Detection Of Tyramine Research Articles

Rational integration of fluorogenic and quenching activity of dopamine for reversed ratiometric and semi-quantitative visual detection of tyramine

A facile and efficient reversed ratiometric fluorescence (RF) method has been developed for the sensitive and accurate detection of tyramine (Tyr), an essential marker for food spoilage in fermented or aged foods. This method utilizes an “activation-quenching integration” strategy involving the fluorogenic reactivity and quenching capacity of dopamine (DA), the tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzed products of Tyr. Under alkaline conditions, DA reacts with resorcinol to form azamonardine, exhibiting strong blue emission. Additionally, DA is oxidized to o-dopaquinone by TYR, which quenches the red fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). Under optimized conditions, a Tyr-specific RF sensor was established, featuring a linear detection range from 0.1 to 6 mg/mL and a detection limit of 8.50 × 10−3 mg/L. The fabricated reversed RF sensing system was successfully applied for quantitative analysis of Tyr in real samples and semi-quantitative visual detection of Tyr in fermented food samples upon integration with a pseudo-color-assisted approach.

Fabrication of fluorescence probe based on molecularly imprinted polymers on red emissive biomass-derived carbon dots coupled with smartphone readout for tyramine determination in fermented meat products.

A fluorescence probe based on molecularly imprinted polymers on red emissive biomass-derived carbon dots (r-BCDs@MIPs) was developed to detect tyramine in fermented meat products. The red emissive biomass-derived carbon dots (r-BCDs) were synthesized by the one-step solvothermal method using discarded passion fruit shells as raw materials. The fluorescence emission peak of r-BCDs was at 670nm, and the relative quantum yield (QY) was about 2.44%. Molecularly imprinted sensing materials were prepared with r-BCDs as fluorescent centers for the detection of trace tyramine, which showed a good linear response in the concentration range of tyramine from 1 to 40µg L-1. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.9837, and the limit of detection was 0.77µg L-1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of tyramine in fermented meat products, and the recovery was 87.17-106.02%. The reliability of the results was verified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, we combined the r-BCDs@MIPs with smartphone-assisted signal readout to achieve real-time detection of tyramine in real samples. Considering its simplicity and convenience, the method could be used as a rapid and low-cost promising platform with broad application prospects for on-site detection of trace tyramine with smartphone-assisted signal readout.

A smartphone-combined ratiometric fluorescence molecularly imprinted probe based on biomass-derived carbon dots for determination of tyramine in fermented meat products

A ratiometric fluorescence molecularly imprinted probe employing two distinct emission wavelengths of biomass carbon dots was developed for highly selective and visual quantitative detection of tyramine in fermented meat products. The red emission biomass carbon dots were employed as responsive elements, and the blue ones were utilized as the reference elements. The molecularly imprinted polymers were incorporated in the ratiometric sensing to distinguish and adsorb tyramine. With the linear range of 1–60 μg/L, the ratiometric fluorescence molecularly imprinted probe was successfully applied to detect tyramine in real samples with the satisfactory recoveries of 79.74–112.12% and the detect limitation of 1.3 μg/kg, indicating that this probe has great potential applications for the detection of tyramine in real samples. Moreover, smartphone-based fluorescence signal recognition analysis on hand has been developed for the quantitative analysis of tyramine, providing a portable visual optical analysis terminal for rapid on-site determination of tyramine.

Fluorometric “AND” logic gate for detection of tyramine and tyrosinase based on in-situ formation of silicon-containing nanoparticles

BackgroundTyramine is an important index of food freshness degree, and tyrosinase that can specifically oxidized monophenolamine to catecholamine plays a crucial part in the occurrence and development of melanin-related skin diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to develop sensitive and efficient methods for the detection of tyramine and tyrosinase. ResultsIn this work, encouraged by tyrosinase-triggered specific oxidation of tyramine to dopamine and the unique fluorescent reaction between dopamine and amino silane, we have developed a one-step synthetic strategy of silicon containing nanoparticles (Si CNPs) for “turn-on” detection of tyramine and tyrosinase. The Si CNPs formed with thoroughly studied mechanism exhibit uniform structure and robust yellow-green fluorescence. The low detection limits for tyramine (1.87 μM) and tyrosinase (0.0029 U/mL) demonstrate admirable sensitivity outstripping most methods. The proposed assay achieves satisfactory results in the determination of tyramine and tyrosinase activity in real samples. Furthermore, we leverage this new fluorescent assay to enable the fabrication of an “AND” Boolean logic gate. SignificanceThe entire process can be completed at easily available temperature and pressure with rapid response, convenient operation and visual observation. This fluorescent assay featured with excellent sensitivity, selectivity and stability has considerable prospects in the application of biosensors and disease diagnosis.

