Detailed 3D Finite Element Model Research Articles

Numerical simulation of fabric cold pad-batch winding and quality assessment of fabric in roll

Proper fabric winding quality is crucial for achieving desired finishing effects in cold pad-batch dyeing. In this work, a detailed 3D finite element model and assessment criteria were established to analyze the influences of winding pattern, pick-up, and tension function on fabric winding quality, revealed the complex relationship between winding process and fabric roll shape. Material viscoelasticity’s time-dependent effects on stress distribution were considered. Results show that employing a following roller effectively suppresses tangential creases and axial streaks but increases seam imprints and reduces fabric roundness. Increasing pick-up improves winding quality by reducing creases, streaks, and compression deformations. However, it also elevates internal radial stress, hindering control over seam imprints. Winding with variable tension, conicity coefficient α and power index i have significant impacts on coiling quality. In addition, increasing α or decreasing i effectively enhances winding quality, with the power function performing better in tension adjustment and overall winding quality.

Experimental and numerical study of grooved gusset plate damper for cross-braced frames

An innovative grooved gusset plate damper (GGPD) is further developed in this study by conducting cyclic tests and numerical analysis. The proposed damper is installed in X-Concentrically Braced Frames (X-CBFs) for enhancing the seismic performance and energy dissipation of such a system. To investigate the performance characteristics of the system, three 2/3-scale specimens are constructed that are different only in the details of the damper. The damper consists of a gusset plate in which a number of slits are cut around the diagonal braces. The steel between the slits undergoes large plastic deformations under in-plane double curvature, which provides a good level of ductility and energy dissipation. Low cycle fatigue is observed at drift ratios over 1.5% in the first specimen. Thickness of the middle part of the gusset plate is increased in the third specimen as a remedy which turns out to be successful to postpone degradation of stiffness and strength to the drift ratios larger than 3%. Furthermore, a detailed nonlinear 3D finite element model is developed and validated against the results of laboratory tests. The nonlinear finite element model is shown to be successful in predicting failure and fracture due to low cycle fatigue and showing the superiority of the modified specimens in preserving the stable shapes of the hysteresis loops and the cyclic energy dissipation.

Strategic Placement of Accelerometers for Structural Health Monitoring of a Complex Unreinforced Stone Masonry Hindu Mandir

ABSTRACT The BAPS Hindu Mandir, recently constructed in Abu Dhabi, UAE, is a complex unreinforced stone masonry structure built from thousands of sculpted sandstone and marble pieces employing ancient Indian techniques called Shilp Shastra. The entire structure is substantially large with a footprint size of 5,100 m 2 and unique so that it is not covered by modern seismic design standards. Its performance was verified by conducting dynamic field tests presented herein. The most vulnerable substructure was identified based on both engineering judgement and modal analysis of the entire structure employing a detailed 3D finite element model, which was validated via the field experiments. A “local” model was developed for the identified vulnerable substructure which significantly reduced model complexity and allowed to overcome computational limitations. Based on the response of the local model, the relative importance of the sensor locations was determined via a Displacement Index method in addition to a reduction of the total variance of spectral accelerations using conditional probability theory. Through this approach, a methodology for selecting the optimal sensor placement with application on the complex unreinforced stone masonry Hindu Mandir is proposed.

Segmented layered bistable piezoelectric laminates for enhanced energy harvesting from wind‐induced vibration

AbstractIn this study, a segmented layered bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (SBPEH) has been developed and thoroughly investigated for its wind energy harvesting capabilities. The SBPEH's performance was comprehensively evaluated through the creation of a detailed 3D finite element model using Abaqus and XFlow software, and further validated via rigorous wind tunnel experiments. The results of this research demonstrate the SBPEH's remarkable potential for wind energy harvesting. With a wide operational wind speed range, it achieved a maximum measured power output of 5.476 mW, coupled with an outstanding power density of 68.45 mW/cm3, both of which were realized at a wind speed of 13 m/s. It is worth noting that as the wind speed surpasses a specific threshold, the energy harvesting efficiency of the SBPEH experiences a decline, emphasizing the importance of identifying the optimal operational wind speed range for maximizing energy output. These findings offer valuable insights for the enhancement and application of SBPEHs, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies and providing an eco‐friendly solution for power generation.Highlights The study introduces a new segmented layered bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (SBPEH) design for wind energy harvesting, addressing the limitations of traditional harvesters. Performance is evaluated through 3D finite element modeling, ABAQUS, Xflow simulations, and wind tunnel experiments. The SBPEH operates efficiently across a broad wind speed range (6–14 m/s), showcasing optimal output power of 5.476 mW at 13 m/s.

