Detailed Engineering Research Articles

Comparison of UAV Drone and Online Terrain Model for Railway Route Planning

This research tried to compare Digital Elevation Model (DEM) results from UAV Drone Survey with online DEM with a study case a railway route planning from Semarang to Demak in Central Jawa. The terrain model was resulted by Agisoft Metashape software and was compared to DEM from GoogleEarth, BING, SRTM, ASTERGDEM and DEMNAS by using Global Mapper sofware. The comparison was conducted by generating contour drawing for each model, along with graphical and statistical analysis. The results shown that the DEM Model from UAV Drone Survey result can meet the standard accurcy needed. The result of comparison from other the online DEM resulted that DEMNAS and ASTER GDEM have the stronges correlation among other DEM resources. The finding suggested for a carefull consideration to use open source DEM Data for perelyminary design odr Detail Engineering Design, especially for railway infrastructure project.

GEOSPATIALLY ENABLED AIRBORNE RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEMS: DESIGN, CALIBRATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Abstract. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been responsible for enabling The United States rapid responders during the hurricane season. Over decades of experience in enabling Rapid Response nationwide resulted in NOAA identifying the detailed engineering requirements for designing the next generation geospatially enabled airborne rapid response systems for aerial survey image capture, georeferencing, and high precision mapping. This paper is focused on presenting the state of the art, new trends, and the performance analysis of NOAA’s DSS version 6 for Rapid Response which development and testing took place in 2020/2021.

Experimental investigation to assess the efficacy of gasoline surrogates with engine testing

The formulation of effective gasoline surrogates is a challenging task due to advanced combustion strategies, engine design and variable operating conditions in spark-ignition engines. In earlier studies, the gasoline surrogates with iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene blends were designed to closely match the commercial gasoline fuels based on their laminar burning velocity variation and ignition delay time measurements. A new approach of proposing the next generation gasoline surrogates is investigated in the present study with direct testing of these surrogates in a real SI engine. The present study helps in assessing the efficacy of proposed gasoline surrogates in a real engine. The combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of proposed gasoline surrogates are compared with the commercially available gasoline fuels. A total of 10 (named A to F) surrogates were investigated with variable percentage of iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene. All the tested surrogates were successfully tested in a multi-cylinder engine. The result shows that, SF and SG are suitable to reproduce the combustion and emission characteristics of commercially available gasolines during detailed engine testing. It is observed that surrogate F and G results are more aligned with the commercial gasoline fuels thus representing the commercial gasoline more closely and can use further for validation and modeling of IC engines through the application of detailed kinetic models. However, a significant change was observed for other tested surrogates.

Geological and geotechnical investigations for the Salang highway, Afghanistan

The present road over the Hindu Kush Mountain Range via the Salang Pass (termed the Salang Corridor) links the south of Afghanistan, including the capital Kabul, with northern Afghanistan and Central Asia. It is the only route that allows year-round north–south passage of goods and people across the mountain range. However, the present road has suffered years of neglect and is now in a state of serious disrepair. In 2012, the United States Agency for International Development completed a study examining potential alternative routes. Three routes were selected for in-depth study and detailed engineering design. In mid-2017 SMEC International Pty Ltd were appointed to carry out a feasibility study to recommend the most suitable of the three routes and to then carry out a detailed design of the chosen route. This paper outlines the geological and geotechnical studies carried out during the project with a focus on investigations for the detailed design phase, and presents the geotechnical design recommendations arising from those investigations. This paper also explains the difficulties involved in carrying out the investigations including security issues, harsh weather conditions, and maintaining effective communication between the project team both in Afghanistan and around the globe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preliminary Structural Design and Analysis of the Horizontal Cold Box for CFETR 25 kW@4.5 K Helium Refrigerator

