Detailed Layout Research Articles

Perspectives and Empirical Study of Engineering College Students towards Entrepreneurship

India experiences large troubles with its high degrees of joblessness amongst the youth particularly college finishes as an outcome of the absence of work experience, lowered abilities base, along college. The major issue managed in our financial scenario is the price, the price is high in India contrasted to all different various other nations, most of the graduates are currently unemployed or else operating in a business which not connected to their core. The emphasis of the study gets on just exactly how the way of thinking differs from a bachelor to an added on the appeal of entrepreneurship as work as well as to research the collaboration in between the business viewpoint along with the business opportunities-entrepreneurial ambiance. The researcher applied a detailed study layout, as well as the populace of the study, is an engineering university student examining in design universities associated with Anna University. A checklist of colleges offering a Design Program in the Pudukottai district connected to Anna University was obtained from the Anna College site. The sample design taken on for the study is organized random sampling with a total sample size of 400. The findings of the research study discloses that aspects towards entrepreneurship considerably affect the overall parental aspects of attitudes towards entrepreneurship.

A New Systematic GDI Circuit Synthesis Using MUX Based Decomposition Algorithm and Binary Decision Diagram for Low Power ASIC Circuit Design

The advances in the new process technology characteristically come with a multitude of new design variables and hence a new set of challenges for the designers to understand the impact of circuit design. During the last decade, widespread deliberations have been specified to the usage of Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) networks in the design of digital core systems; however the logic design has been constructed using transistor-level. Till now there is no specific approach is available for synthesizing GDI circuit that incorporated the impact of signal arrangement and circuit technology. Creation of standard cell library for GDI technique becomes an utmost imperative. In this research work, a regimented synthesis algorithm have been proposed to minimize power and augment performance of the digital circuits through two approaches MUX based decomposition algorithm and Binary Decision Diagram (BDD). The primitive nodes are implemented by GDI logic and CMOS logic for level restoration circuit. This research work is targeted to design sub-micron GDI library which is suitable for the 180 ​nm and 90 ​nm 6-metal layer CMOS n-well process which is offered by MOSIS. The principal focus is to engender a comprehensive library including the core number of essential primitive cells, depicting the detailed layout and transistor-level schematic views of every cell in 180nm and 90 ​nm process, in order to use them as a completely synthesizable library. The signal connectivity models for GDI are presented using MUX and BDD approach. The synthesis of ISCAS Combinational bench mark circuit in CMOS, PTL and GDI technique is also examined in this work along with buffer inclusion procedure for GDI technique.

ChartFuse: a novel fusion method for chart classification using heterogeneous microstructures

Chart images exhibit significant structural variabilities, which is called as micro-structural variabilities, which makes each image type different from others even though chart image belongs to the same class or categories. The lack of affiliation between the heterogeneous features and the structure of the chart images, make it challenging to learn these micro-variabilities features by any learning model for automatic chart recognition and interpretation. However, extracting low-level heterogeneous features from chart images remains challenging. This paper presents a novel chart image classification method by using local feature descriptor. We proposed a new heterogeneous feature extractor, namely the heterogeneity index (HI) fused with local penta pattern. Here, the microstructural features are defined on the similarity of the chroma effects, and HI is computed depending upon the basic colors and its intensity in the microstructures with similar chroma effects. HI integrates colors, textures, structural layout, and illumination details with the local features altogether for the image classification. The proposed method is tested on chart image datasets, namely FigureQA and our handcrafted chart dataset. Experimental results depict that our method classify images with an accuracy rate of 95%–97% which is an increase of 5%–10% as compared with the customary methods.

