Counting Detector Research Articles

Design of a five-layers multi-energy X-ray imaging detector for material sorting

X-ray transmission imaging (XRT) is widely used for sorting materials. However, conventional single-energy and dual-energy X-ray systems have poor ability to discriminate between materials with similar atomic number (Z), and the count rate of available multi-energy XRT detectors could not support high-speed industrial applications. This paper presents the design of a detector that can potentiality achieve high-speed multi-energy X-ray imaging using Geant4 simulations. This detector consisted of five detection layers (with three scintillator materials: CsI, GOS and CdWO4), two metal filters, which allows X-ray imaging at five energies. Validation simulation showed that the 15% more accurate than a dual-layers detector in the classification of Mg and Al alloys.

Theoretical challenges in single molecule.

Biological processes are directed by molecular actors conspiring, often in small numbers, to achieve tasks relevant to life. Yet these actors are not directly observable. Within the fluorescence paradigm, multiple layers of stochasticity lie between what we care about (molecular actor behavior) and what we observe (detector counts). These hierarchically organized layers include, but are not limited to, incomplete labeling, label photo-physics, optical aberrations, and detector noise. As a direct consequence, it is not possible to speak of discovering unique models of molecular behavior from data. Indeed many models are consistent with the data and our goal as theorists is to assign probabilities to candidate models based on observation. Here we give an overview of hierarchical Bayesian inference models and MCMC strategies for single molecule experiments with an emphasis on nonparametric Bayesian analysis of single photon smFRET highlighting a sequence of three papers to appear in Biophysical Reports.

Position-Controlled Telecom Single Photon Emitters Operating at Elevated Temperatures.

A key resource in quantum-secured communication protocols are single photon emitters. For long-haul optical networks, it is imperative to use photons at wavelengths compatible with telecom single mode fibers. We demonstrate high purity single photon emission at 1.31 μm using deterministically positioned InP photonic waveguide nanowires containing single InAsP quantum dot-in-a-rod structures. At excitation rates that saturate the emission, we obtain a single photon collection efficiency at first lens of 27.6% and a probability of multiphoton emission of g(2)(0) = 0.021. We have also evaluated the performance of the source as a function of temperature. Multiphoton emission probability increases with temperature with values of 0.11, 0.34, and 0.57 at 77, 220 and 300 K, respectively, which is attributed to an overlap of temperature-broadened excitonic emission lines. These results are a promising step toward scalably fabricating telecom single photon emitters that operate under relaxed cooling requirements.

Characterization and On-Field Performance of the MuTe Silicon Photomultipliers

The Muon Telescope, MuTe, is an instrument for imaging volcanoes in Colombia. It consists of a scintillator tracking system and a water Cherenkov detector for particle energy measurement. The Muon Telescope operates autonomously in high-altitude environments where the temperature gradient reaches up to 10 °C. In this work, we characterize the telescope silicon photomultipliers’ breakdown voltage, gain, and noise for temperature variations spanning 0 to 40 °C. We demonstrate that the discrimination threshold for the Muon Telescope hodoscope must be above 5 photo-electrons to avoid contamination due to dark count, crosstalk, and afterpulsing. We also assess the detector counting rate depending on day-night temperature variations.

Superfast Scan of Focused X-Ray Luminescence Computed Tomography Imaging.

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is a hybrid molecular imaging modality having the high spatial resolution of x-ray imaging and high measurement sensitivity of optical imaging. Narrow x-ray beam based XLCT imaging has shown promise for high spatial resolution imaging of luminescent targets in deep tissues, but the slow acquisition speed limits its applications. In this work, we have introduced a superfast XLCT scan scheme based on the photon counter detector and a fly-scanning method. The new scan scheme is compared with three other scan methods. We have also designed and built a single-pixel x-ray detector to detect object boundaries automatically. With the detector, we can perform the parallel beam CT imaging with the XLCT imaging simultaneously. We have built the prototype XLCT imaging system to verify the proposed scan scheme. A phantom embedded with a set of four side-by-side cylindrical targets was scanned. With the proposed superfast scan scheme, we have achieved 43 seconds per transverse scan, which is 28.6 times faster than before with slightly better XLCT image quality. The superfast scan allows us to perform 3D pencil beam XLCT imaging in the future.

