Detection Of Paracetamol Research Articles

Construction of MOF-74 derived CuFe/C alloy highly dispersed on ultrathin single layered reduced graphene for electrochemical determination of paracetamol

Paracetamol (PAT) is a widely used drug for fever reduction and pain relief, but its accumulation due to overuse can lead to detrimental effects on human health and environment. Here, a novel composite material CuFe/C@rGO with excellent electrochemical properties was successfully constructed by loading carbon-encapsulated CuFe alloy (CuFe/C) on ultrathin single layered reduced graphene oxide (rGO) surface for PAT detection. Firstly, the CuFe/C nanoparticles was derived from MOF-74 as bimetallic ‘preassembly platform’ to obtain high dispersiveness, huge accessible surface area, and uniform pore structure of the resulted material. And then the CuFe/C was uniformly dispersed on rGO to effectively avoid the aggregation of CuFe/C and increase the conductivity of composite material. In virtue of the synergistic effect of CuFe/C and rGO, the composite material modified glassy carbon electrode CuFe/C@rGO/GCE would be endowed with abundant electrocatalytic acitive sites and fast charge transfer speed between electrode surface and analyte. Expectedly, the CuFe/C@rGO/GCE shows outstanding sensing performance with wide linear ranges of 0.006–110 μM, low detection limit of 0.0015 μM (S/N=3), together with superior reproducibility, stability and anti-interference. This developed composite material as a flexible sensing platform can be used to detect PAT in real samples with a satisfactory recovery.

Innovative use of shrimp shell powder in carbon paste electrode for the electrochemical detection of dopamine and paracetamol: Valorization, characterization and application

The present study outlines the design of an innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly electrochemical sensor, based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified by shrimp shell waste (SSW). The developed electrode was used to facilitate the electrocatalytic detection of two compounds, namely dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PAR). The use of SSW as an electrode material is ground breaking. The results have shown that the addition of shrimp shell (SS) in the CPE has led to a significant increase in the active surface area (0.504 cm2) and has improved electron transfer by decreasing the charge transfer resistance (17.45 Ω.cm2) at the electrode/solution interface. The SSW was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). The results show a fibrous and porous structure with high calcium content and other chemical elements including carbon, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. The electrochemical behavior of DA and PAR on the CPE-SS electrode was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Additionally, CPE and CPE-SS electrodes were examined by SEM/EDS and FTIR. The effect of scan rate shows that the electrochemical process is diffusion controlled for DA and PAR. The CPE-SS electrode provide a wide linear range, good selectivity, repeatability, precision (≤5%), and low detection limits 3.6 µM and 5.54 µM for DA and PAR, respectively. In addition, the developed sensor was applied to detect DA and PAR in urine, tap water, and pharmaceutical tablets with apparent recoveries.

Role of electron transfer between bare electrode and benzoguanamine to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for drugs: Theoretical and electrochemical approach

Herein, a poly(benzoguanamine) (BNZ) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was applied for the electroanalysis of paracetamol (PA) in PA tablet and human urine. Theoretical evaluation of the quantum chemical parameters of benzoguanamine (BZ) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that it is a reactive monomer with a tendency for back bond formation with the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of BCPE and BNZ modified CPE (BNZ/CPE) show that the BNZ films were deposited on the bare electrode in layers. Results of the electrochemical characterization of these electrodes in 1 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] revealed that the BNZ/CPE has a higher electrocatalytic activity towards K4[Fe(CN)6] oxidation than BCPE. The limit of detection (LOD) of PA at the BNZ/CPE was estimated as 13.2 nM over a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.05–0.45 μM. Also, the proposed sensor offered PA recoveries of 99.2–100.4 % and 98.4–100.8 % in PA tablet solution and human urine sample, respectively. The BNZ/CPE showed remarkable shelf-life by retaining 97.4 % of its initial current response after 21 days of application for PA electroanalysis at 7 days interval. Notably, this study is the first attempt at the application of the BNZ/CPE for PA electroanalysis.

