Detention Centers Research Articles

STATE, STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC CRIME IN THE PENITENTIARY SPHERE OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the status, structure and dynamics of economic crime in the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The study revealed that this type of crime is most often committed in medium-security penitentiaries (52.5%), pre-trial detention centres (30.0%) and correctional centres (10.3%). The study of the dynamics of crime in the penitentiary sphere showed that it fluctuates and has remained relatively stable over the past five years. The study of the causes and conditions of criminal behaviour in the penitentiary system showed that they can be divided into subjective (internal) and objective (external). Based on this, the authors have identified three main internal features related to the issue of determining criminal behaviour: criminogenic motivation, antisocial attitudes in a person's mind and a certain life situation. The authors argue that the main reason for committing criminal offences by the administration and staff of penal institutions of the SPS of Ukraine is the thirst for illegal profit, the development of which is influenced by various factors of both external and internal nature. A special role in this criminal process is played by the professional deformation of the administration and staff of penal institutions. The main reasons for latent crime in the penitentiary sphere are: the secrecy of penitentiary institutions from society; the presence of professional and organised crime in the penitentiary sphere; low legal awareness of prisoners; lack of proper material and technical support; and the reluctance of prisoners themselves to report facts of criminal offences they know.

“The mother seems to traumatize her child”: Examining empathy, denial, and responsibility in day-to-day encounters of families and staff in immigration detention in Canada

This paper examines encounters of mothers and their children with detention facility staff during our fieldwork in immigration detention centres in Canada. We sought to understand how detainees and institutional staff understand each other and their roles within the broader system. Using a critical ethnographic frame that views the inner psychic worlds of subjects as contingent upon larger systems of power and oppression we organize our data around narrative and content themes. Our findings suggest that guards and staff see their roles as protectors of children, even as they communicate implicitly that these families are risks. Further, we propose that staff tend to project the aggressor onto the Other, in this case, migrant mothers, as a way to cope with the moral distress of witnessing the suffering of detained children, and with the burden of potential complicity. By describing how empathy, denial and responsibility are negotiated in these custodial spaces, we analyze the ways these micropolitical encounters can illuminate larger trends in the representation and reception of migrants with important implications for mental health care and border control practices and policy more broadly.

The impact of negative school experiences on rates of youth delinquency: accounts of incarcerated young people in Türkiye

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to examine the school experiences of incarcerated Turkish young delinquents and reveal how these negative experiences affected their descent into delinquency. In order to carry out the study, official permission to meet with 10 young delinquents, currently being held in the Youth Detention Centre in Ankara (capital of Türkiye) and convicted of various crimes, has been obtained from the Turkish Ministry of Justice. Interviews have been conducted in three separate sessions. Study findings have revealed that the school experiences of young delinquents have been overwhelmingly negative and that they have started committing crimes while still being enrolled in school. Additionally, it has been found that they defied school rules and maintained social connections with individuals engaged in unlawful activities.

Piloting a Virtual Yoga and Mindfulness Program for Juvenile Court Involved Youth.

Juvenile court-involved youth (JCIY) face unique psychosocial challenges, with a higher prevalence of mental health concerns and substance use disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these challenges, prompting a need for interventions that address trauma and discrimination experienced by this vulnerable population that could be delivered virtually during the pandemic. This study describes implementation and evaluation of a Raja yoga and mindfulness program among JCIY, with particular attention to barriers and facilitators to participation to inform next steps in this work. The nine-session program aimed to promote mindfulness practices, build coping skills, and address elements of JCIY's emotional health and well-being. Despite challenges in participant retention, participants expressed intent to use skills they learned in the future. Challenges related to implementation included technological barriers, staff turnover, and competing responsibilities; abrupt closure of the county juvenile detention center further strained resources. Successes included providing real-time resources during the early pandemic stages and building relationships between program facilitators and juvenile court staff. Involving youth and court personnel in program design and evaluation, adopting implementation science approaches to refine program delivery, and developing tailored support systems for JCIY are among the key lessons learned. Given the many structural inequities that make JCIY more vulnerable to poor health outcomes, insights may inform broader efforts to improve receipt of relevant services and programs to enhance their well-being, including use of virtual modalities.