A detector block-pairwise dead time correction method for improved quantitation with a dedicated BrainPET scanner

‘Objective. Dead time correction (DTC) is an important factor in ensuring accurate quantification in PET measurements. This is currently often achieved using a global DTC method, i.e., an average DTC factor is computed. For PET scanners designed to image dedicated organs, e.g., those used in brain imaging or positron emission mammography (PEM), a substantial amount of the administered radioactivity is located outside of the PET field-of-view (FOV). This activity contributes to the dead time (DT) of the scintillation detectors. Moreover, the count rates of the individual scintillation detectors are potentially very inhomogeneous due to the specific irradiation of each detector, especially for combined MR/PET systems, where radiation shields cannot be applied. Approach: We have developed a block-pairwise DTC method for our Siemens 3T MR BrainPET insert by extending a previously published method that uses the delayed random coincidence count rate to estimate the DT in the individual scans and planes (i.e., scintillation pixel rings). The method was validated in decay experiments using phantoms with a homogenous activity concentration and with and without out-of-FOV activity. Based on a three-compartment phantom, we compared the accuracy and noise properties of the block-pairwise DTC and the global DTC method. Main results. The currently used global DTC led to a substantial positive bias in regions with high activity; the block-pairwise DTC resulted in substantially less bias. The noise level for the block-pairwise DTC was comparable to the global DTC and image reconstructions without any DTC. Finally, we tested the block-pairwise DTC with a data set obtained from volunteer measurements using the mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5) antagonist [11C]ABP688. When the relative differences in activity concentrations obtained with global DTC and block-pairwise DTC for the ACC and the cerebellum GM were compared, the ratios differed by a factor of up to 1.4 at the beginning—when the first injection is administered as a bolus with high radioactivity. Significance. In this work, global DTC was shown to have the potential to introduce quantification bias, while better quantitation accuracy was achieved with the presented block-pairwise DTC method. The method can be implemented in all systems that use the delayed window technique and is particulary expected to improve the quantiation accuracy of dedicated brain PET scanners due to their geometry.’

Performance improvement of space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometer by use of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor detectors at the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak.

Two pairs of space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometers working at 5-138 Å with different vertical observation ranges of -7 ≤ Z ≤ 19 and -18 ≤ Z ≤ 8cm have been newly developed to observe the radial profile of impurity line emissions and to study the transport of high-Z impurity ions intrinsically existing in EAST tokamak plasmas. Both spectrometers are equipped with a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector (Andor Marana-X 4.2B-6, Oxford Instruments) with sensitive area of 13.3 × 13.3mm2 and number of pixels equal to 2048 × 2048 (6.5 × 6.5 µm2/pixels). Compared to the currently operating space-resolved EUV spectrometers with a charge-coupled detector (CCD: 1024 × 255 pixels, 26 × 26 µm2) working at 30-520 Å, this spectrometer's performance was substantially improved by using the CMOS detector. First, the spectral resolution measured at full width at half maximum was improved in the whole wavelength range, e.g., Δλ1/2_CMOS = 0.092 Å and Δλ1/2_CCD = 0.124 Å at C VI 33.73 Å and Δλ1/2_CMOS = 0.104 Å and Δλ1/2_CCD = 0.228 Å at Mo XXXI 115.999 Å, thus enabling a more accurate analysis of spectra with complicated structure such as tungsten unresolved transition array in the range 45-65 Å. Second, the temporal resolution was largely improved due to the high-speed data acquisition system of the CMOS detector, e.g., Δt_CMOS = 15 ms/frame and Δt_CCD = 200 ms/frame at routine operation in the radial profile measurement. Third, signal saturation issues that occurred when using the old CCD sensor during impurity accumulation now disappeared entirely using the CMOS detector due to lower exposure time at high readout rates, which largely improved the observation performance in similar impurity burst events. The above-mentioned performance improvements of the space-resolved EUV spectrometer led to a rapid change in the W XXXIII (52.22 Å) radial profile during a single cycle of low-frequency sawtooth oscillation with fst = 5-6Hz at a sufficient detector count rate.