Geometry Effects on Joint Strength and Failure Modes of Hybrid Aluminum-Composite Countersunk bolted Joints

This paper presents the effects of geometry parameters (width/hole diameter, and edge distance/hole diameter ratios) on the damage initiation and growth in the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite-aluminum countersunk bolted joints. Strain gauge measurements conducted with an Instron testing machine along with a detailed 3D finite element model incorporating geometric, material, and friction-based contact nonlinearities were used to investigate the geometry parameters on the Progressive Damage Analysis (PDA) of the orthotropic material model. The PDA material model integrates the lamina nonlinear shear deformation, Hashin-type failure criteria, and strain-based continuum degradation rules, using the UMAT user subroutine in the MSC Software Corporation Patran-Nastran commercial software. The results showed that the geometry effects on damage initiation and failure modes are quite accurately predicted by the PDA material model, which proved to be computationally efficient, and therefore can predict failure propagation and damage mechanisms. Plate geometry is an important parameter in the design process of an adequate bolted joint while its effects on damage initiation and failure modes were quite accurately predicted by the analysis. The latter proved to be computationally efficient, and could successfully predict failure propagation and damage mechanism in hybrid metal-composite countersunk bolted joints.

Impact of rainfall on the thermal performance of geothermal permeable pavement systems

Geothermal permeable pavement (GPP) systems are a nascent type of energy geo-structures. GPP combine ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems with permeable pavements to enable the additional functionality of heating and cooling, through energy harvesting using roads alongside existing drainage controls. GPP thermal performance is relatively unknown, hence, this research focuses on the development of a detailed 3D finite element (FE) model that considers local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) for exploring the influence of rainfall infiltration on the thermal performance of GPPs. The 3D numerical model was successfully validated and was used to evaluate the short-term thermal response of GPPs during rainfall events in both cooling (summer) and heating (winter) demand conditions. Furthermore, the diurnal rainfall effects and the influence of raindrop temperature and rainfall duration on GPPs were also examined. Results show that rainfall can have significant impacts on the thermal performance of GPPs and the raindrop temperature is an important parameter in yield predictions. Compared to no-rainfall events, the GSHP system fluid temperature during rainfall can differ by up to 19% when in the cooling operation model (air conditioning) and 63% in heating mode. These results indicate the significantly better performance of GPPs than impervious geothermal pavements, depending on the climatic conditions and end-use.

Equivalent-oriented model for sandwich panels with ZPR accordion honeycomb

The core layer of accordion honeycomb sandwich panel (accordion HSP) exhibits exceptional affinity for one-dimensional curvature deformations due to its special zero Poisson’s ratio effect. This study thoroughly examines its static and dynamic characteristics by decomposing the analysis into unit-cell constitutive modeling and a two-dimensional equivalent-oriented model (2D-EOM) through the variational asymptotic method. The unit-cell constitutive modeling enables determining equivalent stiffness properties for the 2D-EOM. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed 2D-EOM, its results are compared against those obtained from a detailed 3D finite element model, including in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors of the core layer and sandwich panel, as well as free and random vibration under diverse excitation conditions. The comparison results demonstrate a significant three-fold increase in the equivalent stiffness of the accordion honeycomb in the direction of the added ligaments, as compared to the re-entrant honeycomb. Simultaneously, the acceleration amplitude of the accordion HSP is effectively reduced by 4% due to the involvement of lower high-order frequencies, rendering it exceptionally suited for shockproof meta-structural applications. This equivalent model not only fulfills accuracy requirements but also improves computational efficiency by 15 times, providing an effective approach for preliminary design of honeycomb sandwich panels.

Damage Identification of Railway Bridges through Temporal Autoregressive Modeling.

