greater. Even at low concentrations (<1%), DETA and MtBHPP were effective at inhibiting the generation of known malodor molecules on fabrics. As DETA and MtBHPP meet performance, cost, and stability considerations, they hold promise for use in high‐quality commercial laundry detergent products designed to eliminate malodor on consumer fabrics.

Phylogenetic characterization and screening of halophilic bacteria from Algerian salt lake for the production of biosurfactant and enzymes

Environments containing significant concentration of NaCl such as salt lakes harbor extremophiles microorganisms which have a great biotechnology interest. To explore the diversity of Bacteria in Chott Tinsilt (Algeria), an isolation program was performed. Water samples were collected from the saltern during the pre-salt harvesting phase. This Chott is high in salt (22.47% (w/v). Seven halophiles Bacteria were selected for further characterization. The isolated strains were able to grow optimally in media with 10–25% (w/v) total salts. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. It showed that these cultured isolates included members belonging to the Halomonas, Staphylococcus, Salinivibrio, Planococcus and Halobacillus genera with less than 98% of similarity with their closest phylogenetic relative. The halophilic bacterial isolates were also characterized for the production of biosurfactant and industrially important enzymes. Most isolates produced hydrolases and biosurfactants at high salt concentration. In fact, this is the first report on bacterial strains (A4 and B4) which were a good biosurfactant and coagulase producer at 20% and 25% ((w/v)) NaCl. In addition, the biosurfactant produced by the strain B4 at high salinity (25%) was also stable at high temperature (30-100°C) and high alkalinity (pH 11).

ASSESSMENT OF THE TOXICITY AND HAZARD OF SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE AT DIFFERENT EXPOSURE ROUTES

Sodium lauryl sulfate is the most common surfactant used in the production of detergents, chloroprene rubber, plastics, artificial furs and in pharmaceutical industry. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a moderately hazardous substance when introduced into the stomach (DL50 for white mice and rats is in the range of 2086-2700 mg/kg), has a pronounced local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, has a skin-resorptive, sensitizing and pronounced cumulative effects. The threshold for acute inhalation action is set at 15,3 mg/m3 for changes in the function of the nervous system and irritating effects on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (an increase in the total number of cells in the nasal flushes).Recommended for approval tentative safe exposure level of sodium lauryl sulfate in the air of the working area is 0.2+ mg/m3 (aerosol).

Microbial Biosurfactants as Key Multifunctional Ingredients for Sustainable Cosmetics

A polar head and an apolar tail chemically characterize surfactants, they show different properties and are categorized by different factors such as head charge and molecular weight. They work by reducing the surface tension between oil and water phases to facilitate the formation of one homogeneous mixture. In this respect, they represent unavoidable ingredients, their main application is in the production of detergents, one of if not the most important categories of cosmetics. Their role is very important, it should be remembered that it was precisely soaps and hygiene that defeated the main infectious diseases at the beginning of the last century. Due to their positive environmental impact, the potential uses of microbial sourced surfactants are actively investigated. These compounds are produced with different mechanisms by microorganisms in the aims to defend themselves from external threats, to improve the mobility in the environment, etc. In the cosmetic field, biosurfactants, restricted in the present work to those described above, can carry high advantages, in comparison to traditional surfactants, especially in the field of sustainable and safer approaches. Besiede this, costs still remain an obsatcle to their diffusion; in this regard, exploration of possible multifunctional actions could help to contain application costs. To highlight their features and possible multifunctional role, on the light of specific biological profiles yet underestimated, we have approached the present review work.

Design and performance optimisation of detergent product containing binary mixture of anionic-nonionic surfactants

The manufacture of detergent products such as laundry detergents, household cleaners and fabric softeners are of increasing interest to the consumer oriented chemical industry. Surfactants are the most important ingredient in detergent formulations, as they are responsible for the bulk of the cleaning power. In this research, a methodology has been developed to design a detergent product using computational tools. Different surfactant systems, such as single anionic, single nonionic, and binary mixtures of anionic-nonionic surfactants are covered in this work. Important surfactant properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), cloud point (CP), hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and molecular weight (MW) have been identified. A group contribution (GC) method with the aid of computer modelling was used to determine the CMC, CP, and MW of surfactant molecules. The design of a surfactant molecule can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem that tradeoffs between CMC, CP, HLB and MW. Consequently, a list of plausible nonionic surfactant structures has been developed with the selected surfactant being incorporated into a binary surfactant mixture. Additives such as antimicrobial agents, anti-redeposition agents, builders, enzymes, and fillers were also considered and incorporated into a hypothetical detergent formulation together with the binary surfactant mixture. The typical ingredients and their compositions in detergent formulations are presented in the final stage of the detergent product design.