Molecularly Imprinted Copolymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Paracetamol

Molecularly Imprinted Copolymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Paracetamol

A miniaturized additive-manufactured carbon black/PLA electrochemical sensor for pharmaceuticals detection

Additive manufacturing is a technique that allows the construction of prototypes and has evolved a lot in the last 20 years, innovating industrial fabrication processes in several areas. In chemistry, additive manufacturing has been used in several functionalities, such as microfluidic analytical devices, energy storage devices, and electrochemical sensors. Theophylline and paracetamol are important pharmaceutical drugs where overdosing can cause adverse effects, such as tachycardia, seizures, and even renal failure. Therefore, this paper aims at the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensors using 3D printing and polylactic acid-based conductive carbon black commercial filament for theophylline and paracetamol detection. Electrochemical characterizations of the proposed sensor were performed to prove the functionality of the device. Morphological characterizations were carried out, in which chemical treatment could change the surface structure, causing the improvement of the analytical signal. Thus, the detection of theophylline at a linear range of 5.00–150 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 1.2 μmol L−1 was attained, and the detection of paracetamol at a linear range of 1.00–200 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.370 μmol L−1 was obtained, demonstrating the proposed sensor effectively detected pharmaceutical drugs.

Paper-based 2D configuration for the electrochemical and facile detection of paracetamol in wastewaters

Since 2020, human pharmaceuticals were included in the list of emerging contaminants from the UNESCO and their detection and elimination were incorporated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal Targets. Among these, analgesic and antipyretic drugs are the most widely used drugs worldwide and, despite their advantages, unused or expired pharmaceuticals are a potential source of water pollution. Paracetamol is one of the most common drugs used for analgesic and antipyretic purposes and has been found to have a much higher concentration in water streams in many European countries. Considering that, an all-in-one paper-based 2 dimensional (2D) fluidic configuration, able to detect paracetamol, was developed in order to deal with environmental matrices without complex/expensive analytical procedures. An ad-hoc paper-based testing area, coupled with a channel was designed and wax-printed onto a porous filter paper. Successively three electrodes were screen-printed, and the whole system was applied for the detection of paracetamol in wastewaters (prior and after the filtration system) without pretreating the sample. In order to detect paracetamol with the easiest approach, the configuration of the paper-based device was optimized in terms of type of substrate used for printing, microfluidic paper strip length/width and combination of them in an integrated architecture, capable to detect paracetamol in the matrices tested in few seconds with a detection limit down to micromolar range, ca. 1 μM. The integrated device shown great promise for simple, fast, sensitive, and sustainable detection of paracetamol in its role of emerging contaminant, especially in the environmental matrices.

Detection of paracetamol by a montmorillonite-modified carbon paste sensor: A study combining MC simulation, DFT computation and electrochemical investigations

This study aims to develop a suitable electrochemical electrode through the incorporation of potassium montmorillonite (MMTK10)clay into the carbon matrix for the direct and sensitive determination of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical formulations. Electrochemical characterization of the electrodes involves the use of techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results reveal that the voltammetric response of PAR is linear over a wide concentration range (1.0–15 μM), with a low detection limit of 0.46 μM. Analytically, PAR recovery results were around 94%, indicating that the developed electrode is highly suitable for PAR detection in pharmaceutical formulation. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to investigate the reactivity of PAR and explain the interaction process of PAR on the electrode surface at different pH values. A Monte Carlo simulations model is developed to provide a deeper understanding of the adsorption mechanism, particularly to comprehend molecular interactions and preferential orientations of PAR with MMT fractions at the electrode surface. Reduced Density Gradient is calculated and discussed using techniques such as Multiwfn and Visualization of Molecular Dynamics. The developed CPE-MMTK10 sensor provided a simple preparation method, rapid response, high sensitivity, reproducibility, strong selectivity, and extended stability. Moreover, there is a good correlation between most parameters calculated by DFT and experimental results, thereby reinforcing the validity of the theoretical approach in this study.

Highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite for the simultaneous sensing of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples.

