Detergent Products Research Articles

Skin preparation for abdominal surgery

Surgical site infections (SSI) are a public health issue. The purpose of this review is to review the literature on methods of pre-operative skin preparation for the prevention of SSI in abdominal surgery. In order to obtain the best level of evidence, only meta-analyses and randomized controlled clinical trials were selected from the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases. High-powered non-randomized studies were included when results were not available for the questions asked. The primary endpoint was the rate of SSI within 30 days. Analysis of the 20 selected studies suggested that hair removal in the operative field is not recommended except when it interferes with surgery; in this case, hair clipping or chemical depilation is recommended and shaving should be banned. For the pre-operative shower, the choice of a detergent product with or without antiseptic does not seem to matter, and there were no published data on the required number of showers or the interval before surgery. Application of an alcohol-based solution to the operative field for cutaneous disinfection is recommended; the products used seem to be equivalent, and there is no need for pre-operative detergent scrubbing. There is no strong evidence to recommend adhesive plastic drapes for clean or contaminated surgery. Some recommendations on skin preparation before abdominal surgery to reduce the rate of SSI are based on a high level of evidence. Other recommendations such as the number and duration of pre-operative showers or use of adhesive plastic skin drapes are less well supported.

Aquatech designs SWRO system for detergent manufacturer in India

Aquatech designs SWRO system for detergent manufacturer in India

A knowledge base with modularized ontologies for eco-labeling: Application for laundry detergents

Along with the rising concern of environmental performance, eco-labeling is becoming more and more popular. However, the complex process of eco-labeling is demotivating manufacturers and service providers to be certificated. The knowledge contained in eco-labeling criteria documents is not semantically exploitable to computers. Traditional knowledge base in relational data model is not inter-operable, lacks inference support and is difficult to be reused. In our research, we propose a comprehensive knowledge base composed of interconnected OWL (Ontology Web Language) ontologies. This ontology based knowledge base allows reasoning and semantic query. In this paper, a modularization scheme about ontology development is introduced and it has been applied to EU Eco-label (European Union Eco-label) laundry detergent product criteria. This scheme separates entity knowledge and rule knowledge so that the ontology modules can be reused easily in other domains. Reasoning and inference based on SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules in favor of eco-labeling process is also presented.

Genetic Algorithm Based Wavelengths Selection Coupled with Partial Least Squares for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate and Silicate in Detergent Products

Background: Phosphate and silicate are very important in a variety of compounds such as mineral resources, underground water, detergents and cleaners. Phosphate and silicate in water positively influence the metabolism of plants and animals. They have led to an environmental problem. This problem can have serious consequences because phosphate and silicate are widely utilized in water softening, surfactants and a large number of other applications. Methods: Genetic algorithm (GA) is an appropriate method for selecting wavelengths for PLS (partial least squares) calibration of mixtures which have almost identical spectra without losing prediction capacity using spectrophotometric method. In this paper, we have described a simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate based on the formation of phospho- and silicomolybdenum blue complexes in the presence of ascorbic acid. Results: The complexes of phosphate and silicate with a reagent in the presence of ascorbic acid have been simultaneously determined by genetic algorithm- partial least squares (GA-PLS) although they showed a spectral overlap. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.01-2.00 and 0.01-3.80 µgmL-1 for phosphate and silicate, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) for phosphate and silicate was 0.372 and 0.301, respectively. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the GA can be a good method for feature selection in spectral data sets. Results show that GA-PLS is an excellent calibration method for the determination of phosphate and silicate. In the end the proposed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate in synthetic detergents. Keywords: Phosphate, silicate, spectrophotometry, GA-PLS, detergent products, surfactants.

Improvement of Industrial Linear Alkyl Benzene for Detergents Production

Standard and specifications of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) compound are essential in the production of most good quality detergents. Pure LAB was obtained by purification of industrial LAB samples, followed by controlling/overcoming the problem of conversion of paraffinic materials to undesirable olefins. Concentrated sulfuric acid was used to remove the olefinic contaminants from the industrial LAB samples. The results were obtained using potentiometric method and color changes in Lovibond photometer. Evidently, significant improvement of the specifications was observed and thus, improved final products are industrially obtained. The new and modified reaction procedure has resulted in a superior quality LAB-based detergent product, compared to that obtained using LAB under the normal operating conditions.