Reception Centers and Practices for Women Migrants

This paper focuses on reception centers for women migrants from a gender mainstreaming perspective and it reflects on the current practices and their adequacy with women migrants’ needs. Based on COST Action Women on the Move (CA19112)’s experience and research, it discusses the different typologies of reception facilities, and highlights the impact of reception on women migrants’ integration, as well as the necessity to coordinate best practices across Europe and EU Member States. Then authors recommend to improve the quality of reception with better trained staff and measures adequate to women migrants’ specific needs for their safety and health. The research also suggests introducing integrative programs and coordinating information and good practices across Europe, but above all an end to detention centers for migrants.

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis – update from 2017 to 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health concern. A previous systematic review showed that migrants in Europe are at increased risk of AMR. Since the COVID-19 pandemic there have been rapid changes in patterns of antibiotic use, AMR, and migration. We aimed to present an updated evidence synthesis on the current distribution of AMR among migrants in Europe. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022343263). We searched databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Scopus) from 18 January 2017 until 18 January 2023 to identify primary data from observational studies reporting any laboratory-confirmed AMR among migrants in the European Economic Area (EEA) and European Union-15 (EU-15) countries using over 7 key search terms for migrants and over 70 terms for AMR and countries in Europe. Outcomes were infection with, or colonisation of AMR bacteria. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Observational Studies. We meta-analysed the pooled-prevalence of infection and/or colonisation of AMR organisms. Among 630 articles, 21 observational studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The pooled prevalence for any detected AMR was 28.0% (95% CI 18.0%-41.0%, I 2 =100%) compared to a 25.4% seen in the previous review; gram-negative bacteria 31.0% (95% CI 20.0%-44.0%, I 2 =100%), and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 10.0% (95% CI 5.0%-16.0%, I 2 =99%). Drug-resistant bacteria were more prevalent in community settings in large migrant populations (pooled prevalence: 41.0%, 95% CI 24.0%-60.0%, I 2 =99%) than in hospitals (21.0%, 95% CI 12.0%-32.0%, I 2 =99%). AMR estimates in 'other' migrants were 32.0%, (95% CI 12.0%-57.0%, I 2 =100%) and 28.0% (95% CI 18.0%-38.0%, I 2=100%) in forced migrants. No firm evidence of AMR acquisition with arrival time or length of stay in the host country was found. Studies investigating AMR in migrants are highly heterogenous. However, since the COVID-19 pandemic, migrants may be at higher risk of acquiring resistant bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria, within community settings such as refugee camps and detention centres in Europe. Our study highlights the importance of infrastructure and hygiene measures within these settings, to mitigate transmission of resistant pathogens. Policy-makers should screen for AMR in migrants prior to departure from countries of origin, where feasible, and upon arrival to a new country to ensure optimal health screening, infection control and effective treatment. There was no funding source for this study.

Likelihood of COVID-19 Outbreaks in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Detention Centers, 2020‒2021.

Objectives. To determine facility-level factors associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers. Methods. We obtained COVID-19 case counts at 88 ICE detention facilities from May 6, 2020, through June 21, 2021, from the COVID Prison Project. We obtained information about facility population size, facility type (dedicated to immigrants or mixed with other incarcerated populations), and facility operator (public vs private contractor) from third-party sources. We defined the threshold for a COVID-19 outbreak as a cumulative 3-week incidence of 10% or more of the detained population. Results. Sixty-three facilities (72%) had at least 1 outbreak. Facilities with any outbreak were significantly more likely to be privately operated (P < .001), to have larger populations (113 vs 37; P = .002), and to have greater changes in their population size over the study period (‒56% vs -26%; P < .001). Conclusions. Several facility-level factors were associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 outbreaks in ICE facilities. Public Health Implications. Structural and organizational factors that promote respiratory infection spread in ICE facilities must be addressed to protect detainee health. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(9):909-912. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307704).