The damage identification of railway bridges poses a formidable challenge given the large variability in the environmental and operational conditions that such structures are subjected to along their lifespan. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel damage identification approach exploiting continuously extracted time series of autoregressive (AR) coefficients from strain data with moving train loads as highly sensitive damage features. Through a statistical pattern recognition algorithm involving data clustering and quality control charts, the proposed approach offers a set of sensor-level damage indicators with damage detection, quantification, and localization capabilities. The effectiveness of the developed approach is appraised through two case studies, involving a theoretical simply supported beam and a real-world in-operation railway bridge. The latter corresponds to the Mascarat Viaduct, a 20th century historical steel truss railway bridge that remains active in TRAM line 9 in the province of Alicante, Spain. A detailed 3D finite element model (FEM) of the viaduct was defined and experimentally validated. On this basis, an extensive synthetic dataset was constructed accounting for both environmental and operational conditions, as well as a variety of damage scenarios of increasing severity. Overall, the presented results and discussion evidence the superior performance of strain measurements over acceleration, offering great potential for unsupervised damage detection with full damage identification capabilities (detection, quantification, and localization).

Lateral Load Behavior of C-PSW/CFs Using Steel Members as Boundary Elements

Composite plate shear walls/concrete-filled (C-PSW/CFs), also known as SpeedCore systems, are a relatively new structural member in American codes and standards. Prior research has focused primarily on C-PSW/CF walls with either flange/closure plates or filled composite members as boundary elements. Walls without boundary elements have also been studied, but they are no longer permitted by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC 341-22). The reason is that composite walls without boundary elements do not provide adequate ductility for seismic design. This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies conducted to evaluate the cyclic lateral load behavior of C-PSW/CFs using hot-rolled structural steel members as boundary elements. The steel web plates of the C-PSW/CF specimens were connected to each other using threaded tie bars with double nut connections. Composite interaction between the steel and concrete infill was achieved using the tie bars and additional shear studs welded to the boundary elements. The composite walls were embedded and anchored to reinforced concrete foundation blocks using welded deformed bar anchors. The experimental investigations focused on the cyclic lateral load-drift responses including test observations and limit states, moment-rotation response of the plastic hinge and the section moment-curvature relationship, overall lateral stiffness, strength, and displacement ductility. The experimental results show that the specimens exceeded their nominal flexural capacities calculated using the plastic stress distribution method or fiber-based section modeling using measured material properties. The specimens had plastic hinge rotation capacity greater than 0.028 rad. and displacement ductility ratio greater than 5.2. Detailed 3D nonlinear inelastic finite element models and simpler fiber-based macro models of the tested specimens were developed and benchmarked using experimental results. The detailed 3D finite element models can reasonably simulate the global and local behavior of the specimens, and are recommended for conducting further parametric studies of composite wall design details. Simpler fiber-based macro models can efficiently simulate the cyclic lateral load behavior of the specimens, and are recommended for modeling C-PSW/CFs while simulating the behavior of multi-story building structures.

Investigation of bond behavior between waterborne epoxy-coated steel reinforcing bars (WECR) and concrete

Understanding the bond behavior of waterborne epoxy-coated steel reinforcing bars (WECR) and concrete is a prerequisite for its application in concrete structures. In this study, a total of forty-eight pull-out specimens were tested to investigate bond behavior between WECR and concrete. The failure modes and bond stress-slip relationships were analyzed and discussed in detail. The formula for the ultimate bond stress between WECR and concrete was obtained. The critical anchorage length of WECR was calculated by reliability analysis. Finally, the detailed 3D finite element model was established to simulate the effect of coating thickness on bonding behavior. The results showed that, compared with ordinary reinforcement, the ultimate bond stress between WECR and concrete decreased by about 10% and the slip increased by about 1 mm. The critical anchorage length of WECR was about 1.1 times that of ordinary reinforcement, and it was recommended to take 1.25 times in the structural design. The change in rib height and rib angle due to coating is the main reason that affects the bonding performance.