Implementation of failure modes and effects analysis in detergent production companies: A case study

AbstractFailure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is the most important method used by production companies to identify potential risks regarding occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards. This method is also useful in defining preventive actions to reduce the effects of these risks. Detergent production companies continually encounter many occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards, the management and reduction of which requires complex assessment in real‐world applications. This paper presents a framework for application of FMEA for managing and ranking identified risks in detergent production companies. A case study is presented to show the application of an FMEA to investigate the results of its application and the outcomes from the analysis. A risk priority number (RPN) is proposed for each distinct risk. The application of FMEA in the detergent production company resulted in grouping the RPN of the identified risks into four different categories. The main corrective actions, which are determined to reduce the RPNs, are presented in this paper. Improving the RPN of the main risks is observed after executing the corrective actions.

Effects of Formulation Parameters and Process Variables on the Properties of Granules Obtained by Reactive Granulation

In this work, granulation between dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid and sodium carbonate was investigated in a laboratory-scale high shear mixer. The effects of formulation parameters and process variables, including primary carbonate size, binder content, impeller speed, and operating temperature, were correlated to the properties of the product granules. Design of experiment and analysis of variance were combined to analyze the experimental data, and results showed that larger granule sizes with fewer fine particles can be obtained by employing higher binder contents and larger sodium carbonate sizes. The shear force of the impeller can extensively break oversized granules. The binder content exerted a contrasting effect on the flowability of granules formed with two kinds of sodium carbonate, likely because of differences in the liquid saturation of the solids. The dissolution rate determined by in-line size analysis showed that high binder contents were beneficial to dissolution performance, and the relationships between Hunter color and tested parameters were evaluated. The results of this work can be used as a reliable guidance for process control and optimization in powder detergent manufacturing.

New thermophilic prokaryotes with hydrolytic activities

Thermophilic microorganisms are capable of growing on polymeric substrates and have been intensively studied for their enzymes, thermostable hydrolases (glycosidases, proteinases, lipases), which have important applications in many fields of bioindustry: production of detergents, food processing, paper and textile industry, biofuel formation from organic wastes, etc.1. The advantages of thermostable enzymes application are in their higher stability not only against temperature, but also against high or low pH, presence of detergents, etc. High temperature increases solubility of substrates2, thus making them more available, and significantly decreases the contamination risks. Many highly stable hydrolases, produced by thermophilic bacteria and archaea have been discovered3–6; however, due to continuous industrial demand and our knowledge that natural environments are a significant reservoir of genetic and hence functional diversity7, new thermophilic organisms producing hydrolytic enzymes are still of high interest. Here we present our achievements in isolation of novel thermophilic bacteria and archaea with various hydrolytic activities.

European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Fatty Alcohols from Indonesia (US–Fatty Alcohols), DS442

The dispute concerns an anti-dumping duty, imposed in 2011 by the European Union, on imports of certain fatty alcohols and their blends originating in India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Fatty alcohols are mainly used in the production of detergents and surfactants. They are also components of cosmetics, foods, and as industrial solvents. With respect to Indonesia, the anti-dumping duties were imposed primarily on two investigated companies, Ecogreen and Musim Mas. After the initial application of the anti-dumping duty, the Commission revised the determination in the light of an intervening judgment of the European Court of Justice that had addressed an issue of significance to an issue raised during the fatty alcohols investigation. As a result of that revision, the Commission removed a cost adjustment for one of the companies (Ecogreen), but not the other company (Musim Mas). The measure ultimately expired in the fall of 2016, at the very end of the WTO panel proceedings.