Thefacile fabrication is reportedof highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT (3D/1D)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the efficient simultaneous electrochemical detection of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples. 3D/1D Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized using microwave irradiation and ultrasonication processes. Then, the Ti3C2Tx/MWCNT-modified SPE electrode was fabricated and thoroughly characterized towards its physicochemical and electrochemical properties using XPS, TEM, FESEM, XRD, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. As-constructed Ti3C2Tx-MWCNT/SPE offers excellent electrochemical sensing performance with good detection limits (0.23, 0.57, and 0.43µM) and wide linear ranges (1.0 ~ 90.1, 2.0 ~ 62.0, and 2.0-90.9µM) for paracetamol, caffeine, and theophylline, respectively, in the human samples. Notably, the non-enzymatic electroactive nanocomposite-modified electrode has depicted a semicircle Nyquist plot with low charge transfer resistance (Rct∼95 Ω), leading to high ionic diffusion and facilitating an excellent electron transfer path. All the above results in efficient stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity compared with other reported works, and thus, it claims its practical utilization in realistic clinical applications.

Utilizing as-synthesized Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Mn1−xZnxFe2−yCuyO4 Doped Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Electrochemical Sensing of Paracetamol

A highly sensitive sensor for paracetamol detection based on the copper and zinc doped manganese ferrite/reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (Mn1−xZnxFe2−yCuyO4/rGO/GCE) is ameliorated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), zeta-sizer, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the structural, morphological, electroanalytical capability of the designed sensor. Results are correlated systematically for the copper/zinc doped manganese ferrite/reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode and it is observed that the sensor exhibits two linear ranges as 5–9 μmol l−1 and 9–200 μmol l−1 under the optimized conditions. Doped composite-modified GCE demonstrates an exceptional limit of detection (LOD) (0.04 μmol l−1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.15 μmol l−1). The possible effect of structurally similar drugs on the anodic current response of paracetamol is evaluated. By analyzing the current generation of the actual pharmaceutical samples, the practical application of the manufactured sensor is assessed. Promising results demonstrated by modified GC electrode affirm its excellent analytical performance for the sensing of paracetamol with trace-level detection and high sensitivity.

Electrochemical detection of paracetamol using zeolitic imidazolate framework and graphene oxide derived zinc/nitrogen-doped carbon

A composite of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and graphene oxide (ZIF-GO) derived 3D–2D Zn/N-doped carbon (ZnNC-rGO) was developed for the electrochemical detection of the analgesic paracetamol (PCT). The pyrolysis of ZIF-GO led to the formation of a nanoscale structure featuring ZnNC cubes embedded in rGO sheets. The Zn0-to-ZnO phase transition was found to mediate electrons during the reversible paracetamol redox reactions, which contributed to the sensing current response. Upon 800 °C heating under a N2 atmosphere, the mesoporosity of ZnNC-rGO(800) was significantly enhanced, thereby increasing the electrochemical surface area and charge transfer efficiency. The electrode sensitivity was optimized at a calibration linearity of 0.526 μA μM−1) with detection limit (0.077 μM) in the range of 0.5 – 70 μM using differential pulse voltammetry mode (DPV). The precision of analytical recovery for trace paracetamol concentrations was maintained based on the excellent reproducibility and selectivity trials in the presence of interference chemicals and in real water samples.

Synthesis, characterization, biological applications of novel coumarine azo-dye ligand and its transition metal complexes: Simultaneous electrochemical detection of paracetamol and uric acid

Coumarin is a well-known pharmacophore and structure with wide-ranging applications. It is a member of the heterocyclic family. Furthermore, metal complexes can improve the drug action and efficacy of organic therapeutic agents. Various physical and spectroscopic procedures are used to synthesize and characterize the novel azo dye ligand (HDM) and its transition metal complexes for their geometrical composition. The well diffusion method and DPPH technique were used to measure the antimicrobial potency and antioxidant levels, respectively. MTT analysis was performed to assess anticancer activity for Hela and P53 cell lines. CV and DPV were used to confirm the electro catalytic ability of [Co(HDM)2(H2O)2]/GCE (modified electrode) towards various concentrations of paracetamol and uric acid. The modified electrode performed well as a sensor with paracetamol and uric acid concentration of CV 10 to 80 µmol/L and 10 to 100 µmol/L; DPV 5 to 20 µmol/L and 5 to 20 µmol/L respectively and LOD values CV 3.333, 3.333 µmol/L; DPV 1.666, 1.666 µmol/L. This electrode has a sensitivity of CV 0.02287; DPV 0.0137 µAµM−1 for paracetamol and CV 7.558; DPV 0.01674 µAµM−1 for uric acid. The results showed that, when compared to bare glassy carbon electrode, the modified electrode had a good electro catalytic activities, high selectivity and sensitivity to the redox reaction of paracetamol and uric acid.