Old masonary tower analysis visual inspection, NDT, and macro-modeling

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a 106-year-old masonry tower to assess its response to gravitational forces and wind effects. Various techniques, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and finite element analysis (FEA), were employed in this study. Visual inspection played a vital role in evaluating the Tower’s exterior and interior components, aiming to detect signs of damage or wear at any level and comparing them to the analyzed model. Dimensioned and assembled drawings were utilized to create a detailed 3D finite element model, employing the Ansys Workbench's macro and homogeneous modeling techniques. Non-destructive testing was carried out on multiple structural parts of the tower, using techniques, such as the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, to gather the mechanical properties of the stone and brick masonry. These properties were incorporated into the finite element model to evaluate the Tower's structural responses during analysis. The tower's structural response under gravitational forces was determined using standard code regulations and guidelines, and stress and strain responses were compared to the actual structural morphology observed during the inspection. The highest stress was found in the stone elements between the connection of the dome and the drum on the second floor. Furthermore, the tower’s response to wind, including stress and deformation, was thoroughly examined at the same location, revealing the maximum response under gravity loading. This study pinpointed critical and weak areas that require retrofitting and strengthening using modern techniques to safeguard these monumental historical structures for future generations. The combined use of visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and finite element analysis proved to be an effective approach in assessing the response of the 106-year-old masonry tower to gravity loading and wind effects.

End diaphragm and interior cross frame modeling in steel tub girder superstructures

Composite steel tub girders are proven to be an economical choice for long span bridges. However, detailed analysis of such superstructures requires extensive Finite Element (FE) modeling that includes many internal and external diaphragms. This paper is an attempt to study diaphragms and interior cross frames in tub girders and present simplified FE modeling details for the tub girder superstructures under gravity and seismic loadings incorporating accurate end diaphragm and interior cross frame stiffness equations. The simplified model is applicable to design of new tub girder bridges as well as load rating, health monitoring and retrofitting of existing bridges which require more sophisticated models. To this end, first a parametric study using 18 different FE models was carried out to better understand the behavior of tub girder superstructure and its components such as end diaphragms, the composite concrete deck and interior cross frames. Second, the stiffness equations for the end diaphragms and interior cross frames were derived analytically. These were associated with equivalent beam elements, which were used in combination with girder/deck elements to arrive at the simplified model. The resultant FE modeling was validated against detailed 3D FE models under gravity and seismic loads as well as the fundamental modes of vibration. Results indicated that the modeling approach is able to efficiently simulate different component behaviors and estimate the static and dynamic demands on the girders with remarkable accuracy.

Development of a Detailed 3D Finite Element Model for a Lithium-Ion Battery Subject to Abuse Loading

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used as the main power source for Electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. The mechanical behavior of LIBs subject to crush loading is crucial in assessing and improving the impact safety of battery systems and EVs. In this work, a detailed 3D finite element model for a commercial vehicle battery was built, in order to better understand battery failure behavior under various loading conditions. The model included the major components of a prismatic battery jellyroll, i.e., cathodes, anodes, and separators. The models for these components were validated against the corresponding material coupon tests (e.g., tension and compression). Then the components were integrated into the cell level model for simulation of jellyroll loading and damage behavior under three types of compressive indenter loading: (1) Flat-end punch, (2) Hemispherical punch and (3) Round-edge wedge. The comparisons showed reasonable agreement between modeling and experiments. With the validated numerical model, parametric studies were further performed to analyze the effect of separator anisotropy, to highlight its important role in the overall structural response of LIBs.</div></div>

Efficient XFEM approach for the analysis of thin-walled beams

This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of thin-walled beams. The proposed model is developed by utilizing the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Global enrichment functions are added to a standard 3D Finite Element (FE) coarse mesh to enhance its performance and reduce the number of degrees of freedom. These analytical functions provide an approximate solution in the longitudinal direction of the beam. The resulting model bridges the gap between the Finite Prism Method (FPM), which provides an efficient approximation to beam bending with analytical functions but has also well-known limitations, and a detailed 3D FE model, which can accurately resolve thin-walled structures but is computationally demanding.Our method can be easily extended for beams with non-prismatic cross-sections (e.g., tapered beams) or with perforations, which makes it more general than other semi-analytical methods, such as the FPM. However, these extensions are not in the scope of this paper. Additionally, one can improve the solution by sectional and/or longitudinal mesh refinements.The performance of the model is investigated on two benchmark problems. The results show that the proposed method captures different global and sectional deformation modes of thin-walled beams when subjected to torsion, including shear-lag and distortion cross-section. Furthermore, convergence studies demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method as compared to the FPM, and a 3D FE model with a coarse mesh.