The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor cryogenic system mainly provides necessary supercritical helium for cooling superconducting coils and structure to transfer the static thermal load and the dynamic thermal load generated during plasma operation mode. According to the conceptual design of CFETR cryogenic system, the cooling capacity at 4.5 K is about 125 kW, with five 25 kW@4.5 K helium refrigerators in parallel. As one of the main components, a horizontal cold box provides a vacuum and insulating working environment for plate-fin heat exchangers, turbines, adsorbers, control valves and pipes. This paper presents a preliminary structural design for the 25 kW@4.5 K helium refrigerator horizontal cold box. The structural strength and static heat leakage of the cold box including support seats are analyzed through the finite element simulation method. The simulation results further verify the rationality and feasibility of the cold box structure design, and provide a certain reference for the subsequent detailed engineering design.

Metoda projektiranja i inženjerska primjena posmičnih zidova s tarnim prigušivačem seizmičke energije

At present, the target of seismic strengthening is to gradually work towards the objective of being able to quickly restore function, and even replace function after an earthquake. In addition, the foot of reinforced concrete shear walls is easily damaged in shear wall structures. If a damper is set in this part, it can ensure the normal stiffness and energy consumption function of the shear wall, and it can be easily and conveniently replaced after an earthquake at a low cost, which is an important measure to realize recoverable functional cities. Therefore, a new type of friction energy dissipation damper has been designed. First, the components of the damper are described, and the design process, including the base placement area, bolt hole length, and initial slip force, is theoretically analysed. Then, on the basis of a shear wall test, SAP2000 is used to analyse and verify correctness of the model. Furthermore, the dampers are placed in the corner of the shear wall for remodelling. Considering different bolt hole lengths, the hysteretic performance, bearing capacity attenuation, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity of the model are compared and analysed. The results show that the friction energy dissipation damper can improve the energy dissipation capacity and delay the stiffness degradation and bearing capacity attenuation of the structure. This study provides a theoretical basis for a more detailed engineering design and application.

A cyber–physical–social approach for engineering Functional Safety Requirements for automotive systems

Several approaches have been developed to assist automotive system manufacturers in designing safer vehicles by facilitating compliance with functional safety standards. However, most of these approaches either mainly focus on the technical aspects of automotive systems and ignore the social ones, or they provide inadequate analysis of such important aspects. To this end, we propose a model-based approach for modeling and analyzing the Functional Safety Requirements (FSR) for automotive systems, which considers both the technical and social aspects of such systems. This approach is based on both the ISO 26262 and ISO/PAS 21448 standards, and it proposes a detailed engineering methodology to assist designers while modeling and analyzing FSR. In particular, this approach proposes a UML profile for modeling the FSR of the automotive system starting from item definition until safety validation, and it offers constraints expressed in Object Constraint Language (OCL) to be used for the verification of FSR models. We demonstrated the applicability and usefulness of the approach relying on a realistic example from the automotive domain, and we also evaluated the usability and utility of the approach with potential end-users.

Mathematical Modeling & Engineering Design of Wastewater Treatment Unit for Al-Kut Gas Filling Company

New talented treatment method without chemicals and with minimum operational cost was performed to treat industrial waste water discharged by a hydrostatic test performed on the gas bottles maintenance workshops to reuse it. A common method by Tarleton and Wakeman was used to select the general treatment philosophy, The implementation of this study was carried out on three stages, water sample analysis, simulates the proposed preliminary design and detailed engineering designing for the first stage, a sample of waste water was brought from Al-Kut Gas Filling Company - maintenance section and tested for settling, aeration, and filtration. The experiments showed that the most of sediments were insoluble but rather than suspended in water and can be removed by settling. Furthermore, aeration test showed that concentrated Thiophene odor in water was removed at 50 C of water with diffused air bubbling. On the other hand, filtration of using 10 Micron filter paper was achieved to eliminate the rest of tiny sedimentation. Secondly, general dimension of equipment was calculated by engineering design equation according to qualitative and quantitative analyses of waste water. Accordingly, a set of experiments of simulation using ANSYS V19.0 and Eulerian – Eulerian as mathematical model were performed for the 3D two phase flow sedimentation tank with capacity of 5 m3/hr to find the optimum sedimentation performance by testing of the modifications on the tank geometry (baffle depth, distance between baffle and inlet, hooper). Simulation results showed that the optimum tank geometry (0.86 m Baffle depth with inclined part, 2.5m distance between baffle and inlet, hooper within V type geometry W=1.67m/0.29 m, D=1.03 m and tank dimension (L=10m, W=2.5, H=2.5 with slope angle = 2o) with 49.5 volume % in sediment layer with a minimum sediment layer height. 
 The third stage included an accomplishment of the Preliminary and detailed engineering design of the entire unit by SOLIDWORKS software to be ready for prototyping.