A Novel design of the solar central receiver to improve the performance of the central solar power tower plant

A novel design for a central receiver prototype was manufactured with dimensions of (50*50) cm staggered configuration using copper pipes of 9.5 mm diameter was tested to produce thermal energy from solar energy, had been analyzed numerically and experimentally. central solar tower receiver prototype was manufactured and mounted at Al-Nahrain University in Baghdad - Iraq, were high solar radiation is available. Heliostats with automated dual axes tracking systems were attained to capture the solar rays. Heliostats used to redirect the sun rays to a central receiver which is constructed using coated copper tubes to convert solar to heat and transfer it to the receiver working thermo-fluid.According to a precise design consideration presented procedure in this study, a numerical and experimental investigation was performed. Also, an automated tracking system was installed on the heliostat to govern the title and azimuth movements.The working fluid used is water. The supply tank was manufactured from plastic equipped with a digital flow meter to control flow rate to the receiver. In this study, a detailed layout, investigation for each part is shown. It’s found that optimum tower height is 4.5m, optimum heliostat horizontal distance from the tower is 7m and the offset angle is 30°. Receiver thermal performance enhanced by 6.17% from the one-row receiver and about 12.98% for the evacuated tube receiver.

Flexible A-scan rate MHz-OCT: efficient computational downscaling by coherent averaging.

In order to realize adjustable A-scan rates of fast optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, we investigate averaging of OCT image data acquired with a MHz-OCT system based on a Fourier Domain Mode Locked (FDML) laser. Increased system sensitivity and image quality can be achieved with the same system at the cost of lower imaging speed. Effectively, the A-scan rate can be reduced in software by a freely selectable factor. We demonstrate a detailed technical layout of the strategies necessary to achieve efficient coherent averaging. Since there are many new challenges specific to coherent averaging in swept source MHz-OCT, we analyze them point by point and describe the appropriate solutions. We prove that coherent averaging is possible at MHz OCT-speed without special interferometer designs or digital phase stabilization. We find, that in our system up to ∼100x coherent averaging is possible while achieving a sensitivity increase close to the ideal values. This corresponds to a speed reduction from 3.3 MHz to 33 kHz and a sensitivity gain of 20 dB. We show an imaging comparison between coherent and magnitude averaging of a human finger knuckle joint in vivo with 121dB sensitivity for the coherent case. Further, the benefits of computational downscaling in low sensitivity MHz-OCT systems are analyzed.

PERENCANAAN TATA LETAK FASILITAS PADA PRODUK TROLLEY

Layout is one of the most important things in a company in designing the needs and facilities that support a business and production process. The purpose of this study was to make a facility layout plan for the trolley assembly practicum at the Production and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang. The method used in this study uses the blocplan algorithm analysis method. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, making part drawings and operation process charts are used to obtain an accurate and unambiguous description of the geometric features of a component and obtain an overview of the plant layout requirements obtained based on the needs of raw materials, machines, and the efficiency of each operating process and examination, while activity relationship chart analysis, blocplan algorithm analysis and area allocation diagram analysis were used to determine a detailed description or layout template for factory facilities in the hope of optimizing productivity and reducing company losses.

An LDE-Aware g m /I D -Based Hybrid Sizing Method for Analog Integrated Circuits

Layout-dependent effects (LDEs) have become increasingly more important in the synthesis of analog integrated circuits. In this article, a two-phase hybrid sizing method for high-performance analog circuits is proposed. It consists of g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> / I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> -based device characterization, circuit modeling, sensitivity-based constraints for LDEs, mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) in the first phase, and many-objective evolutionary algorithm (many-OEA)-based sizing in the second phase. In the first phase, accurate device characterization is handled with little modeling effort thanks to the g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> / I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> design methodology. Then, the LDE parameters that are linked to the normalized dc current are further optimized with the aid of sensitivity analysis. Thus, a variety of electrical, geometrical, and LDE-related constraints can be conveniently integrated into modeling of the sizing problem. In the second phase, the many-OEA-based sizing refiner can further optimize the LDE parameters by using more detailed layout information via our proposed model. A new floorplan variation scheme is also applied to improve computation efficiency and enhance optimization effectiveness. The experimental results demonstrate high efficacy of our proposed methodology in LDE-aware analog sizing optimization.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PROJETO CONCEITUAL DE LAYOUT PARA UMA EMPRESA DE ARTEFATOS DE CONCRETO