Most of them care about us, but not everyone does! Creating a positive living group climate in German youth prison − A longitudinal study

This study represents the first longitudinal data of living group climate in a Germany youth detention centre in terms of the support from staff, opportunities for growth, repression and group atmosphere among inmates. Participants were male adolescents (N = 709) living in supervised living groups. They completed the German version of the PGCI at 8 different moments over a period of 5 years, from 2014 to 2019. Four separate piecewise multilevel regression analyses revealed a significant increase of support. Repression decreased significantly during the first three measurement waves, and subsequently showed a slight but significant increase, while neither growth nor group atmosphere significantly changed. The present results are novel in their character as they explicitly add to the limited body of knowledge on longitudinal changes in living group climate in youth detention facilities.

Pengembangan Materi Ajar Pendidikan Islam Bernuansa Adat Basandi Syara’, Syara’ Basandi Kitabullah Bagi Narapidana di Rutan Kota Padang Panjang

A prisoner is someone who is serving a sentence in a detention center. This research aims to: 1) describe Islamic Education teaching materials in the Padang Panjang City State Detention Center. 2) Developing Islamic Education Teaching Materials with the nuances of Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah (ABS SBK). 3) Revealing the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the development of Islamic Education Teaching Materials with the nuances of Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah (ABS SBK). This research is a development research or Research and Development (R&amp;D) with research steps referring to the 4-D development model. The findings in this study are: 1) Islamic Education Teaching Materials at the Padang Panjang City State Detention Center have not been properly arranged in accordance with teaching material components such as a) KI and KD analysis, b) Material Title and Indicators and Objectives, c) Material Outline, d) References, and e) Illustrations of Images, Tables, Diagrams. 2) Based on experiments, Islamic Education Teaching Materials with the nuances of Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah (ABS SBK) can be applied in all Islamic Education teaching materials. 3) The validity, practicality and effectiveness tests show that the Islamic Education Teaching Materials with the nuances of Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah (ABS SBK) are very valid, practical and effective.

Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Asylum Seekers: the Silencing of Accounting and Accountability in Offshore Detention Centres

This paper examines how accounting can both entrench and challenge an inhumane and costly neoliberal policy—namely, the Australian government’s offshore detention of asylum seekers. Drawing on Bruff, Rethinking Marxism 26:113–129 (2014) and Smith, Competition & Change 23:192–217 (2019), we acknowledge that the neoliberalism underpinning immigration policies and the practices related to asylum seekers takes an authoritarian tone. Through the securitisation and militarisation of the border, the Australian state politicises and silences marginalised social groups such as asylum-seekers. Studies have exposed accounting as a technology that upholds neoliberalism by representing policy as objective and factual. Curiously, there has been a wilful intention by successive Australian governments to silence the accounting for offshore detention. We seek to demystify this unaccounting and unaccountability by exploring counter-accounts produced by meso-level organisations that support asylum seekers. We apply a close-reading method in analysing limited governmental accounts and various counter-accounts to demonstrate how counter-accounts give visibility to practices that an authoritarian neoliberal regime has obfuscated. We also reflect on the potential for counter-accounting to foster broader social change by holding the Australian government accountable to moral and ethical standards of care for human life. This paper considers the intersections between accounting and authoritarian neoliberalism and presents counter-accounts as mechanisms that can challenge these neoliberal norms.