Sensitivity analysis methodology to identify the critical material properties that affect the open hole strength of composites

Aeronautical industries are concerned about generating efficient and cost-effective statistical design allowables of composite laminate responses. Within this framework of uncertainty quantification and management (UQ & M), accounting for the various uncertainties is crucial to calculate the design allowables which, in turn, adds confidence to the design and certification process. In this context, as a precursor to UQ & M, we establish a global sensitivity analysis framework to identify the material properties that influence the laminate responses. In this study, an open hole tensile (OHT) test configuration is considered. In a first step, sensitivity analysis based on an analytical model is performed using Sobol, FAST, and Morris methods, whereas in a second step, sensitivity analysis based on a detailed 3D finite element model (FEM) incorporating damage is performed using Morris. The paper compares different sensitivity approaches in terms of computational cost and results. Further, different case studies (varied notched hole sizes, width-to-diameter ratios, laminate stacking sequences, etc.) are performed to study how the sensitive parameters vary for different configurations. The study identified the Morris method, along with the selected hyper parameters, as being suitable for FEM based sensitivity analysis due to its low computational cost. Five material properties (out of 23) were identified as influencing the open hole laminate tensile strength. Using the FE simulations performed for the Morris analysis, a first estimation of the design allowables (A and B basis values) on the OHT strength is also presented. The results from this paper contribute to the next step of UQ&M, where only the identified sensitive material properties can be considered for detailed experimental characterization or for building meta models to calculate the design allowables. A framework like this, complements experimental campaign to reduce the associated costs and knock-down factors, thus shortening the certification process.

Thermomechanical Analysis of a PFC Integrating W Lattice Armour in Response to Different Plasma Scenarios Predicted in the EU-DEMO Tokamak

Despite the high performance exhibited by tungsten (W), no material would be able to withstand the huge loads expected with extreme plasma transients in EU-DEMO and future reactors, where the installation of sacrificial first wall limiters is essential to prevent excessive wall degradation. The integration of W lattices in the architecture of such components can allow for meeting their conflictual requirements: indeed, they must ensure the effective exhaust of the nominal thermal load during stationary operation; when transients occur, they must thermally insulate and decouple the surface from the heat sink, promoting prompt vapour shielding formation. Starting from the optimised layouts highlighted in a previous study, in this work, a detailed 3D finite element model was developed to analyse in depth the influence of the actual features of the latticed metamaterial on the overall performance of the EU-DEMO limiter PFC on the basis of a flat tile configuration. Its main goal is to help in identifying the most promising layout as a preconceptual design for the fabrication of a small-scale mock-up. For this purpose, the complex geometry of a W-based lattice armour was faithfully reproduced in the model and analysed. This allowed for a detailed assessment of the thermally induced stresses that develop in the component because of the temperature field in response to a number of plasma scenarios—above all, normal operation and ramp down. Structural integrity was verified through the acceptance criteria established for ITER. The two optimised layouts proposed for the PFC were able to effectively meet the requirements under normal reactor operating conditions, while they missed some requirements in the ramp-down case. However, the first HHF tests will be performed in order to benchmark the analyses.

A universal and efficient equivalent modeling method for thermal analysis of 3D ICs containing tapered TSVs

As the preferred interconnect solution in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), through‑silicon vias (TSVs) have high-aspect-ratio features, which make the tapering effect inevitable. Although 3D integration brings many benefits, 3D ICs also face severe thermal management challenges due to their higher level of integration. And most of the existing thermal analysis methods are not suitable for 3D ICs with tapered TSVs. In this brief, a fast extraction method for equivalent thermal conductivity of 3D ICs was proposed. The validity of the proposed method was verified by comparison with previous experimental results and a detailed 3D finite element model. Furthermore, the method was also applied to the thermal analysis of a 3D IC model with six-layer of dies. Compared to the detailed model, the calculation time has been reduced by 88% based on the equivalent simplified model while providing well-matched accuracy (maximum temperature difference ≤ 1%). In addition, the effects of slope angle on heat transfer under different model parameters were investigated. The results demonstrated that the effect of the slope angle on the cross-plane equivalent thermal conductivity of the tapered TSVs chip was not negligible. On the contrary, the effect in in-plane direction could be omitted in some specific cases.