EU-DEMO design space exploration and design drivers

Once the high-level requirements for a fusion power plant are set, the expected performance of plant systems, including the plasma, must be defined and then the available design space for the plant can be explored in order to converge on a final overall plant operating point, setting the major plant parameters such as number of toroidal field (TF) coils, tokamak major radius, plant power flows etc. Such design space explorations are conducted using systems codes which contain simplified models for plant systems, and attempt to capture the interactions between them in order to balance performance trade-offs and enforce overall consistency. This paper summarizes the work carried out to identify the EU-DEMO baseline operating point and the underpinning assumptions about technology and physics performance. The major design choices are described and the principle drivers for the direction of conceptual development, resulting in the operating space for EU-DEMO, are identified. The final output of the systems code forms the basis for more detailed engineering and physics evaluation and design work.

Identifikasi Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Pelaksanaan Proyek Konstruksi Jalan di Kota Palu Berdasarkan Persepsi Konsultan

In the implementation of a road construction project in any form and anywhere will never avoid risk, both small risk and big risk. The larger the scale of a construction project, the greater the possibility of risks that will occur if these risks are not managed properly. The purpose of this study was to identify risks that affect the implementation of road construction projects based on the perceptions of the consultants. Primary data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires to consulting companies that have supervised the implementation of road construction. The data was processed using descriptive statistics, Relative Rank Index (RRI) and Correlation Analysis. The results showed that 5 dominant risks were identified that affected the implementation of road construction based on the consultant's perception, namely 1) Using inappropriate work methods would make work late (RRI = 0.896), 2) Wrong Planning Data of DED (Detail Engineering Design) that resulted in frequent design review (RRI = 0.880), (3) inefficient use of heavy equipment makes work productivity not achieved according to plan (RRI = 0.864), (4) limited field workers resulting in productivity cannot be maximized (RRI = 0.864, (5) maintenance affects the level of damage to heavy equipment (RRI = 0.824). The risk of using an inappropriate work methods would make the work late is strongly correlated with the risk of limited field workers resulting in productivity cannot be maximized, with a correlation value of 0.542.

Investigation by modelling of a plug-in hybrid electric commercial vehicle with diesel engine on WLTC

Commercial vehicles have different missions every day: urban or extra-urban itineraries, uphill and downhill roads, and different loads during their trips. Based on these requirements, the vehicle configuration has to enable an immediate traction switching, depending on the type of itinerary and conditions, in this way making an important innovation towards environmentally friendly mobility. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is considered as a valid solution to not only reduce dependence on costly oil fuels but also to cut the harmful emissions. In the last decade, the HEV technology has proven efficient outcomes with a better performance and lower emissions, compared to conventional light-duty vehicles. The paper presents a commercial hybrid electric vehicle with detailed diesel engine modelling. A computational analysis has been performed starting from the experimental activity at test bench carried out on the F1C 3.0 l diesel engine. Through ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) software, simulations of driving cycles have been performed, to evaluate consumption and emissions. In particular, the performances of the vehicle have been tested referring to the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC), which is a harmonized cycle valid for the homologation of the vehicle around the world. The goal is to analyze and compare parallel hybrid solutions respect to the conventional commercial diesel vehicle, and to quantify more specifically the amount of fuel saved. Moreover, two different control strategies of the hybrid vehicle have been tested: Charge Depleting (CD) and Charge Sustaining (CS) modes. Results from the comparative analysis confirm that hybrid solution represents a significant starting point for the vehicle's electrification. Simulation based on the analysis of a vehicle represents an efficient approach in designing the power traction, and the results of this methodology could offer a base to investigate systematically various design alternatives and to obtain in short time a reliable solution.