Advancement of a Liquid Scintillation Counter and Semiconductor Alpha Spectroscopy Detector to Estimate the Radon Concentration in Groundwater

Radon is one of the most natural forms of radiation for human exposure. However, high-accuracy measurement of natural radon in water samples is very challenging due to the background correction, data acquisition, and sampling time. Liquid scintillation counter (LSC) and semiconductor alpha spectroscopy detectors are the most commonly used methods of determining radon concentration in water. The present study utilizes both methods to estimate radon in groundwater collected from various locations in the northeast region of Saudi Arabia. The estimated radon concentrations using Hidex 300SL are compared with a Durridge RAD7 detector to evaluate each apparatus’s abilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Both methods show radon concentrations between 0.1 and 3.20 Bq/L with an average of 0.96 Bq/L, with a standard deviation of 0.82 Bq/L. The estimated values are found to be in the safe limit recommended by the USEPA and EAEC and are far below the safe level recommended by UNSCEAR and the WHO. Comparing the estimated radon concentration using the two methods shows that although the two devices have many advantages and disadvantages based on the two different techniques, the experimental results are almost the same with experimental error.

Microdosimetry for hadron therapy: A state of the art of detection technology

The interest in hadron therapy is growing fast thanks to the latest technological advances in accelerators and delivery technologies, to the development of more and more efficient and comprehensive treatment planning tools, and due to its increasing clinical adoption proving its efficacy. A precise and reliable beam quality assessment and an accurate and effective inclusion of the biological effectiveness of different radiation qualities are fundamental to exploit at best its advantages with respect to conventional radiotherapy. Currently, in clinical practice, the quality assurance (QA) is carried out by means of conventional dosimetry, while the biological effectiveness of the radiation is taken into account considering the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). The RBE is considered a constant value for protons and it is estimated as a function of the absorbed dose in case of carbon ions. In this framework, microdosimetry could bring a significant improvement to both QA and RBE estimation. By measuring the energy deposited by the radiation into cellular or sub-cellular volumes, microdosimetry could provide a unique characterisation of the beam quality on one hand, and a direct link to radiobiology on the other. Different detectors have been developed for microdosimetry, from the more conventional tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), silicon-based and diamond-based solid-state detectors, to ΔE-E telescope detectors, gas electrons multiplier (GEM), hybrid microdosimeters and a micro-bolometer based on Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) technology. However, because of their different advantages and drawbacks, a standard device and an accredited experimental methodology have not been unequivocally identified yet. The establishment of accepted microdosimetry standard protocols and code of practice is needed before the technique could be employed in clinical practice. Hoping to help creating a solid ground on which future research, development and collaborations could be planned and inspired, a comprehensive state of the art of the detector technologies developed for microdosimetry is presented in this review, discussing their use in clinical hadron therapy conditions and considering their advantages and drawbacks.

Thermal neutron background at Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC)

The thermal neutron background at Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC) has been determined using several 3He proportional counter detectors. Bare and Cd shielded counters were used in a series of long measurements. Pulse shape discrimination techniques were applied to discriminate between neutron and gamma signals as well as other intrinsic contributions. Montecarlo simulations allowed us to estimate the sensitivity of the detectors and calculate values for the background flux of thermal neutrons inside Hall-A of LSC. The obtained value is (3.5±0.8)×10−6 n/cm2s, and is within an order of magnitude compared to similar facilities.

Quantify total activity by volume-of-interest expansion with clinical SPECT/CT systems, a phantom study.

Quantitative measurements of activity in SPECT are important for radioisotope therapy planning and disease diagnosis. The aim of this manuscript is to develop a robust method to quantify the total activity in a volume-of-interest (VOI) of different quantitative SPECT reconstructions and validate the estimation accuracy. We customized an IEC body phantom using 3D printing technology and made six sphere inserts of 1-6cm in diameter with at least 3cm separation. The activity concentration within the spheres was in the range of patient lesion/organ activity. The background activity was then increased from zero to a sphere/background activity concentration of 8:1, 4:1, and 2:1. SPECT data were acquired with Philips Brightview and GE Discovery 670 SPECT/computed tomography (CT) systems under clinical acquisition protocols. Quantitative SPECT images were reconstructed with Hermes SUV-SPECT (both Philips and GE data) and GE Q.Metrix (GE data only). The quantitative SPECT reconstructions are iterative with scatter, CT attenuation correction, and resolution recovery. We quantified the total activity by expanding the sphere VOI to include a spill-out region. Background correction was applied by sampling a region outside the spill-out region. The true fractions (TFs) (total activity/true activity) were measured for all six spheres for all SPECT acquisitions. The TF is close to 100% for 2-6cm spheres for zero background, 8:1 and 4:1 sphere/background activity ratios. The TF was found to be unreliable for the 1-cm sphere because of the limit of phantom design. TF accuracy for 2:1 sphere/background ratio was degraded due to significantly large background, inadequate scatter correction and detector count loss. The results demonstrated that the proposed quantification method is accurate for objects of different sizes in currently clinical quantitative reconstruction and has the potential for improving the accuracy for therapeutic treatment planning or radiation dosimetry calculations.