Um Layout bem desenvolvido pode contribuir positivamente com os resultados das organizações principalmente no que diz respeito às questões de aumento de produtividade e otimização de espaço físico. Diante disso este artigo tem como objetivo geral desenvolver o projeto conceitual de um layout em uma empresa de Artefatos de Concreto, visando a melhor utilização do espaço fabril. Para isto são utilizadas ferramentas e técnicas de apoio para complementar a realização deste projeto. A sequência do projeto é definida de acordo com: definição das unidades de planejamento de espaços (UPE), resumo das UPE’s, diagrama de afinidades entre UPE’s, diagrama de configuração, realização de layouts , análises de movimentações de pessoas, materiais e informações para cada layout proposto e diagrama de uso de espaço para os layouts propostos, além da matriz de seleção das propostas de layout. Como resultado são apresentadas 3 propostas de layout que são avaliados através de critérios como movimentação de materiais, adequação do ambiente, custo e acessibilidade. Por fim um é selecionado para a continuação do projeto detalhado de layout a ser aplicado na organização.

Design of robust layout for unequal area dynamic facility layout problems with flexible bays structure

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model for the design of robust layout for unequal area-dynamic facility layout problem with flexible bay structure (UA-DFLP with FBS) and test the suitability of generated robust layout in a dynamic environment.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts formulation of a mathematical model for generating a single layout for unequal area facility layout problems with flexible bay structure under dynamic environment. The formulated model for the robust layout formation is solved by developing a simulated annealing algorithm. The proposed robust approach model for UA-DFLP with FBS is validated by conducting numerical experiments on standard UA-DFLPs reported in the literature. The suitability of the generated robust layout in a dynamic environment is tested with total penalty cost criteria.FindingsThe proposed model has given a better solution for some UA-DFLPs with FBS in comparison with the adaptive approach’s solution reported in the literature. The total penalty cost is within the specified limit given in the literature, for most of the layouts generated for UA-DFLPs with FBS. In the proposed model, there is no rearrangement of facilities in various periods of planning horizon and thus no disruptions in operations.Research limitations/implicationsThe present work has limitations that when the area and aspect ratio of the facilities are required to change from one period to another, then it is not possible to make application of the robust approach-based formulation to the dynamic environment facility layout problems.Practical implicationsRearrangement of facilities in adaptive approach disrupts the operations whereas in the proposed approach no disruption of production. The FBS approach is more suitable for layout planning where proper aisle structure is required. The solution of the proposed approach helps to create a proper aisle structure in the detailed layout plan. Thus, easy interaction of the material handling equipment, men and materials is possible.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a mathematical formulation for the design of robust layout for UA-FLPs with FBS in a dynamic environment and an efficient simulated annealing algorithm as its solution procedure. The proposed robust approach generates a single layout for the entire planning horizon. This approach is more useful for facilities which are difficult/sensitive to relocate in various periods of the planning horizon.

The Novel Coronavirus Outbreak, A risk of Pandemic and A Challenge to the World

Recently the outbreak of novel coronavirus-19 in China has caused a worldwide panic. The center of viral attack was the people in Wuhan city of China and then spread rapidly all over the world. This review aims to highlight the current issue of novel Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) to evaluate the present knowledge about human causalities its economic effects, and treatment. In this regard, a detailed layout of viral infections is discussed in the light of literature. The results of this review stated that the novel Coronavirus-19 infected humans with severe loss in days. This pandemic caused world recession by significantly hitting the world economy. Due to lacking any specific vaccine or antiviral therapies against this virus, it has affected 213 countries of the world. Currently, the severity of this viral disease is observed in the US and Europe. While in developing countries, a higher infection rate was reported in Iran, India, and Pakistan. This virus infected 16 million people around the world with 645,627 deaths. The quick discovery of drug treatment has become a global challenge for the response of the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective vaccine against nCoV-19 to control the spread of disease furthermore.