The Effect of Green Purchase Intention Factors on The Environmental Friendly Detergent Product (Lerak)

Preference of influence of green purchase intention factor to environmentally friendly detergent product (lerak). Awareness of the current world community of the importance of environmental sustainability is increasing, this behaviour can be seen from the consumption patterns of people who start wanting environmentally friendly products. This condition makes many manufacturers adapt environmental problems in each of its products. Products that adapt to green product environmental issues can pave the way for manufacturers to enter eco-friendly markets as well as environmentally friendly detergents lerak. In this study using survey methods to determine the extent of influence of each factor to the intention of purchasing to environmentally friendly product. Factors studied are environmental concern, social influence, self-image, environmental knowledge, and perceived product price and quality against green purchase intention. From the results of this study found that all these factors have a significant influence on the green purchase intention of environmentally friendly detergent, but the most influential factor is the environmental knowledge which is the most important dimension and has the most significant influence on the intention of purchasing environmentally friendly detergent.

Quantifying drivers of variability in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of consumer products\u2014a case study on laundry washing in Europe

PurposeVariability in consumer behaviour can significantly influence the environmental performance of products and their associated impacts and this is typically not quantified in life cycle assessments. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how consumer behaviour data can be used to understand and quantify the variability in the greenhouse gas emissions from domestic laundry washing across Europe.MethodsData from a pan-European consumer survey of product usage and washing habits was combined with internal company data on product format greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints and in-home measurement of energy consumption of laundry washing as well as literature data to determine the GHG footprint of laundry washing. The variability associated with four laundry detergent product formats and four wash temperature settings in washing machines were quantified on a per wash cycle basis across 23 European countries. The variability in GHG emissions associated with country electricity grid mixes was also taken into account. Monte Carlo methods were used to convert the variability in the input parameters into variability of the life cycle GHG emissions. Rank correlation analysis was used to quantify the importance of the different sources of variability.Results and discussionBoth inter-country differences in background electricity mix as well as intra-country variation in consumer behaviour are important for determining the variability in life cycle GHG emissions of laundry detergents. The average GHG emissions related to the laundry washing process in the 23 European countries in 2014 was estimated to be 5 × 102 g CO2−eq/wash cycle, but varied by a factor of 6.5 between countries. Intra-country variability is between a factor of 3.5 and 5.0 (90% interval). For countries with a mainly fossil-based electricity system, the dominant source of variability in GHG emissions results from consumer choices in the use of washing machines. For countries with a relatively low-carbon electricity mix, variability in life cycle GHG emissions is mainly determined by laundry product-related parameters.ConclusionsThe combination of rich data sources enabled the quantification of the variability in the life cycle GHG emissions of laundry washing which is driven by a variety of consumer choices, manufacturer choices and infrastructural differences of countries. The improved understanding of the variability needs to be balanced against the cost and challenges of assessing of consumer habits.

Nitrate removal from water by ion exchange

High concentrations of nitrate in water, both in surface and in groundwater, is a consequence of geological composition of soil or human activity. Increased concentrations of nitrate in drinking water is a serious hazard to human health, causing abnormalities such as cancerous growth in human digestion system, while excessive nitrate intake via drinking water can cause methemoglobinemia in infants. Furthermore, the presence of nitrate in aquifers can stimulate eutrophication, which compromise the growth of algae and depletion of dissolved oxygen. Natural and chemical fertilizers in crop production, detergent manufacturing, uncontrolled land discharge of municipal wastewater, and industrial wastes have been identified as the main sources of nitrate in water sources. Nitrate is a stable, highly soluble ion that is difficult to remove by conventional water treatment methods such as coagulation and flocculation. The ion exchange is the most widely used procedure for removing nitrate from water. In this research the possibility of removing nitrate from water was examined by using commercial ion exchangers: Duolite A7 and Relite A490, respectively. The influence of the initial concentration of nitrate (10, 50 and 100 mg/l), the contact time (15 - 1440 min) and the mass of the ion exchanger (0.1 to 0.6 g) was also examined.

A review of shampoo surfactant technology: consumer benefits, raw materials and recent developments.