Low intensity gamma-ray monitor for in-situ solids fraction measurements in liquids

A novel detection system has been designed to measure the settling of solids in tailing ponds in order to facilitate the reuse of water in oil sands extraction processing, tailings excavation, transportation and management. The system is based on a weak gamma ray source and an inexpensive scintillator-based detector. The system measures gamma ray photons which are transmitted through the material of interest which are detected by a combined scintillator and Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) detector. This non-destructive measurement allows the determination of the solids contents profile versus depth in a tailing pond. The attenuation of gamma radiation depends on the density of the solids within the fluid tailings and thus varies with the weight fraction of solids content of the tailings. Modelling of the system was carried out by Geant4 simulations. The system was deployed using a weak 133Ba gamma-ray source together with a simple microprocessor controller readout circuit to analyze the pulse height response of a Cerium doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO (Ce)) scintillator crystal. The detection system is calibrated with the known samples and can measure solids content with a relative precision of within ∼2%.

Estimation of the number of counts on a particle counter detector with full time resolution

We present a general method for estimating the number of particles impinging on a segmented counter or, in general, on a counter with sub-units. We account for unresolved particles, i.e., the effect of two or more particles hitting the same sub-unit almost simultaneously. To achieve full time resolution we account for the dead time that occurs after the first time-bin of a particle signal. This general counting method can be applied to counting muons in existing detectors like the Underground Muon Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We therefore use the latter as a study case to test the performance of our method and to compare it to other methods from literature. Our method proves to perform with little bias, and also provides an estimate of the number of particles as a function of time (as seen by the detector) to a single time-bin resolution. In this context, the new method can be useful for reconstructing parameters sensitive to cosmic ray mass, which are key to unveiling the origin of cosmic rays.

Evaluation of radioactivity concentration of some selected mineral rocks from Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Radiation from natural sources is constantly present around people and their surroundings. Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) present in rock, soil and underground water are the major sources of this radiation. In this study, radioactivity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K from Ten (10) different Granite (GN), Gneiss (GS), and Migmatite (MG) rocks samples obtained from Mayo Belwa Local Government Area of Adamawa State were evaluated using a well calibrated and shielded Canberra 3 x 3 inch NaI(Tl) detector at the National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR), University of Ibadan. Rock samples were cleaned, pulverised and placed in the detector for counting, and based on standard expressions, the radionuclide content of the granite rock samples were evaluated. The result shows that the activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in GN samples varies from 62.44 – 117.67 Bq/kg, 76.59 – 165.58 Bq/kg, and 688.03 – 1472.42 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 74.59 ± 3.12, 104.41 ± 3.12, and 950.16 ± 3.12 Bq/kg. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in GS samples ranges from 19.23 – 36.49 Bq/kg, 29.06 – 49.42 Bq/kg, and 310 – 924.21 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 28.1 ± 5.36Bq/kg, 38.92 ± 6.38 Bq/kg, and 664.21 ±178.14 Bq/kg. Activity concentration of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in MG samples ranges from 32.11 – 74.73 Bq/kg, 40.79 – 105.87 Bq/kg, and 453.34 – 1040.77 Bq/kg with corresponding mean of 50.19 ± 14.35 Bq/kg, 60.50 ± 19.96 Bq/kg, and 714.88 ± 200.37 Bq/kg. The mean activity from this study are higher than the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) global mean of 238U (32 Bq/kg), 232Th (45 Bq/kg), and 40K (420 Bq/kg) in soil and rock samples except for 238U and 232Th in GS samples which are lower than the recommended standards. The results signifies that usage of such rocks as building construction raw materials might pose radiological hazards in the long run. Therefore, mineral content of the rock responsible for the high radionuclide concentration should be investigated.