Methylene blue-assisted molecularly-imprinted film modified nitrogen and sulfur co-doped molybdenum carbide for simultaneous electrochemical determination of two hepatotoxic drugs.

A novel electrochemical sensor with a dual-template molecular imprinting technology was fabricated for the simultaneous detection of paracetamol (PAR) and isoniazid (INZ). The sensor was constructed using nitrogen and sulfur co-doped molybdenum carbide (N, S@Mo2C) and a thin layer of electro-polymerized methylene blue was applied onto the surface of the N, S@Mo2C. The electrochemical sensor demonstrated remarkable analytical efficiency for the concurrent PAR and INZ quantification under optimal circumstances. The system achieved an exceptionally low limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 3.7 nM for PAR, with a concentration range of 0.013 and 140 µM. ALOD of7.6 nM was attained for INZ, with a linear range between 0.025 and 140 µM. Furthermore, the platform's selectivity was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The designed platform successfully detected PAR and INZ in authentic samples with recoveries varying between 98.3% and 104.9%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for these measurements ranged from 2.7 to 4.0%, demonstrating that the proposed sensor is extremely stable, repeatable, and reproducible. These promising results suggest that the sensor holds potential for the detection of various (bio) molecules, paving the way for future applications in sensing fields.

Highly Sensitive Wearable Sensor Based on (001)-Orientated TiO2 for Real-Time Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine, Tyrosine, and Paracetamol.

The concentration of dopamine (DA) and tyrosine (Tyr) reflects the condition of patients with Parkinson's disease, whereas moderate paracetamol (PA) can help relieve their pain. Therefore, real-time measurements of these bioanalytes have important clinical implications for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, previous sensors suffer from either limited sensitivity or complex fabrication and integration processes. This work introduces a simple and cost-effective method to prepare high-quality, flexible titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films with highly reactive (001)-facets. The as-fabricated TiO2 film supported by a carbon cloth electrode (i.e., TiO2-CC) allows excellent electrochemical specificity and sensitivity to DA (1.390µAµM-1cm-2), Tyr (0.126µAµM-1cm-2), and PA (0.0841µAµM-1cm-2). More importantly, accurate DA concentration in varied pH conditions can be obtained by decoupling them within a single differential pulse voltammetry measurement without additional sensing units. The TiO2-CC electrochemical sensor can be integrated into a smart diaper to detect the trace amount of DA or an integrated skin-interfaced patch with microfluidic sampling and wireless transmission units for real-time detection of the sweat Try and PA concentration. The wearable sensor based on TiO2-CC prepared by facile manufacturing methods holds great potential in the daily health monitoring and care of patients with neurological disorders.

Green combustion synthesis of multifunctional inorganic ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles: Electrochemical and photocatalytic applications

Aloe Barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) gel fuel-assisted facile combustion synthesized novel ZnO:Co2+ nanoparticles were analysed for its multifunctional applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, and photocatalytic dye degradation. The PXRD pattern of ZnO was matched with DFT-based computational XRD pattern. The morphology of the prepared nanomaterial was tested using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques. Band gaps were estimated using the Kubelka-Munk function (K-M function) using diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The band gap was found to be a minimum ̴ 1.90 eV for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) nanoparticles. Electrochemical properties of ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles based modified carbon paste electrodes were studied in KCl electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). Enhanced and optimized electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacitance was observed for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrodes for supercapacitor application. EIS shows minimum ESR value of 72 Ω and GCD shows ̴ 99 % cyclic stability over 1550 cycles for ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrode. Effect of low band gap on electrochemical properties were established and found that low band gap leads to high performance in electrochemical activities. Sensitive detection of paracetamol and glucose (1––7 mM concentration) was carried out using the ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) electrode, for electrochemical sensor application. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) & acid orange-8 (AO-8) dyes was carried out using ZnO: Co2+ (7 mol%) photocatalyst under sunlight including scavenging examinations. Under sunlight, 92.45 % of MB and 98.29 % of AO-8 dyes were degraded in 120 min. Overall, this paper reports, multifunctional applications (EDLC, Sensor and Photocatalysis) of toxic free green combustion synthesized ZnO: Co2+ (1–11 mol%) nanoparticles.