Individualized Apartment Accommodation for People With Intellectual Disability: Protocol for a Qualitative Study Examining the Well-Being and Support Outcomes Linking Housing and Health.

BackgroundUnderstanding the outcomes associated with both receiving and providing support to people with intellectual disability in specific settings can facilitate the alignment of health providers, community care providers, architects, and urban planners to strengthen levels of autonomy and community participation of people with intellectual disability living in the community. This study explores the impact of providing support (available 24 hours a day) for people with intellectual disability in a high-density apartment. It seeks the perspectives of people with intellectual disability who have moved into an apartment from a group home (where 4-6 people with disability live), their families, and support staff. It will enable comparison between two models of supported accommodation, group homes and individualized apartments, in a community setting.ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to explore the impact of an individualized apartment model of supported accommodation in a high-density setting on the well-being, autonomy, and participation of people with intellectual disability living and receiving support; the experience of providing care or support; and how this setting impacts the logistics of how quality support is provided.MethodsQualitative research methods were employed as the primary means of collecting and analyzing data. There are two main sources of data in this study: (1) semistructured interviews with participants in up to 3 waves (pre, post 1, and post 2) and (2) pre- and postoccupancy evaluation data on the design, layout, and location details of the built environments. Coded interview data will be paired with pre- and postoccupancy evaluations of the two accommodation settings.ResultsAs of May 2020, we have recruited 55 participants. There have been 96 interviews conducted in 2 waves with people who have moved into supported accommodation, families, and staff. Collected data are currently being analyzed. We expect the results of the trial to be published in a peer-reviewed journal in late 2020.ConclusionsThis paper sets out a study of an alternative housing and support model for people with intellectual disability. It will capture personal experiences of people with intellectual disability receiving support in an apartment compared to their experiences in a group home. It will also capture the experiences of support staff working in the new setting and reveal how this differs from a group home setting. The inclusion of pre (group home) and post (apartment integrated into a community setting) measures addresses evaluative and comparative questions around the nature and impacts of the small-scale apartment and support model for both those who live and receive support, and those who support them.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/18248

Plant Layout Optimization with Pipe Rack and Frames

Layout problem is a complex task that involves plenty of aspects of engineering design. A properly designed layout is able to allocate resources reasonably, increase the efficiency of production and operation, and respond to emergencies quickly. There are various levels of layouts, and the plant layout currently attracts the most attention. Previous researches on the plant layout have studied a lot on the facility arrangement manner but not detailed the complete plant layout with special inner structures such as frames or the in-plant pipe rack. Frames were defined in the previous work to allocate facilities into blocks, and they are found to be suitable for the pipe rack design. This paper does the follow-up work to design the in-plant pipe rack on the basis of frames. To reach a more practical result, a detailed plant layout is figured out. The positions of departments including frames and high facilities are optimized in the objective of minimizing the pipeline investment cost and material handling cost of cross-frame connections. Material handling points of these connections are specially concerned and pre-determined on the frames according to the frame internal layout. These points ensure the shortest length of internal connections. With the information above, the in-plant pipe rack can be properly designed. To ensure the practicality, plenty of regulations and considerations are applied. The width, floor number, and pipeline arrangement manner of the pipe rack are obtained. The cost of the pipelines and the pipe rack are both calculated. In the case study, the chemical plant used in the previous work is studied, including four frames, seven high facilities and 90 cross-frame connections. Preceding frame results are used subsequently for the plant optimization and the pipe rack design. Comparisons are made between the optimized and original layouts. As a result, after the optimization, there are 44,442.83 $/y reduction in the pipeline related costs and 621.75 $/y reduction in the pipe rack investment, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Static properties and stability of segmentally prestressed cylindrical reticulated mega-structures