Key Experiment and Quantum Reasoning

For around five decades, physicists have been experimenting with single quanta such as single photons. Insofar as the practised ensemble reasoning has become obsolete for the interpretation of these experiments, the non-classical intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum theory has gained increased importance. One of the most important exclusive features of quantum physics is the undeniable existence of the superposition of states, even for single quantum objects. One known example of this effect is entanglement. In this paper, two classically contradictory phenomena are combined to one single experiment. This experiment incontestably shows that a single photon incident on an optical beam splitter can either be reflected or transmitted. The almost complete absence of coincident clicks of two photodetectors demonstrates that these two output states are incompatible. However, when combining these states using two mirrors, we can observe interference patterns in the counting rate of the single photon detector. The only explanation for this is that the two incompatible output states are prepared and kept simultaneously—a typical consequence of a quantum superposition of states. (Semi-)classical physical concepts fail here, and a full quantum concept is predestined to explain the complementary experimental outcomes for the quantum optical “non-waves” called single photons. In this paper, we intend to demonstrate that a true quantum physical key experiment (“true” in the sense that it cannot be explained by any classical physical concept), when combined with full quantum reasoning (probability, superposition and interference), influences students’ readiness to use quantum elements for interpretation.

Direct mapping from PET coincidence data to proton-dose and positron activity using a deep learning approach

Objective. Obtaining the intrinsic dose distributions in particle therapy is a challenging problem that needs to be addressed by imaging algorithms to take advantage of secondary particle detectors. In this work, we investigate the utility of deep learning methods for achieving direct mapping from detector data to the intrinsic dose distribution. Approach. We performed Monte Carlo simulations using GATE/Geant4 10.4 simulation toolkits to generate a dataset using human CT phantom irradiated with high-energy protons and imaged with compact in-beam PET for realistic beam delivery in a single-fraction (∼2 Gy). We developed a neural network model based on conditional generative adversarial networks to generate dose maps conditioned on coincidence distributions in the detector. The model performance is evaluated by the mean relative error, absolute dose fraction difference, and shift in Bragg peak position. Main results. The relative deviation in the dose and range of the distributions predicted by the model from the true values for mono-energetic irradiation between 50 and 122 MeV lie within 1% and 2%, respectively. This was achieved using 105 coincidences acquired five minutes after irradiation. The relative deviation in the dose and range for spread-out Bragg peak distributions were within 1% and 2.6% uncertainties, respectively. Significance. An important aspect of this study is the demonstration of a method for direct mapping from detector counts to dose domain using the low count data of compact detectors suited for practical implementation in particle therapy. Including additional prior information in the future can further expand the scope of our model and also extend its application to other areas of medical imaging.

Comparative analysis of gamma ray spectrometers applied to Irati Formation, Paraná basin, São Paulo State, Brazil

This paper describes the use of gamma ray spectrometry in the study of rock samples from the Irati Formation, Paraná sedimentary basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. This technique allowed to measure the natural radiation emitted by 40K, as well the radionuclides belonging to the decay series of 238U (eU = 226Ra = 214Bi) and 232Th (eTh = 228Th = 208Tl) which occur in the analyzed samples. Four gamma ray spectrometers have been utilized for comparing the results obtained: a portable sodium iodide [NaI(Tl)] scintillation detector (Digidart), a handheld bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) detector and two bench NaI(Tl) crystals, differing in their geometry (Planar and Well types). This study involved the calibration of the spectrometers, except in the case of the BGO that is factory calibrated. Afterwards, gamma ray analysis was done for 122 rock samples colleted at Partecal Quarry located at Assistência District, Rio Claro city, which have been of interest for the oil and gas sector. For comparison purposes, the obtained datasets were subjected to different statistical tests, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA) that proved to be of great value for checking the differences of the mean concentration values of eU, eTh and K. The results pointed out several factors that affect the gamma ray analysis for the natural radioelements uranium, thorium, and potassium such as the samples size, shape and geometry, detector type, shielding and counting time. These factors are of difficult control in order to get reliable radiometric measurements by this technique.