Enhanced light-harvesting efficiency in Au metal–NiFe2O4 semiconductor hetero-nanostructures with implications for photoelectrochemical sensors towards the sensitive detection of paracetamol in human urine

An advanced plasmonic metal/low-bandgap semiconductor photoactive material for efficient photoelectrochemical detection of paracetamol in real samples.

Developing a highly validated and sensitive HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cefotaxime and paracetamol in pure and pharmaceutical preparations

An isocratic HPLC technique was exploited and validated for the quick simultaneous separation and measurement of cefotaxime and paracetamol in vials dosage forms, with a total analysis time of 3 minutes. The process of separation was carried out on a Thermo Scientific® Venusil XBPC18 (L) (5µm, 4.6x250 mm) using a mobile phase of ACN: distilled water (70:30, v/v) at the ambient temperature. The flow rate used in the experiment was 1 mL/min, and the highest level of absorption was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) employing a PDA detector set at a wavelength of 255 nm. The established retention times for cefotaxime and paracetamol were 1.79 and 2.97 minutes, respectively, suggesting reduced analysis duration. The observed limits of detection for ceftaxime and paracetamol were 4.2×10-5 and 1.2×10-5 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a significant level of sensitivity in the approach. The approach was subsequently verified in accordance with the requirements set out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the quantification of medicines in vial dosage form.

A simple Stability-Indicating UV Spectrophotometric Method developed and Validation for Detection of Paracetamol in (liquid, solid) Dosage form and Biological fluid: Application and Comparison

A simple Stability-Indicating UV Spectrophotometric Method developed and Validation for Detection of Paracetamol in (liquid, solid) Dosage form and Biological fluid: Application and Comparison

Laser-induced graphene/gold nanoparticle hybrid sensor for enhanced electrochemical detection of paracetamol.

This research presents a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for detecting paracetamol. The sensor is created using laser direct-writing on a flexible PI substrate to form LIG electrodes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are then synthesized on the working electrode through secondary laser reduction, resulting in an AuNPs/LIG composite. This combination enhances the sensor's electrochemical activity, electron transfer rate, and adsorption capacity. The sensor exhibits a linear response to paracetamol concentrations with a detection limit of 0.086 μM. Testing on Tylenol tablets and tap water showed good recovery rates. The sensor displays strong anti-interference, reproducibility, and stability, making it a promising tool for effective paracetamol monitoring in real-world situations.

A facile sonochemical synthesis of the Zn-based metal–organic framework for electrochemical sensing of paracetamol

The synthesis of a zinc-based organic framework utilized a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sonochemical method, for the electrochemical detection of paracetamol.

An on-site and portable electrochemical sensing platform based on spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles for the quality control of paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples.

In this study, crystalline spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPs) were successfully prepared and proposed as a high-performance electrode material for the construction of an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of paracetamol (PCM). By modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) with ZnFe2O4 NPs, the electrochemical characteristics of the ZnFe2O4/SPE and the electrochemical oxidation of PCM were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The calculated electrochemical kinetic parameters from these techniques including electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp), charge transfer resistance (Rct), standard heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants (k0), electron transfer coefficient (α), catalytic rate constant (kcat), adsorption capacity (Γ), and diffusion coefficient (D) proved that the as-synthesized ZnFe2O4 NPs have rapid electron/mass transfer characteristics, intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, and facilitate the adsorption-diffusion of PCM molecules towards the modified electrode surface. As expected, the ZnFe2O4/SPE offered excellent analytical performance towards sensing of PCM with a detection limit of 0.29 μM, a wide linear range of 0.5-400 μM, and high electrochemical sensitivity of 1.1 μA μM-1 cm-2. Moreover, the proposed ZnFe2O4-based electrochemical nanosensor also exhibited good repeatability, high anti-interference ability, and practical feasibility toward PCM sensing in a pharmaceutical tablet. Based on these observations, the designed electrochemical platform not only provides a high-performance nanosensor for the rapid and highly efficient detection of PCM but also opens a new avenue for routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.