Differentiating crossover youth: Examining psychological characteristics in a multicultural Australian youth justice cohort

The association between childhood maltreatment and juvenile offending has been well-established, with a significant proportion of justice-involved young people being found to have child protection service histories. However, it is unclear what psychological factors contribute to this complex relationship. This study aimed to compare levels of impulsivity, impulsive aggression, psychopathology, and a sensitivity to anger, as well as gender and ethnocultural background, across justice-involved youth with and without a child protection history. The study sample comprised 215 young people detained in juvenile detention centers across two sites in Victoria, Australia between July 2011 and June 2012. Measures of impulsivity, impulsive aggression, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and sensitivity to anger were administered and compared amongst those who had previously been the subject of a child protection order and those without such histories. Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that impulsivity and impulsive aggression were independently associated with having a child protection history in justice-involved youth. Ethnocultural background was also significantly associated with having a child protection history. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Under pressure: moods, affects and the violence of everyday life in a Spanish migrant detention centre

ABSTRACT What does it mean when the future of one’s life is exposed to the inscrutable will of an intangible other? And what are the possibilities of still asserting oneself when pushed to the limit? Nuancing the feelings of different actors in a detention centre and analysing how everyday moods, affects and violence intertwine, I explore how the randomly cruel and often-inexplicable logic of the contemporary deportation regime pushes migrants to their limits. Taking as my starting point the argument that deportation practices are effective because they operate on an affective level, I show how affective experiences manifest themselves bodily and how violent practices and discourses reverberate in bodies. I argue that ‘bodies under pressure’ are testimonies of racialised histories of exclusion, and I show how they become calls for social recognition. Exploring small, often-unintended acts of rebellion against exhausting deportation practices, I stress the existential necessity and social importance of including oneself in the realm of meaning.

Masculinities in Immigration Detention Centres

A great tool to grow an empire, detention camps have been historically used and abused as a subordination tactic by all of the most powerful empires, most notably by Germany’s Nazi Regime in the Second World War. Commonly thought to have been born and died in history, they are a mostly forgotten piece of the past. Many would be shocked to discover that there is a secret world of institutions that disregard international human rights law in order to prioritize their national goals, where refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are the primary victims. Systems for migrancy and immigration detention have emerged in the wake of globalization, seeking asylum from conflicts, natural disasters or financial insecurity, or simply searching for better economic opportunities, education or reunion with family. Multicultural liberal democracies use detention centres to enforce their racialized and gendered penal power and establish a national hierarchy where poor, young men of colour are the most marginalized. This paper critically examines the victimization of male refugees, asylum seekers and migrants by neo-colonial masculinities in Canadian, American and British immigration detention centres and how these experiences create offenders through the victim-offender overlap.

Description in the Biography "Snake Sand: Biography of Ketziot Anṣār Detainee 3" by Al-Mutawakkil Ṭāhā

This study aims to uncover the technique of description in the biography of Al-Mutawakkil Ṭāhā " Snake Sand: The Biography of Ketziot Anṣār Detainee 3," which served as a vivid example of creativity born from the crucible of suffering in the depths of prisons, the darkness of Israeli occupation cells. It examines how the description evolves from one scene to another based on the psychological state endured by the author and the detainees. Research Problem: The biography was written under difficult conditions that differ from those of other literary works, conditions experienced by the prisoner in the darkness of cells, which imbue it with unique psychological dimensions, harsh challenges, and aesthetic illuminations. All of this is accomplished through the use of descriptive techniques to establish time and place settings, present characters, and capture actions, visions, dreams, and marvels. The research used a descriptive-analytical methodology to study the description and its manifestations in Al-Mutawakkil's biography. It yields several key findings, including: The author focused on describing the oppressions of the occupier in the setting represented by their confinement in desert prisons, turning these places into hostile territories. The prison became a place that shackled the author, physically and psychologically, confining them to a specific spot within it, devoid of the freedom to move even between different sections of the prison. The author emphasized describing antagonistic places, such as detention centers and prisons, while also highlighting attempts to adapt and humanize them.