Improved Background Model for the Large Area X-Ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) Instrument on board AstroSat

We present an improved background model for the Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) detectors on board AstroSat. Because of the large collecting area and high pressure, the LAXPC instrument has a large background count rate, which varies during the orbit. Apart from the variation with latitude and longitude during the orbit there is a prominent quasi-diurnal variation which has not been previously modeled. Using over 5 yr of background observations, we determined the period of the quasi-diurnal variation to be 84,495 s and using this period it is possible to account for the variation and also identify time intervals where the fit is not good. These lead to a significant improvement in the background model. The quasi-diurnal variation can be ascribed to the changes in charged particle flux in the near-Earth orbit.

Compton coincidence in silicon photon-counting CT detectors.

Purpose: Compton interactions amount to a significant fraction of the registered counts in a silicon detector. In a Compton interaction, only a part of the photon energy is deposited and a single incident photon can result in multiple counts unless tungsten shielding is used. Deep silicon has proved to be a competitive material for photon-counting CT detectors, but to improve the performance further, one possibility is to use coincidence techniques to identify Compton-scattered photons and reconstruct their incident energies. Approach: In a detector with no tungsten shielding, incident photons can interact through a series of interactions. Based on the position and energy of each interaction, probability-based methods can be used to estimate the incident photon energy. Here, we present a maximum likelihood estimation framework along with an alternative method to estimate the incident photon energy and position in a silicon detector. Results: Assuming one incident photon per time frame, we show that the incident photon energy can be estimated with a mean error of and an RMS error of for a realistic case in which we assume a detector with limited energy and spatial resolution. The interaction position was estimated with a mean error of in direction and in direction. Corresponding RMS errors of and were achieved in and , respectively. Conclusions: The presented results show the potential of using probability-based methods to improve the performance of silicon detectors for CT.

Antineutrino detection for temporal monitoring of fuel burnup in a large nuclear reactor

The objective of this work is to determine if coherent-elastic-neutrino-nucleus scatter (CEνNS) in natural germanium detectors can be used to detect antineutrinos from an AP1000-type fission reactor. In this work, we first modeled the AP1000 core using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code 6.2 (MCNP) to estimate the number of fissions from each fissile isotope in the core. Next, the reactor antineutrino spectrum was computed using the summation method for fuel burnup from 10 to 60 GWd/MTU. It was found that with the increasing fuel burnup, as the 239Pu inventory builds-up in the fuel and the 235U inventory depletes, the contributions from 239Pu to fission is enhanced. Thus, the antineutrino energy spectrum begins to skew more towards lower energies as seen by the quantification of third and fourth central moments. Increased fuel burnup also results in greater antineutrino production. The detection setup assumes a 100-kg CEνNS based natural germanium detector, which is placed outside the reactor containment, 25 m away from the core. The detector has a 100-eV nuclear recoil (NR) threshold and experiences a background level of 100 differential rate units (DRU), per kg.keV.day, due to surrounding radiation interacting in the detector. We then computed the differential pulse height distribution responses for two 235U enrichment cases: 3.3-wt-% and 4.4-wt-% at burnup levels of 10, 20, 40, and 60 GWd/MTU. Overall, the detection rate decreases when the burnup increases. This study indicates that germanium pulse height distribution end-point energies decrease with increasing fuel burnup and become less separable. Thus, we note that the CEνNS detector resolution would need to be higher for more burned fuel. A 16-eV NR is sufficient for distinguishing fresh fuel from that burned to 20 GWd/MTU. We also investigate the ability to detect a difference between burnups: 10 and 20 GWd/MTU, 10 and 40 GWd/MTU, 10 and 60 GWd/MTU, based on the integral detector counts after accounting for background and detection threshold. We determined that fuel burnup deviations can be detected with confidence much greater than 20%, as required by the IAEA, for low likelihood events. For 3.3-wt-% 235U enrichment, the confidence levels to distinguish burnup between 10 and 20 GWd/MTU, 10 and 40 GWd/MTU, 10 and 60 GWd/MTU are 80.60%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. For 4.4-wt% 235U enrichment, but the same three burnup comparisons, the confidence levels decreased marginally to 65.52%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.