New Method for Analyzing Tyramine by Spectrofluorimetry: Application to Fish

A new method for direct spectrofluorimetric analysis of tyramine in various fish samples was established. Low limits of detection (LOD) between 0.53 ng/mL and 1.40 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 1.76 ng/mL and 4.68 ng/mL were obtained. Also, low values of relative standard deviations (RSD) between 0.30 % and 0.58 % were obtained; confirming good reproducibility of our measurements. The application of this method to our samples allowed the detection of tyramine with satisfactory recovery rates between 93.68 % and 106.60 %. Interference studies with different biogenic amines have shown that the determination of tyramine can be done without major problems in the presence of spermine, spermidine, and histamine. However, special attention should be paid when tyramine is determined in the presence of agmatine, cadaverine or putrescine. In all cases, the determination of tyramine is more influenced by the presence of tryptamine or dopamine in the sample.

WaveFlex Biosensor: MXene-Immobilized W-shaped Fiber-Based LSPR sensor for highly selective tyramine detection

Tyramine is generally produced via decarboxylation of tryptophan, and its long-term exposure can induce severe symptoms in humans like brain stroke and hypertensive crisis. It also served as an important factor to check the food quality, as its increased level is frequently found in rotten food products. Thus, more precise, practical, quick, and easy methods have been required for the detection of tyramine in various samples. In the present study, a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical fiber-based, highly sensitive, and selective method for tyramine detection has been proposed. The fiber surface has been functionalized with MXene and gold nanoparticles to provide increased surface area for enzyme immobilization as well as enhance the performance of the sensor. The results showed that the developed sensor efficiently detects tyramine with high specificity due to the presence of the tyrosinase enzyme. Further studies revealed the stability, repeatability, and reusability of the proposed biosensor with a 6.96 µM detection limit and a sensitivity of 0.0385 nm/µM. As a result, the proposed optical fiber-based sensor has significant potential for application in the detection of the presence of tyramine in a wide variety of agricultural and food samples.

An electroanalytical sensor based on overoxidized polypyrrole-gold composite for the detection of tyramine in fermented food

This study develops an electroanalytical sensor using overoxidized polypyrrole-gold composite (Au/PPyox) for the detection of tyramine in fermented foods. Tyramine, a biogenic amine, serves as an essential quality marker, but at higher concentrations can pose health hazards, particularly for individuals with specific metabolic disorders. Current detection methodologies require complex equipment and specialized personnel, impeding their routine use. We synthesized Au/PPyox via oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and developed an Au/PPyox-based sensor, exhibiting substantial selectivity and sensitivity towards tyramine. The sensor exhibited a limit of detection as low as 0.01 μM, demonstrating its high sensitivity. Moreover, it retained stability, selectivity, and reproducibility over two weeks under ambient conditions. Practical application of the sensor in various fermented foods illustrated its potential for routine use. The results indicate that the Au/PPyox-based electroanalytical sensor can serve as a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly tool for tyramine detection in fermented foods.

Synergistic enhancement of electrochemiluminescence through hybridization of α-Ge nanolayers and gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive detection of tyramine

This work presents a novel approach for detecting biogenic amine tyramine using a sensitive and disposable electrochemiluminescent sensor. The sensor is fabricated by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode surface with two nanomaterials, α-Ge nanolayers and AuNP, which synergistically enhance the electrochemiluminescence response. The sensor was characterized using various techniques such as SEM-EDX, EIS, Raman, and AFM. The principle of the biosensor relays on the fact that tyramine molecule acts as an analyte and co-reactant, which interacts with the luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+ on the sensor surface. The proposed sensor shows a linear response to tyramine concentration, with a detection limit of 2.28 µM. The sensor successfully detected tyramine in avocado samples, demonstrating its potential for practical applications.