Surfactants form the core of all shampoo formulations, and contribute to a wide range of different benefits, including cleansing, foaming, rheology control, skin mildness and the deposition of benefit agents to the hair and scalp. The purpose of this review was to assist the design of effective, modern, shampoo surfactant technologies. The mechanisms through which surfactants help deliver their effects are presented, along with the appraisal techniques through which surfactant options can be tested and screened for product development. The steps that should be taken to select the most appropriate blend of surfactants are described, and useful information on the most widely used surfactants is provided. The review concludes with an examination of recent developments in 'greener' surfactants, 'sulphate-free' technologies and structured liquid phases for novel sensory properties and for suspending benefit agents.

1,4-Dioxane pollution at contaminated groundwater sites in western Germany and its distribution within a TCE plume

An effective and sensitive method for the analysis of 1,4-dioxane in water has been available since 2008 (EPA 522). This method is increasingly being applied to investigate the distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the aquatic environment. However, there is a need for more information about the possible occurrence of 1,4-dioxane in groundwater in Europe in general, and in Germany in particular, where virtually no data have been collected so far. The possible contamination of groundwater with 1,4-dioxane is of relevance to Germany because up to 70% of Germany's drinking water is obtained from groundwater and about 17% from river bank filtrate, which contains variable proportions of groundwater. The aim of the present study is to investigate selected and representative groundwater sites in Germany that have suspected occurrences of 1,4-dioxane. Five of the sites are well known for their volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination, two sites have representative landfill leachate characteristics, and one site is negatively impacted by a detergent manufacturing plant. The presence of 1,4-dioxane was observed at each of these sites. Measured maximum concentration values ranged from 0.15μg/L to 152μg/L. An aquifer containing a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume with 1,4-dioxane as a co-contaminant was investigated in more detail. A perfect match was found between the concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and TCE in the vertical and horizontal distribution profiles. The results indicate the necessity for investigating groundwater contamination by 1,4-dioxane at sites with known 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and TCE contaminations, in landfill leachates, and at sites of detergent production.

SYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF TERTIARY HYDROXYMETHYLAMINES CONTAINING gem-DICHLOROCYCLOPROPYL AND CYCLOACETAL FRAGMENTS

1,3,5-Triazine derivatives containing one and two cycloacetal and gem-dichlorocyclopropane fragments find application as additives and biologically active substances, alkylamines containing gem-dichlorocyclopropane groups suppress the growth and development of dicotyledonous plants at the level of imported reagents. Many amino alcohols are widely used in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Based on this the efficient method for the preparation of N-hydroxymethylamines containing gem-dichlorocyclopropane and cycloacetal fragments in the presence of FeCl3·6H2O as a catalyst is proposed. The compounds with a carbamate group have a pronounced biological and pharmacological activity, which determines their effective use for the preparation of drugs for the medical and agricultural industries. Therefore, the reaction of aromatic structures containing carbocyclic fragment with phenyl isocyanate and acid chlorides were studied with subsequent of the formation of the corresponding urethane and esters with yield of (30-93%). It was found that the reaction with p-toluenesulfonic acid chloride is much more difficult and the yield of the desired product, benzyl [(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)methyl]aminomethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, does not exceed 30%. The structures of the obtained compounds were investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and found that the gem-dichlorocyclopropane and cycloacetal groups are preserved during the conversions. Isomeric 2- and 4-chloromethyl-1,3-dioxolanes under the conditions studied have the same activity, but substantially inferior to 2-chloromethyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropane. The presented results suggest the wide possibilities of using tertiary hydroxymethylamines containing cycloacetal and cyclopropane fragments in the synthesis of complex carbo- and heterocyclic structures. Moreover, carbo- and heterocyclic compounds with alkylamino groups have proven biological activity.Forcitation:Raskildina G.Z., Valiev V.F., Mirakyan S.M., Chanishev R.R., Zlotskii S.S. Synthesis and transformation of tertiary hydroxymethylamines containing gem-dichlorocyclopropyl and cycloacetal fragments. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 10. P. 16-21

Application of Glycerin in Liquid Laundry Detergents as an Example of Innovation in the Household Chemicals Industry