Studi Potensi dan Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro Di Bendung Simbang Kecamatan Doro Kabupaten Pekalongan

The impact of greenhouse gas emissions is getting higher due to the use of fossil energy to drive power plants. Efforts to replace it is to develop renewable energy that is popular in Indonesia is micro hydro technology. This study aims to determine the potential of water energy and plant planning at Simbang Weir in Pekalongan. The method used combines water flow measurements with floating techniques and uses geographic information provided by Google Earth. The result of this research is that the water discharge is measured at 3.67 m3/s with a height of 11 meters. The turbine design uses crossflow with a potential power of 280.11 kW. The detailed engineering design is described in full in this study.

The Role of Tectonic Discontinuities in Triggering Large Seismic Landslides

Abstract Rock landslides are generally controlled by a series of discontinuous interfaces formed by damage to complex structural rock masses that is related to folds, faults, and shear zones, which provide potential failure boundaries. Based on a detailed case study, the authors illustrate that structural damage not only affects the 3D boundaries of landslides but also significantly controls the initiation mode. In this paper, six large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) in the carbonate strata within two wings of an anticline are selected as examples. A detailed geological engineering investigation, rock mass testing, and rock mass quality assessment are performed. The results of the research show that landslides near the core of the anticline may be closely related to the geological strength index, while landslides far away from the core of the anticline are more likely to be controlled by the preexisting weak zone within the slope. In addition, the combination of structural planes and weak zones further determines the initiation mode. A comparison of earthquake-induced landslides with gravity-induced landslides reveals that strong earthquakes accelerate the process of geomorphic erosion by reducing the geological strength index (GSI) values of landslides. Finally, this study proposes that the damage to rock masses in complex tectonic environments is of great importance to assess the location, initiation mechanism, and mode of potential large-scale landslides caused by strong earthquakes.

Conceptual design of reciprocating probes and material-testing manipulator for tokamak COMPASS Upgrade

Three new in-vessel manipulators are designed and built for the new COMPASS Upgrade tokamak with uniquely high vessel temperature (250–500 °C) and heat flux density (perpendicular to divertor surface q ⊥ ∼ 80 MW/m2 and q ∥ ∼ GW/m2 at separatrix), which challenges the edge plasma diagnostics. Here we show their detailed engineering designs supported by heat conduction and mechanical models. Deep reciprocation of electrostatic probes near the separatrix should be possible by optimizing older concepts in (a) the head and probe geometry, (b) strongly increasing the deceleration up to 100× gravity by springs and strengthening the manipulator mechanical structure. One reciprocates close to the region of edge plasma influx (the outer midplane), the other at the plasma sink (between the outer divertor strike point and X-point), for studying the plasma divertor (impurity-seeded) detachment and liquid metal vapor transport. Both probe heads are equipped with a set of ball-pen and Langmuir probes, measuring reliably and extremely fast (10−6 s) local (1 mm resolution) plasma potential, density, electron temperature and heat flux and even ion temperature with 10−5 s resolution. The divertor manipulator (without reciprocation) will place various material test targets at the outer divertor. Unique will be its capability to increase 15× the surface heat flux with respect to the surrounding tungsten tiles just by controllable surface inclination of the test targets. We plan to test liquid metal targets where such inclined surface was found critical to achieve the desired mode with lithium vapor shielding. Even in the conservative expected performance of COMPASS Upgrade, we predict to reach and survive the EU DEMO relevant heat fluxes.