A dual-donor FRET based aptamer sensor for simultaneous determination of histamine and tyramine in fishes

The presence of biogenic amines (BAs) in food is not only important from a toxicological view, but can also be used as an indicator of food spoilage. However, the design of biosensors for the detection of BAs is very limited. Hence, in this work, a dual-donor fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor was established for simultaneous determination of histamine (HIS) and tyramine (TYR) using dual-color quantum dots (QDs) as energy donors and two-dimensional molybdenum sulfide nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) as energy acceptor. Specific aptamer for HIS (Apt 1) and TYR (Apt 2) were labeled with two fluorescence emission QDs (QD530 and QD625), respectively. On the basis of the excellent adsorption ability of MoS2 NSs toward aptamer, the fluorescence quenching can be observed between MoS2 NSs and QD530-Apt1 and QD625-Apt2. Upon the addition of HIS and TYR, the aptamer conformation switches induced by the target binding mitigate the interaction force of MoS2 NSs and QD530-Apt1 and QD625-Apt2, resulting in the fluorescence recovery. The method displays good sensitivity with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng/mL for HIS and 0.25 ng/mL for TYR, respectively. It can also be applied to the HIS and TYR detection in spiked fish samples with recovery of 95.2%∼106.6%, demonstrating its prospect in the sensitive detection of BAs in animal-derived foodstuff.

Tectomer-Mediated Optical Nanosensors for Tyramine Determination.

The development of optical sensors for in situ testing has become of great interest in the rapid diagnostics industry. We report here the development of simple, low-cost optical nanosensors for the semi-quantitative detection or naked-eye detection of tyramine (a biogenic amine whose production is commonly associated with food spoilage) when coupled to Au(III)/tectomer films deposited on polylactic acid (PLA) supports. Tectomers are two-dimensional oligoglycine self-assemblies, whose terminal amino groups enable both the immobilization of Au(III) and its adhesion to PLA. Upon exposure to tyramine, a non-enzymatic redox reaction takes place in which Au(III) in the tectomer matrix is reduced by tyramine to gold nanoparticles, whose reddish-purple color depends on the tyramine concentration and can be identified by measuring the RGB coordinates (Red-Green-Blue coordinates) using a smartphone color recognition app. Moreover, a more accurate quantification of tyramine in the range from 0.048 to 10 μM could be performed by measuring the reflectance of the sensing layers and the absorbance of the characteristic 550 nm plasmon band of the gold nanoparticles. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was 4.2% (n = 5) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.014 μM. A remarkable selectivity was achieved for tyramine detection in the presence of other biogenic amines, especially histamine. This methodology, based on the optical properties of Au(III)/tectomer hybrid coatings, is promising for its application in food quality control and smart food packaging.

Nb2CTx MXene-assisted double S-tapered fiber-based LSPR sensor with improved features for tyramine detection

Niobium carbide (Nb2CTx), a type of MXene with high optical transparency, large specific surface area, and good electrical conductivity, is expected to perform as an excellent medium in the field of optical fiber biosensing. Here, we fabricated double S-tapered fiber sensors functionalized with gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide/tyrosinase (AuNPs/GO/tyrosinase) and AuNPs/Nb2CTx/tyrosinase, respectively. The double S-tapered structure can provide more evanescent wave leakage and enhance light–matter interaction. By implementing transmittance experiment, the sensitivity of the two probes were tested to be 17 and 34 pm/μM over 0–300 μM tyramine concentrations. The comparative results demonstrate that Nb2CTx-enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor has more excellent performance due to the existence of surface functional groups and large specific surface area of Nb2CTx. Our work provides a research platform for improving the sensitivity of LSPR sensors.

A lanthanide-MOF based host–guest intelligent dual-stimulus response platform for naked-eye and ratiometric fluorescence monitoring of food freshness

A ratiometric fluorescent sensor, Flu@Eu-dbia, was self-assembled through host–guest interaction for the detection of tyramine. Distinguishable color change and the logic gate endowed Flu@Eu-dbia with great potential in food safety monitoring.

Detection of four biogenic amines by liquid chromatography based on aptamer signal replacement combined with cyclic amplification