A new type of segmentally prestressed cylindrical reticulated mega-structure is proposed. The mechanism and detailed layout of the segmental cable-strut system are presented. The static properties and stability of the structure are analyzed and compared with those of the structure without cable-strut system. The reasonable ranges of key arrangement parameters for the segmental cable-strut system are obtained, including the rise-to-span ratio, length and distribution of the strut, and pretension degree and distribution of the cable. In addition, the effects of member buckling on the global stability of the structure and its propagation rule are investigated. On this basis, the substitution of buckling-resistant members for buckling members is proposed, and the improvement effect on the global structural stability is further discussed. The results indicate that the introduction of the segmental cable-strut system can effectively improve the static properties and stability of the reticulated mega-structure. Member buckling has a significant adverse effect on the global structural stability, and thus their interaction should be considered in the stability analysis of the structure. Member buckling initially occurs in the lower chord members near the supports in the middle of the structure, and subsequently propagates to both ends of the structure along the longitudinal direction and toward the supports along the transverse direction at the same time. Additionally, substituting buckling-resistant members for the lower chord members within about 1/6 of the arc length of each latticed arch close to supports is an effective measure for improving global stability.

A framework for evaluating county-level non-point source pollution: Joint use of monitoring and model assessment

It is believed that non-point source (NPS) pollution threatens the regional environment. Because of the disconnection between the hydrological scale and the administrative scale of implementing feasible management policies in existing research, watershed-based management measures have limited application in current NPS control. In this study, a framework for county-level monitoring and evaluation is proposed, which contains a cascade monitoring scheme and an adaptable assessment scheme. The cascade monitoring scheme is based on the principle of “pollution source-transport pathways-receiving waters” layout method and the adaptable assessment scheme makes full use of monitoring data in the model. A set of processes was designed to monitor and assess county-level NPS pollution, from the initial step of county basic situation investigations to the final step of NPS pollution assessment. Two schemes are included in the process to improve the feasibility of the results. Here, the importance of the joint use of monitoring and simulation for environmental policy and management is stressed, and focus is on the characteristics of administrative boundaries. A case study involving Nanle County is presented, and a detailed layout scheme and the assessment results are given in this paper.

TheGazette, theTatler, and the Making of the Periodical Essay: Form and Genre in Eighteenth-Century News

The<i>Gazette</i>, the<i>Tatler</i>, and the Making of the Periodical Essay: Form and Genre in Eighteenth-Century News

FEM Based Preliminary Design Optimization in Case of Large Power Transformers

Since large power transformers are custom-made, and their design process is a labor-intensive task, their design process is split into different parts. In tendering, the price calculation is based on the preliminary design of the transformer. Due to the complexity of this task, it belongs to the most general branch of discrete, non-linear mathematical optimization problems. Most of the published algorithms are using a copper filling factor based winding model to calculate the main dimensions of the transformer during this first, preliminary design step. Therefore, these cost optimization methods are not considering the detailed winding layout and the conductor dimensions. However, the knowledge of the exact conductor dimensions is essential to calculate the thermal behaviour of the windings and make a more accurate stray loss calculation. The paper presents a novel, evolutionary algorithm-based transformer optimization method which can determine the optimal conductor shape for the windings during this examined preliminary design stage. The accuracy of the presented FEM method was tested on an existing transformer design. Then the results of the proposed optimization method have been compared with a validated transformer design optimization algorithm.

The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Thermal Characteristic of a Lithium–ion Battery

To draw reliable conclusions about the thermal characteristic of or a preferential cooling strategy for a lithium–ion battery, the correct set of thermal input parameters and a detailed battery layout is crucial. In our previous work, an electrochemical model for a commercially-available, 40 Ah prismatic lithium–ion battery was validated under heuristic temperature dependence. In this work the validated electrochemical model is coupled to a spatially resolved, three dimensional (3D), thermal model of the same battery to evaluate the thermal characteristics, i.e., thermal barriers and preferential heat rejection patterns, within common environment layouts. We discuss to which extent the knowledge of the batteries’ interior layout can be constructively used for the design of an exterior battery thermal management. It is found from the study results that: (1) Increasing the current rate without considering an increased heat removal flux at natural convection at higher temperatures will lead to increased model deviations; (2) Centralized fan air-cooling within a climate chamber in a multi cell test arrangement can lead to significantly different thermal characteristics at each battery cell; (3) Increasing the interfacial surface area, at which preferential battery interior and exterior heat rejection match, can significantly lower the temperature rise and inhomogeneity within the electrode stack and increase the batteries’ lifespan.

ПРАВОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЦИВІЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЇ ОХОРОНИ АВТОРСЬКОГО ПРАВА І СУМІЖНИХ ПРАВ В РЕСПУБЛІЦІ ПОЛЬЩА, СУТТЄВІ ВІДМІННОСТІ, НЕДОЛІКИ, ПЕРЕВАГИ, В ПОРІВНЯННІ З ЗАКОНОДАВСТВОМ УКРАЇНИ

The formation of protection of copyright and related rights and legally protected interests is associated with a number of issues, both theoretical and methodological. One of the main problems of protection of copyright and related rights in Ukraine is the need to update the legislation in accordance with the development and trends of the modern world. Despite the large number of works devoted to the protection of copyright and related rights, it should be noted that in the legal literature, the legislation of Ukraine needs to be harmonized and actualized, updated in accordance with the realities of the modern world. The purpose of the article is to review and analyze the legislation of Ukraine, disadvantages, advantages and significant differences from the legislation in this field of the Republic of Poland, which are formed according to certain criteria in the doctrine of civil law, directions and approaches to the definition of the concept of legally protected interests and civil rights protection, description of their heterogeneous and homogeneous character to develop an integral view on the ways of understand this concept and their classification, as well as to set out the own vision concerning the optimal methodological basis for defining the concept of protection of civil rights and legally protected interests. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem outlined by us was in the focus of attention of both Polish and some Ukrainian scientists, in particular: S. Golaba, P. Dabrouski, G. Dovhan, F. Zola and others. Previously unresolved issues. Despite the widespread cases of copyright and related rights violation in the information society, the latest legal instruments of foreign countries in this area have not been properly researched. Taking into consideration that the current system in Ukraine is not flexible enough and does not provide an adequate level of copyright and related rights protection, the implementation of the latest legal approaches is vital. The Civil Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the CC of Ukraine) in the book 4 “Intellectual Property Law” (Articles 418 - 470) regulates relations arising in the field of creation of cultural and scientific values and use of such intellectual property. In particular, copyright and related rights are regulated by the following chapters 35-37 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. According to scholars, one of the advantages of this document is the placement of the above-mentioned book of the Civil Code of Ukraine immediately after the third, which determines the legal side of the rights of property and other related rights. Thus, “the legislator equated the right of intellectual property to the right of ownership of things.” This further strengthens the material role of information, as well as a kind of intellectual product that contains it, in the existence of a digital society. In contrast to the analyzed Ukrainian law in the field of copyright and related rights, in which, we recall, all relations in the field of copyright and related rights are regulated by 53 articles, the Law of the Republic of Poland “About Copyright and Related Rights” from 01.04.2004 consists of 15 sections. However, despite such a detailed layout in comparison with the Ukrainian legislation in this field, which contains only six general sections, it is difficult to say that Polish law is easy to use. For example, there is no separate article that would define all the terms (analog is the Article 1 of Ukrainian law), and therefore, these definitions have to be searched for within the law, such as “published work” and “distributed work” - in Art. 5, “introduction to circulation” - in Art. 51, “co-authors of an audiovisual work” - in Art. 69 and so on. But even this list is too small in comparison with the definitions given in the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights” from 23.12.1993, so when resolving some controversial issues or, if necessary, clarifying how to comply with certain clauses of Polish law and what exactly falls under these clauses, every time it should be taken into consideration other regulations of the Republic of Poland. The own position on the problems of legal regulation of copyright and related rights is formed, as well the ways for further development of civil and law relations about copyright protection in Ukraine are determined. The Law of the Republic of Poland “About Copyright and Related Rights” presupposes that, in addition to the exclusive right to use the publication as a whole, the producer or publisher has the right to a title. Such clauses of Polish law seem useful for improving the legislation of Ukraine and the development of copyright law theory. Disadvantages in the legal regulation of official works were also revealed.