Abstract The aim of the study presented in the paper was to demonstrate that using a combination of glycerin and surfactants in the form of sodium salts in the production of laundry liquid detergents might be an alternative to the currently commonly produced products based on surfactants in the form of potassium or triethanol ammonium salts. Tests were performed to determine functional standard properties of model liquid laundry detergent formulations with different contents of glycerin. The analysis focused on foaming power, rheological properties, solubility, washing ability and decrease in fabric strength after washing. The most beneficial functional properties, comparable to those found in formulations containing potassium or triethanol ammonium salts, were achieved at the glycerin content of 20%.

Perturbation neuro-endocrinienne de la reproduction

In the last decades, reproductive health issues in wildlife and humans have been documented in several locations worldwide. This parallels the massive increase in chemical contamination due to the use of natural or man-made synthetic compounds with hormone disrupting activities, such as bisphenol A or phthalates. Widely used in the production of plastic, detergents, cosmetics and other day-life products, adverse effects of bisphenol A and phthalates on animal reproduction have been reported. The presentation will review the impact of these molecules on reproductive neuroendocrine functions and behavioral responses, which are tightly regulated by sex steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogens). These effects will be focused on the GnRH-kisspeptin system and sexual behavior. A particular attention will be also paid to low doses close to the environmental exposure, period of exposure (perinatal versus adult) and sex differences largely reported for the observed effects. The neural mechanisms underlying the effects of these endocrine disrupter compounds, in particular phthalates, will be also presented in light of new data obtained by combining proteomic and molecular analyses.

Honeywell to provide detergent manufacturing technologies to Farabi Petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia

Honeywell to provide detergent manufacturing technologies to Farabi Petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia

Honeywell to provide detergent manufacturing technologies to Farabi Petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia

Screening of tissue samples for glycogen is very important in assessing the ageing, but also the state of health of the tissue. Therefore, two needle stochastic sensors based on maltodextrins presenting different dextrose equivalence (DE) MD-m (DE 13.0-17.0), and MD-M (DE 16.5-19.5) immobilized in diamond paste (obtained from synthetic diamond and paraffin oil) were designed and characterized. These stochastic sensors were used reliable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis for the assay of glycogen in tissue samples with limits of determination as low as 1 fmol L−1.

Calibration transfer of a Raman spectroscopic quantification method for the assessment of liquid detergent compositions between two at-line instruments installed at two liquid detergent production plants

Calibration transfer of partial least squares (PLS) quantification models is established between two Raman spectrometers located at two liquid detergent production plants. As full recalibration of existing calibration models is time-consuming, labour-intensive and costly, it is investigated whether the use of mathematical correction methods requiring only a handful of standardization samples can overcome the dissimilarities in spectral response observed between both measurement systems. Univariate and multivariate standardization approaches are investigated, ranging from simple slope/bias correction (SBC), local centring (LC) and single wavelength standardization (SWS) to more complex direct standardization (DS) and piecewise direct standardization (PDS). The results of these five calibration transfer methods are compared reciprocally, as well as with regard to a full recalibration. Four PLS quantification models, each predicting the concentration of one of the four main ingredients in the studied liquid detergent composition, are aimed at transferring. Accuracy profiles are established from the original and transferred quantification models for validation purposes. A reliable representation of the calibration models performance before and after transfer is thus established, based on β-expectation tolerance intervals. For each transferred model, it is investigated whether every future measurement that will be performed in routine will be close enough to the unknown true value of the sample. From this validation, it is concluded that instrument standardization is successful for three out of four investigated calibration models using multivariate (DS and PDS) transfer approaches. The fourth transferred PLS model could not be validated over the investigated concentration range, due to a lack of precision of the slave instrument. Comparing these transfer results to a full recalibration on the slave instrument allows comparison of the predictive power of both Raman systems and leads to the formulation of guidelines for further standardization projects. It is concluded that it is essential to evaluate the performance of the slave instrument prior to transfer, even when it is theoretically identical to the master apparatus.