Biogenic amines (BAs) represent a class of potentially harmful substances in foods and medicines. Their content is thus an important indicator of proper hygiene in food preparation, and purity of medicines. It is of great practical significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection of BAs in food and drugs. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of multiple BAs in fish, pork and antibiotics based on aptamer signal replacement and cyclic amplification strategy. First, non-fluorescent targets were converted into fluorescent nucleic acid probes using a two-step replacement process. Subsequently, a large number of nucleic acid probes with different lengths and base sequences were generated using a double-stranded specific nuclease-assisted signal amplification strategy. Finally, various BAs in real samples were accurately identified using an HPLC platform. The influence of base sequence and nucleic acid probe length on separation via HPLC was studied to improve discrimination among fluorescent signals. Four different sequences were selected as tails to the DNA probe, and their retention times increased in turn. Experimental conditions, including column temperature, flow rate, gradient elution process, reaction temperature, and incubation time, were optimized by orthogonal experiments to further improve signal separation efficiency. Specifically, the methanol gradient was changed from 10% to 20% during 0-20 min, 35 ℃ of column temperature and 1.0 mL/min of flow rate were chosen as the HPLC conditions. The final resolution of chromatographic peaks was 3.44, 3.59 and 2.37, indicating complete separation between peaks. Optimal incubation time for BA capture by aptamer was 120 min, and optimal dosage of duplex specific nuclease (DSN) and Mg2+were 0.9 U and 30 mmol/L. The optimal pH, incubation temperature, and DSN incubation time were 7.0, 40 ℃ and 210 min, respectively. The proposed method exhibited high sensitivity towards BAs, with a linear range of 1 pmol/L-1 μmol/L, and the limits of detection of tyramine, histamine, spermine, and tryptamine were 0.25, 0.21, 0.27 and 0.19 pmol/L, respectively. The feasibility of this method was verified, and contrast experiments indicated that it could achieve highly selective detection of four BAs in one run. The applicability of this integrated method was also investigated for the detection of real samples (gentamycin sulfate, fish and pork). To assess the matrix effect, each BA with different concentrations were spiked into real fish and pork samples. Relative recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 101.2% to 104.5% and from 1.5% to 4.3%, respectively. The above detection results for real samples showed that this method could accurately capture, separate, and identify BAs in complex matrix samples. This strategy can effectively improve analyte selectivity and reduce the matrix effect. This assay is thus expected to provide a new approach for food and drug analyses.

A high-resolution colorimetric immunoassay for tyramine detection based on enzyme-enabled growth of gold nanostar coupled with smartphone readout

In this work, a specific monoclonal antibody against tyramine was produced based on a new hapten design. Then, we developed a high-resolution multicolor colorimetric immunoassay for tyramine based on this antibody by integrating enzyme-induced multicolor generation with smartphone-assistant signal readout. The multicolor generation is due to the shift of the local surface plasmon resonance band of gold nanostructure controlled by alkaline phosphatase-induced the growth of gold nanostars. Quantitative detection of tyramine was achieved via analyzing the red/blue channel values of assay solution’s image taken by a smartphone with the support of a color recognizer application. The limit of detection of this immunoassay for tyramine detection in beef, pork and yoghurt was 19.7 mg/kg or L. The average recoveries were between 83 % and 103 %., and the results were validated by high performance liquid chromatography to be reliable. Overall, this developed immunoassay provides a promising platform for on-site detection of tyramine.

Silica nanolayer coated capillary by hydrothermal sol-gel process for amines separation and detection of tyramine in food products.

A hydrothermal sol–gel method for reproducible formation of silica nanolayer on the wall of silica capillaries was developed for electrochromatography. The formulation was optimized by observation of uniform gel formation on an optical microscope. The variables of the formulation include types of solvent, water-TEOS ratio, CTAB and urea contents, and mixing method. The procedure produced a coating of silica ca. 100 nm thick layer on the wall of the capillary. Surface morphology of the coating was characterized by SEM, contact angle and chemical composition by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The coating reduced the electroosmotic mobility producing enhanced separation performance. Eight standard amines (including tyramine and benzhydrylamine, as an internal standard) were separated with peak resolution Rs ≥ 2 for all adjacent peaks and plate number N ≥ 3.0 × 104 m-1. Calibration was linear from 5 to 200 µg L-1, with r2 > 0.9985 and instrumental LOD of 4.9 μg L-1. Five samples of food products were diluted and analyzed for the amines using the coated capillary and only tyramine was detected. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 1.2%RSD. Percent recoveries of spiked tyramine in samples were 95 ± 3 to 106 ± 7% (n = 3).

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine Using a Poly(Toluidine Blue)-Modified Carbon Screen-Printed Electrode