How does prestrain in the tympanic membrane affect middle-ear function? A finite-element model study in rabbit

Experiments have shown that prestrain exists in the rabbit tympanic membrane (TM), also in the absence of external loads. To date, it is unclear how prestrain influences the vibration response of the middle ear (ME). In this study, a detailed 3D finite-element model of the rabbit ME was constructed based on experimentally validated material properties. The model incorporates different degrees of prestrain in the TM and simulates the ME vibration response to sound as a linear harmonic perturbation around the prestressed reference state. To account for finite deformations associated with large prestrains, a framework was developed that iteratively updates the initial unstrained geometry until the prestrained geometry is in agreement with the given reference geometry. After validating the model using quasi-static and acoustic measurement data, it was shown that small levels of prestrain already have a substantial impact on the normal umbo and footplate response due to a phenomenon known as prestress stiffening. Although the approach is not preferable, it was possible to replicate the effect of prestrain in the normal ME by appropriately scaling the elastic moduli and damping factors in the base model. To evaluate the effect of possible changes in TM prestrain when the normal state of the ear is altered due to pathological modifications in the ME structure, we created a model with a perforation in the TM. It was shown that the change in vibration response after perforation is affected at low frequencies by a release of TM prestrain. In future studies, it may be necessary to incorporate prestrain in ME models to better understand the function of the diseased or reconstructed ME, which may be relevant for the development of reconstructive tissue grafts in the middle ear.

Failure characterization and meso-scale damage modeling of spot welds in hot-stamped automotive steels using a hardness-mapping approach

A meso-scale modeling approach is used to relate the local microstructural strength and fracture resistance to the macro-scale failure response of spot welds in hot-stamped ultra-high strength automotive steels. Two alloys, Usibor® 1500-AS and Ductibor® 1000-AS are considered, with a range of weld schedules and loading orientations, to promote a number of different failure modes. Detailed characterization of the microstructure and hardness variation occurring within the welded connections was performed. Tensile and V-bend tests were performed on tempered martensite samples with hardness levels similar to those observed in the HAZ in order to characterize the heat-affected zone (HAZ) properties. Local constitutive flow behaviour and fracture loci were developed for a range of material hardness values and were implemented in detailed 3D finite element models to predict damage progression, failure modes (pull-out versus interfacial), and load-displacement response of the spot welds under shear and normal loading. The results showed that the presence of a transient softened zone at the fusion boundary alters the failure mode and its location, which was accurately predicted by the meso-scale models. The models were able to predict the load-displacement responses with maximum relative error of 6.3 % for the measured peak load.

Double skin composite beams at Arctic low temperatures: Numerical and analytical studies

This paper focused on the developments of numerical and analytical models for double skin composite beams (DSCBs) subjected to low-temperature loadings. Firstly, ten two-point loading tests on DSCBs at varying low temperatures (T) were reported. Followed, a detailed 3D finite element model (FEM) based on ABAQUS was built for simulating ultimate strength behaviours of DSCBs at low temperatures. This FEM fully considered low-temperature influences on material properties, built detailed connector-concrete interactions, and material/geometry nonlinearities. Validations of FEM simulations by ten-test results confirmed the capabilities of the proposed FEM on simulating low-temperature structural behaviours of DSCBs. Parametric studies with 64 cases were performed with the validated FEM to make in-depth investigations on influences of T, steel-faceplate thickness (t), shear span ratio (λ), spacing of headed studs (S), and grade of concrete core (fc). The parametric studies showed that decreasing T from 20 to −80 has significantly improved the ultimate strength of DSCBs; varying shear span ratio (λ = 2.8–5.7) did not change the flexural failure mode of DSCBs; increasing fc marginally changed the ultimate strength behaviour of DSCBs. Corresponding discussions and considerations of these influencing parameters were also given. Analytical models were proposed for estimations of strength and stiffness of DSCBs under low-temperature loadings. Followed validations proved their successful predictions on the strength and stiffness of DSCBs under low-temperature loadings.