Environmental characteristics and management challenges of brackishwater fish ponds in Cirebon Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia: a fine-scale GIS Approach

This study presents a fine-scale Geographic Information System (GIS) method to explore existing environmental and farm management constraints at extensive brackish water aquaculture ponds located in Losari District, Cirebon Regency, and West Java Province. The sampling method followed a detailed survey method, employing high-resolution satellite imagery of worldview-2 and GIS. Detailed pond unit and layout canal maps were used to guide soil and water sampling, measurement of land elevation and tide observation. The result showed that the existing pond canals were not able to supply 4,800,000 m3 daily required quantity of culture water for the total 2,360 ha pond area due to high sedimentation at the mouth and along the canals. The result of spatial analysis of soil and water variables also indicated that, despite generally good soil and water quality, some existing environmental variables could potentially limit the productivity and sustainability of the existing brackishwater ponds. The soil variables such as phosphate (PO4-P) content (79.16 ± 28.34 mg / L) exceeded the optimum standard value of 35-46 mg/L, whilst total nitrogen (Total-N) content (0.07 ± 0.025 %) was lower than the optimum value of > 0.2%, for brackishwater aquaculture. Water quality variables comprising (NO2-N), total ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) were also identified as limiting factors. Without a significant improvement in pond engineering and better understanding and management of existing environmental limiting factors, the increase in productivity and the sustainability of brackishwater fish ponds in the region seem almost impossible.

4-2-4 Laminate hotspot identification and joule heating effect assessment via thermoelectrical simulation

Abstract Laminates or sequential build-up (SBU) laminate comprised of dielectric materials, metal traces, and metal vias not only serve as the mechanical support for the silicon integrated circuits (ICs), but also electrically connect ICs to ball grid array (BGA); by way of an embedded power delivery structure. Electrical current required to power the ICs is carried through spatially distributed metal traces and vias. The non-uniformity in the power distribution may induce hotspots due to parasitic Ohmic heating; especially in regions with high current density. Electrical packaging engineers need effective tools to identify, quantify, and mitigate hot spots in the laminate. Thermoelectrical multiphysical simulation provides a robust platform integrating the electrical, and thermal analyses for the study of joule heating in a complex design. Conventional simulations simplify detailed laminate wiring layout as a single planar with effective orthogonal material properties. Such simplification provides a solution to the inherent simulation challenges encountered with a complex design (i.e. tiny characteristic lengths, high aspect ratios, excessive computational time and resources). However, simplification comes with a price. Information required to optimize the detail trace and via wiring physical design is unavailable in a solution incorporating an effective laminate; laminate joule heating as well as non-uniform trace wiring are left out. The laminate temperature profile is averaged based on effective material properties. Without accurate joule heating evaluation, the hotspots cannot be identified or quantified. Overheating inside the laminate compromises signal speed and integrity, raises reliability concerns, and may even trigger catastrophic damage of dielectric material breakdown. This work introduces an iterative approach integrating the detailed laminate electrical computer aided design (ECAD) and package design to simulate the joule heating with minimum simplification. The iterative loop enables constant update of temperature (thru thermal simulation platform) and power distribution (thru electrical simulation platform) in each trace layer and via. An accurate temperature dependent Joule Heating assessment is achieved upon convergence. The solution captures the dependence on temperature of the material properties and of the Joule heating itself. The package level structure including an IC with a power map is incorporated to simulate in-situ package operating condition. After thorough investigation and analyses of laminate joule heating phenomena under different conditions, a predictive curve for maximum temperature rise percentage has been proposed to guide laminate wiring layout physical design and optimization. A ratio exceeding 4–5% joule heating to IC power is recommended as the check point for simulation to assess laminate overheating issues with detailed trace layout information.