Tyramine (4-hydroxyphenethylamine) is a biogenic amine commonly found in alcoholic beverages or fermented and dried foods. A healthy person can consume about 200–800 mg per single oral intake. Increased tyramine consumption can lead to serious health problems, especially in people with food allergies. Therefore, measurements of tyramine levels are an immediate concern. In this study, the electroactive dye polymer toluidine blue was used as a new sensor material for the rapid determination of tyramine, for which it was immobilized on carbon screen printing electrodes (SPEs). Toluidine blue (TB) 0.5 mM was electrochemically polymerized on the screen-printed electrode surface by the cyclic voltammetric method. Under optimal conditions, the poly-TB modified carbon SPE showed the tyramine oxidation peak at 0.67 V, while the bare carbon SPE showed the same tyramine oxidation peak at 0.9 V. With the modified one, tyramine can be detected over a wide linear range from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.02~ \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$270.5~ \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , with a low detection limit of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.007~ \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (S/N = 3) and a sensitivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.78~ \mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> nM <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−2</sup> found. A tyramine concentration of at least <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.02~ \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is recommended for real sample analysis. Our developed sensor showed good selectivity to tyramine in the presence of other biogenic amines such as dopamine (DA), L-cystine (L-CY), putrescine (PU), and histamine (HIS), which are commonly found in real samples. The sensor described offers unique advantages such as low manufacturing cost, ease of use, reusability, good sensitivity and high selectivity over other biogenic amines.

A simple, fast, and direct electrochemical determination of tyramine in Brazilian wines using low-cost electrodes

Biogenic amines are a class of organic compounds formed in foods and beverages by enzymatic reactions or microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. Despite their benefits, in unusual concentrations, they are associated with hypertensive crises, neurological disorders and are precursors of compounds with cancer risk. Their abnormal levels are criteria for food spoilage and food safety. Tyramine is a biogenic amine found mainly in fermented foods as wine. Spoilage in the wine production process can increase tyramine concentration resulting in a harmful product to consumers. A fast, simple, and reliable method of tyramine detection in wine samples is necessary to ensure quality control. As this analyte presents electroactivity, three electrochemical techniques and ten different brands of pencil carbon graphite electrodes were used to explore and optimize its oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were efficient electrochemical techniques in the determination of tyramine with excellent linear range and low limit of detection. The method was tested for tyramine determination during the grape fermentation process. There are differences regarding tyramine concentration with different varieties of grapes and during the fermentation steps. The method was validated regarding precision, robustness, specificity, accuracy and provided excellent recovery rates (94.4–106.0%) for Brazilian red wines.

Electrochemical non-enzymatic biosensor for tyramine detection in food based on silver-substituted ZnO nano-flower modified glassy carbon electrode

Electrochemical non-enzymatic biosensor for tyramine detection in food based on silver-substituted ZnO nano-flower modified glassy carbon electrode

In-situ preparation of molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensing test strips for on-site detection of tyramine in vinegar

Test strips as one of micro-devices are widely concerned in the fields of point-of-care detection and in-field diagnosing. For the purpose of on-site detection of tyramine, a carbon dots-molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensing test strip with high selectivity has been successfully obtained via a rapid in-situ preparation procedure (about 2.5 h). Here, the layer composed of carbon dots-molecularly imprinted polymer (CDs-MIP) with the function of the recognition and signal transduce has been formed on the surface of the filter paper strips via the sol-gel method. The developed test strip displayed a high specificity (Imprinting factor, IF = 4.96); and its fluorescence emission was quenched linearly with the increase of tyramine concentration from 0.5 to 10.0 mg L−1. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.059 mg L−1 (3σ/s). The application potential was verified by sensing of tyramine in rice vinegar and white rice vinegar with the recoveries of 90.9-104.4% (RSD < 5.8%). Many advantages including a rapid preparation and high selectivity make the fluorescence strip suitable for on-site detection of tyramine. In addition, the preparation procedure can also be easily transferred to the preparation of the fluorescence strip toward other targets.

Multiplexed fluorescence immunoassay combined with magnetic separation using upconversion nanoparticles as multicolor labels for the simultaneous detection of tyramine and histamine in food samples

We have developed an upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) based fluorescence immunoassay for simultaneously detecting tyramine and histamine in foods. The anti-tyramine and anti-histamine antibody were linked to NaYF4Yb, Tm (emission at 483 nm) and NaYF4Yb, Er (emission at 550 nm) UCNPs as multicolor signal probe, respectively. The tyramine and histamine coating antigen were connected to magnetic microspheres as capture probe, respectively. Base on a competitive format, capture probes compete with analytes to combine corresponding signal probes. Under excitation at 980 nm, the formed competitive immune-complex fluorescent signal at 483 and 550 nm indicates concentration of tyramine and histamine, respectively. This immunoassay has detection linear from 0.5 to 100 μg L−1 with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μg L−1 for tyramine, and 0.1–100 μg L−1 with LOD of 0.01 μg L−1 for histamine, respectively. This multiplexed analysis format has potential applications for rapid, efficient detecting multiple food risk factors.