Implementation of 5S to Improve the Productivity of Detergent Manufacturing Industry

this work is carried out to apply the lean tools i.e., 5S to solve the problems in a detergent manufacturing industry. The lean tools are one of the most effective and efficient method for eliminate the waste, improve the quality, overall performance of the machine and improves the annual profit. Their main aim is to reduce the cycle time. The objective of this work is to increase the productivity and eliminate the unwanted steps. Primary method is used for the data collection i.e., Observation method. The stopwatch is used to calculate the time taken for each job. The improvement of work process was executed by eliminating and combining the work process, which reduce the production time, number of process, increases the production rate and also provides the free space. 5S is used to achieve the objectives. The time taken to complete the work has been noted down before and after implementation of 5S. When we reduce the cycle time, the productivity will increase. When we implement the 5S the cycle time will reduce from 190 sec to 110 sec.

An integrated inventory model for multi-echelon supply chains with deteriorating items: a price-dependent demand approach

ABSTRACTThis study develops an operational policy for a three-echelon supply chain. A mathematical programming model is proposed to maximize the combined profit of the suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors. The model is developed under the supply chain management paradigm, which highlights the cooperation of all the nodes along the supply chain to improve performance criteria like total profit. We take into account the deteriorating nature of raw materials and final products. The proposed model was then applied to a real-world case of an Iranian supply chain active in the detergent production industry using its historical data for parameters. The model was solved using GAMS. Results indicate that the integrated approach was able to increase the supply chain’s total profit by 15%. Sensitivity analysis also showed that variable costs of final products are high, leaving a shallow margin. Other managerial insights are also drawn from results.

Determination of Propane-1,3-sultone in Workplace Air for Occupational Exposure Assessment.

Propane-1,3-sultone (PS) is an alkylating substance used in the production of polymers, fungicides, insecticides, dyes, and detergents. It is absorbed into the human body by inhalation, digestion, and through the skin; it is also a possible carcinogen. Occupational exposure to this substance may occur on industrial or laboratory contact. In Poland, the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) for PS in workplace air is 7 µg/m3. The paper presents a method for determination of PS in workplace air using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Air containing PS is passed through a glass tube containing a glass fiber filter and two layers of silica gel. The substance is washed with acetonitrile and the solution obtained analysed using GC-MS. The measuring range for an air sample of 360 L is 0.7 ÷ 14 µg/m3. The limit of detection (LOD) is 13 ng/m3, limit of quantification (LOQ) is 40 ng/m3.

STANDARDIZATION OF THE CULTIVATION OF THE ISOLATED FILAMENTOUS FUNGUS A4 FOR LIPASE PRODUCTION / PADRONIZAÇÃO DO CULTIVO DO FUNGO FILAMENTOSO ISOLADO A4 PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE LIPASES

Lipases are produced by microorganisms to form an important biotechnological group of enzymes with different properties and specificities. Among the lipase-producing microorganisms are the filamentous fungi, which are abundant and widespread in nature. Because of their catalytic versatility, lipases are highly commercialized, being applied mainly in the production of detergents, food, animal feed, paper and cellulose, pharmaceutical and biodiesel industries. This work sought to select a filamentous fungus that produces lipases and optimize the conditions for cultivation so as to increase lipolytic activity. Initially, 21 filamentous fungi were grown in a solid medium for lipases for four days in a bacteriological incubator at 30 oC. The fungus with the largest halo representing lipase activity was incubated in five different submerged media at 30 oC for eight days, and the lipase activity of crude extracellular enzyme extracts was evaluated every 24 hours. After defining the culture medium, its composition was varied, analyzing different sources of nitrogen, salt solutions, the influence of the initial pH of the medium and the carbon source. The isolated fungus, identified as A4, exhibited promising lipase synthesis in Khanna submerged culture medium containing urea, peptone and KNO 3 as the nitrogen source, Vogel salts solution, initial pH of 4.5 and cotton oil as a carbon source. This work demonstrated the importance of standardizing chemical conditions for the growth and production of lipases from filamentous fungi, thereby contributing to a greater understanding of the lipases produced by the selection of the fungus with a potential for enzyme production.

Razvoj automatskog sistema za punjenje tečnosti baziranog na pristupu interaktivnog dizajna

The automatic liquid filling system is used in different applications such as production of detergents, liquid soaps, fruit juices, milk products, bottled water, etc. The automatic bottle filling system is highly expensive. Where, the common filling systems required to complex changes in hardware and software in order to modify volume of liquid. There are many important variables in the filling process such as volume of liquid, the filling time, etc. This paper presents a new approach to develop an automatic liquid filling system. The new proposed system consists of a conveyor subsystem, filling stations, and camera to detect the level of the liquid at any instant during the filling process. The camera can detect accurately the level of liquid based on the imaging process technique (Edge Detection Approach). In order to achieve the aim of this work, Arduino board is used as the controller unit in the automatic operation of developed filling system. The developed automatic liquid filling system is designed to be not expensive compared to the other available filling systems on the markets. The system is also easy to operate and user-friendly,where only simple steps are required to operate the filling system or modify the working condition.It was found, based on results, that the Prewitt edge detection is the optimal method that should be applied to obtain high accuracy of results and quick response of developed system.