Avoiding or Accepting the Unknown: Asylum in the European Union

Many scholars have already dedicated their attention to the perceived migration crisis in Europe and related phenomena. The objective of the present paper is to examine tendencies of selected European national cultures to accept diversity and people with a migration background. The research hypothesis posits that countries with low Uncertainty Avoidance Index are more likely to accept migrants and refugees in their territory; while, on the contrary, countries that have relatively higher Uncertainty Avoidance Index tend to be more sceptical in regard to accepting migrants and refugees. In the study a variety of qualitative and mixed research methods (such as qualitative desk research, comparative analysis, and cluster analysis) are used. Firstly, applying the Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension by Hofstede, the European Union Member States are separated into four clusters according to their ranking within the Uncertainty Avoidance Index. Next, utilising data collected within the project MAGYC, the EU Member States are ranked according to the number of asylum centres, detention centres or similar facilities per capita. Finally, the countries with the highest Uncertainty Avoidance Index and the lowest number of asylum centres per capita are compared providing a comparison of the countries with the lowest Index and the highest number of asylum facilities per capita. The constructed simplified model allows for answering the question whether certain relation between inclination to avoid the unknown and the willingness of national cultures to accept migrants and refugees exists, concluding that the hypothesis is valid only in the case of several countries.

Learning from Within: Life-Affirming Practices and Third Spaces Created by and for Incarcerated Youth

Grounded in a Black feminist approach (Collins, 2022; Evans-Winters, 2019), in this article, I weave together the personal and professional to share what I have learned as a Black Latina educator, researcher, and abolitionist who for the past twelve years has worked in carceral spaces alongside numerous men, women, youth, and gender expansive people. I bridge what I have learned from theories of the flesh (Madison, 1993; Moraga & Anzaldúa 2021) to what I have learned as a researcher who works with incarcerated youth and use it as a lens to better understand and study youth confinement. Drawing on data from a three-year critical ethnographic study focused on teaching, learning, and identity development in a juvenile detention center, this article explores young people’s experiences living and learning while confined. Using three distinct vignettes, this article touches on the lives of Black and Mexican heritage youth who at the time were detained in a juvenile detention center and the life-affirming practices and spaces they created in response to their dehumanization. Although youth were in a state of unfreedom (Gilmore, 2008), many refused their dehumanization and developed life-affirming strategies and third spaces for themselves and others.

Overview of Personal Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation in Shared Living with Scabies: Literature Review

Introduction: Scabies is a disease caused by Sracoptes scabiei which is in the form of itching all over the body. This disease tends to occur in places with a fairly low Human Development Index and is one of the diseases that is still ignored in developing countries such as Indonesia. Scabies disease in Indonesia has a fairly high prevalence. This disease is closely related to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation in a person's residence. This disease is easier to spread when an individual's space is small and lives in the same place Objective: This study aims to provide information related to sanitary and personal hygine features with scabies disease in shared residences to minimize the prevalence of scabies disease Method: This study uses the method of reviewing literature on journal articles published within the last five years related to the topic of discussion. Data retrieval techniques using Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus. Then, in the corresponding article eliminated is carried out. Result: Four different articles on shared residences namely orphanages, detention centers, foundations, and Islamic boarding schools have a poor sanitation and personal hygiene at high risk of scabies. These four residences have the same characteristics, namely co-living with limited personal space. The manager and those who live in a shared residence must have awareness in maintaining environmental sanitation and know the importance of personal hygiene. Conclusion: This study recommends to stakeholders, health care providers, and other parties to follow up on scabies prevention efforts. Moreover, for places that providing shared living needs to watch over the sanitation and personal hygiene from its environment and people who lived in the neighborhood.

Predicting Recidivism of Male Offenders with Driving under Influence in a Correctional Setting in Taiwan