Floodplain evolution and its influence on liquefaction clustering: The case study of March 2021 Thessaly, Greece, seismic sequence

The March 2021 Thessaly, Central Greece, seismic sequence characterized by an Mw = 6.3 mainshock and five Mw > 5.0 aftershocks triggered extensive liquefaction in the floodplain of the Piniada Valley and localized phenomena along the riverbanks of the Titarissios River. In order to document these secondary effects, we carried out immediate post event surveys based on remote sensing techniques and field-based reconnaissance. The initial desktop-based approach succeeded in delineating in advance the extensive liquefaction surface manifestations and in saving time for the subsequent field survey. The field work was performed with ground-based surveys, and UAV aerial campaigns. The longest reported linear liquefaction feature was 26.7 m, while the total sand blow covered an area of 0.0325 km2. Over one of the liquefaction manifestations, we performed parallel 2D electrical resistivity tomography profiles in order to reconstruct the subsoil stratigraphy. The produced 3D resistivity model successfully detects and illustrates the subsurface disruption following the generation of liquefaction. From the comparison between the spatial distribution of liquefaction phenomena and the geomorphological conditions in the area, the direct influence of the historical evolution of Pinios River in clustering liquefaction phenomena was highlighted. Thus, it is confirmed that a detailed investigation of the historical and late Holocene evolution of a floodplain i.e., location of ox-bow lakes, meanders and former river channels, can identify sites prone to liquefaction. This could result in a reduction of the area where detailed engineering geology investigations (e.g., boreholes with in-situ tests) are required for the evaluation of the liquefaction hazard.

Database Programming Technology Based on Computer Software Engineering

Based on practical application, this paper further discusses the database programming technology in computer software engineering. Computer technology has developed to a certain extent and is still active in various fields. However, because the demand for computers in various industries and the requirements for technical performance are different, software engineers are required to develop software systems suitable for enterprises according to their own production characteristics. Because the efficiency and quality of computer software can not reach at present, the programming technology level of database may have a certain impact on the software system.In order for database programming technology to play a full role in various fields, it is necessary to increase investment in database programming technology.This paper analyzes the database technology of computer software engineering in detail. In the process of establishing the actual database programming system, we make full use of the file creation and file access of the database to improve the database programming technology in the current computer software engineering, and then improve the stability of computer software. This paper analyzes computer software engineering, summarizes database programming program, fully realizes the application value of program technology in actual production, and combines database programming technology with the design of computer software engineering project, so as to promote the continuous innovation and development of computer software technology in China.

Racemization-free and scalable amidation of l-proline in organic media using ammonia and a biocatalyst only

This work describes the biocatalytic amidation of l-proline with ammonia, resulting in a process with optimized atom efficiency giving prolinamide in an optically pure form (ee >99%). Detailed enzyme and reaction engineering studies are provided.

ДЕФОРМАЦІЙНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ МІОЦЕНОВИХ ГЛИН ОКОЛИЦЬ ЛЬВОВА (ЗА ПОКАЗНИКАМИ НАБРЯКАННЯ ТА ЗСІДАННЯ)