Objectives: Alcohol consumption is a public health challenge, contributing to the global burden of diseases and about three million deaths worldwide in 2016. Drunk driving has great morbidity, mortality, and social consequences. In this study, we intended to identify predictors of recidivism among male driving under influence (DUI) offenders and to focus on the interplay between sociodemographic factors, alcohol or tobacco use, and other health risk behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was done in male DUI offenders referred from the Tainan Detention Center, Tainan, Taiwan, between January 2014 and June 2018. We used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug-taking Confidence Questionnaire-8 for Alcohol to assess study participants’ alcohol consumption patterns and coping self-efficacy. We also did logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of drunk driving recidivism and to examine factors of sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, and other health risk behaviors. Results: The study included 1,435 male participants, with a recidivism rate of 10%. Factors significantly associated with recidivism included lower education levels (p &lt; 0.01), unemployment (p &lt; 0.01), and tobacco use (p &lt; 0.01). The results of logistic regression on those variables showed that tobacco use, odd ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 11.07 (3.14–39.02), p &lt; 0.01, and unemployed individuals, OR (95% CI) = 6.8 (4.48–10.3), p &lt; 0.01, had significantly higher odds of recidivism. Conclusion: This study identifies key predictors of male DUI recidivism, emphasizing that individuals who are unemployed, with taboo use, and who have lower levels of education are more likely to be recidivists. The recurrence of drunk driving among individuals who also use tobacco suggests that tobacco use might influence the risk of driving under the influence of alcohol, a relationship that warrants further exploration. Recidivist offenders have specific characteristics, indicating that the therapeutic interventions are necessary for considering the circumstances of individual cases.

Establishing an early warning surveillance system in jails in Calabarzon, the Philippines, 2021.

The Philippines' Republic Act 11332 (2020) mandates prisons, jails and detention centres to participate in disease surveillance, but currently no surveillance system exists in these facilities. This report aims to describe the piloting of an early warning disease surveillance system in 21 selected jails in Calabarzon from July to September 2021. Sites were selected based on congestion, proximity to health facilities and logistical capacity. Data sources, collection mechanisms and reporting tools were determined and health personnel were trained in the operation of the system. During the implementation period, the system detected 10 health events, with influenza-like illness and foodborne illness being the most common. Nine of these events were reported within 24 hours. The local health unit provided medications for clinical management and instructed jail nurses on infection prevention and control measures, including active case finding, the isolation of cases and the inspection of food handling. Twelve sites reported over 8 of the 10 weeks, with all sites reporting zero cases promptly. The challenges identified included insufficient workforce, slow internet speed and multitasking. It was concluded that the jail-based early warning surveillance system is feasible and functional, but the perceived benefits of jail management are crucial to the acceptability and ownership of the system. It is recommended to replicate the surveillance system in other penitentiaries nationwide.

Features of ctenocephalidosis among neglected dogs in the city of Tyumen

Considering the high probability of the participation of stray dogs in the reservation and transmission of pathogens of infectious and invasive etiology, strict control is necessary not only over specific prevention, but also over the diagnosis of these diseases. Fleas are the most common ectoparasites in domestic animals. Flea parasitism in dogs is accompanied by anxiety, itching, and an allergic reaction. In addition, fleas are intermediate hosts of the causative agent of dipylidia. The purpose of the research was to study the spread of ctenocephalidosis among stray dogs in the city of Tyumen. The work was completed between 2016 and 2020. On the basis of the temporary detention center for stray pets of the Municipal government institution "LesParkKhoz" in Tyumen. A total of 4817 stray dogs were examined. For diagnosis, clinical, epizootological and parasitological research methods were used, the results obtained were processed using statistical methods. It was found that ctenocephalidosis occurred in 22.30% of stray dogs in the city of Tyumen. Most often, ctenocephalidosis was recorded among stray puppies under 1 year of age (36.03%) and in stray dogs aged 3 to 6 years (32.97%). Ctenocephalidosis was diagnosed throughout the year, the peak incidence was recorded in the autumn period in 46.28% of cases (of all cases of ctenocephalidosis for the specified period). Almost at the same level, flea infestation was recorded in spring and summer at 20.95% and 24.11%, respectively. Most often, stray dogs with ctenocephalidosis were admitted to the municipal shelter from the Central Administrative District (EI - 65.41% with AI 10.1 ± 0.5 individuals/animal). The causative agents of ctenocephalidosis in stray dogs in the city of Tyumen are C. felis and C. canis with a dominance index of 84.96% and 15.04%, respectively.