The results of experimental studies of the composition, physical properties and processes of swelling and shrinkage of Kosiv clays in the outskirts of Lviv are considered. The clays of the Kosiv suit occupy large areas in the Lviv city. They extend in the form of an almost continuous cover 3–5 km wide from the southeast of Zelena-street to the northwest of the village Riasna-Ruska. The total area occupied by clays exceeds 50 km2. The clay layer is covered by an almost continuous mantle with a thickness of 6– 10 m of degraded loess and other genetic types of sediments and is below the groundwater level, so their natural humidity does not change for a long time. The thickness of clays varies from 1–3 to 20–25 m. In some areas, in particular within the Lewandiwsky ledge of the Lviv plateau (Subotivska, Olesnytskoho, Syayvo streets, etc.), on the south-western outskirts of the plateau (Obroshyno village) and on the south-eastern slopes of Roztocze (Kleparivska street in Lviv, village of Vidnyky) they lie directly under the soil-vegetative layer or lowpower layer of man-made soil, in the aeration zone, directly are the subsoil of the foundations and have the ability to swell and shrink. Studies have shown that the mineralogical composition of the clay component contains 18.6 % montmorillonite, 35.1 % quartz, 17.5 % hydromica and 28.8 % feldspar. The particle size distribution of the soil is dominated by parts smaller than 0.01 mm. Clays have a firm consistency, low natural humidity and density. With additional moisture, they swell, and when moisture is lost, they shrink. The absolute value of the index of free-swell (sw) of the soil when it is moistened reaches 0.058, which gives reason to classify the soil as weakly swollen. The value of the swelling pressure is on average 0.48 MPa. The maximum linear shrinkage is 11 %, and volumetric – 18 %. The obtained data show that the Miocene clays (Kosiv suit) of the outskirts of Lviv are characterized by the ability to swell and shrink when their humidity changes and require detailed engineering and geological studies and a number of special measures to ensure the stability of buildings and constructions.

Design and analysis of an electric bike chassis

Development of any vehicle, be it a two wheeler or a four wheeler, is a complex and detailed engineering process. For its progress, designers have to prepare concept sketches on 2D platforms (on sheets and graphic tablets), model them on 3D softwares and carry out a bunch of simulations and tests on various computer aided engineering softwares. The aim of this paper is to design and analyze an electric bike chassis and hence prove its stability by performing static structural test. Solidworks was used for modeling the chassis and ANSYS was utilized to analyze it. The frame presented in this study is an original concept and dissimilar to the conventional IC engine chassis. Aspects like the weight of the chassis, its strength, rigidness, and storage space available to the consumer were considered while designing it. Initially, three different frames were modeled and after brainstorming session with experts, the best one out of the three was finalized considering all the above mentioned parameters in mind. In total, four materials were applied on the skeleton for its analysis. These included carbon steel AISI 1018, alloy steel AISI 4130, aluminum alloy 2018, and aluminum alloy AISI 7068 T6. The simulations were completed in true scale. Later on the results were compared and the deformations were thoroughly revised by the team. Considering the cost, weight and the final results of the deformations, the best material was picked up.

STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION OF COVID-19 CONTROL POLICIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ULEE LHEUE PORT MANAGEMENT, BANDA ACEH CITY, ACEH PROVINCE

Reliable transportation services can be achieved by optimizing the utilization of transportation facilities and infrastructure as well as operational aspects. Limited resources in management is a challenge that can be overcome with several strategies, one of which is through the cooperation of the parties. This study aims to analyze the strategy for implementing the Covid-19 control policy in the management of the Ulee Lheue port in Banda Aceh. This research is survey research with a qualitative approach, using SWOT. The sample in this study amounted to 15 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the SWOT analysis at the Ulee Lheue ferry port obtained strength in infrastructure, land resources, and departure information. In terms of opportunities, it is found that the rate of population growth, routes to Sabang, the tourism sector and markets are not limited. For threats, namely the pandemic problem that has not ended, so that business activities related to ports may be reduced. There are many obstacles that check point officers face when carrying out checks at the border. Catching people entering Aceh's Ulee Lheu Port requires a different strategy. Inspection needs to adjust to the availability of check point infrastructure, personnel, and traffic conditions in the area itself. Sea/Port transportation controls are carried out to reduce interactions, travel restrictions, and gathering of people in crowded places because the most worrying means of spreading the virus are transportation, especially public transport. Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest to the Management of the Ulee Lheue port in Banda Aceh to be able to improve the physical/infrastructure improvements on a regular basis by utilizing the initial investment and also annual cash inflow from the pattern of business cooperation with other parties, if the budget is against the Detailed Engineering Design (DED) that is it is not yet certain when it will be implemented.