Soil Destruction Research Articles

Empirical Study of the Proper Handling of the Environment and the Possibility of Optimal use of Natural Economic Resources- Sulaymaniyah Governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The environment in its general sense is the middle or the spatial sphere in which the human being lives influential and affected. We know that human since he appeared on the surface of the earth as he tries hard to exploit the resources of his natural environment in one way or another to satisfy the basic needs and perfectionist and follower of this relationship over time and see it as a relationship is different and described dynamically. The relationship between human and the environment has changed with the appearance of the wise manwho has the ability to speak, build houses, manufacture machines and production tools, and organize group work. His role differed from other living organisms because of his production process, which in turn leads to the emergence of new relations between human and The environment, which increases and deepens as a result of its scientific and social development, is part of the environment that is affected and influenced but its impact has been more negative than positive, it is the unlimited exploitation of natural resources Dangerous drainof land resources is characterized by the intensive exploitation of natural resources, which causes these natural resources to be depleted and destroyed at rates that exceed the ability of nature to produce these resources, resulting in destruction of soil, water and air and destruction of biodiversity, animals and plants. Human depends on his environment and is closely linked to it. If this ligament was broken, the balance of human beings would be impaired, and their health and chronic pain and diseases would be affected. This will preserve the environment and preserve the environment for it and its generations. A non-random sample (72 observations) was selected from the University of Sulaymaniyah, which represent the sample of the research and used some statistical techniques to analyze the data. The results show that the relative importance of proper dealing with the environment was 89.89%. There are positive aspects and some aspects of deficiencies. The relative importance of optimum utilization of natural resources and its role in protecting the environment from pollution in general was 87.25% Positive aspects of optimization of resources and some aspects of deficiencies too

EXPERIENCE OF FIXING A WEAK BASE FOUNDATION BY VERTICAL SOIL-CEMENT ELEMENTS USING DRILL-MIXING TECHNOLOGY

Urgency of the research. Most construction sites in Ukraine have soil conditions area created by weak soils. Permanent pursuit of economical of engineering solutions require the use of new design solutions in the construction on weak soils. Target setting. In the last years new ways to fixing base of foundations using drill-mixing technology are gaining popular-ity. In the process of drilling a special wing bit is a destruction of natural soil and mixing with cement solution. As a result of solidification mixture formed is solid soil-cement element. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. It has been previously performed in the laboratory study of strength soil-cement vertical elements depending on the amount of cement composition "soil-cement"¸ water-cement ratio in the mixture clay-cement additives properties. In order to a preliminary assessment of effectiveness fixing foundation using drill-mixing technology numerical simulation was performed. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Using the weak soils as the basis for foundations of buildings and structures is seen in view of the possible destruction of their structure and the development of non-uniform deformation. The research objective. Perform evaluation of the effectiveness of fixing the building foundations on the example of a real construction site. The statement of basic materials.. In practice fixing foundations was performed using drill-mixing technology at the con-struction site in the city of Kiev. The article presents data about the experience fixing of weak base foundation, composed bulk soils with the contents of construction and domestic garbage. Fixing performed by soil-cement vertical elements using drill-mixing technology. Conclusions. The choice of a rational scheme of «basis - the foundation - over ground part of the building» should be based on an objective assessment of the mechanical properties of soil, and bearing structures of the building. Applying the basics fixing technology has allowed to reduce the cost of foundation structures up to 20 %.

IMPACT OF GAS FLARING ON BIODIVERSITY IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Environmental pollution arising from gas flaring has impacted the biodiversity of Niger Delta. The main stresses relative to oil and gas operations arise from gas flaring, leakages of crude oil, and the escape of other chemicals used in production processes. This paper review highlighted the impacts of gas flaring on the biodiversity and the Niger delta environment. The negative effects of flaring on the flora and fauna of ecosystems have also been documented. The extinction of biodiversity, destruction and contamination of soil, and atmospheric pollution associated with gas flaring have not only deteriorated the environment, but also brought social impacts to the inhabitants of such area. Gas flaring has impoverished the communities where it is practiced, with attendant environmental, economic and health challenges. These difficulties faced by local communities and loss/threat to biodiversity from gas flares are sufficient justification for ending gas flaring practice. Fines by defaulting oil companies should be high enough to deter them while the gas can be processed and produced into cooking/domestic gas.

Evaluation of the restoration dynamics of the Artemisia terrae-albae communities in the northern part of the Aral Sea region

This article discusses the reclamation dynamics of vegetation cover and soils after the radical phytomelioration of Artemisia terrae-albae pastures communities on brown desert solonetzic soils of the northern part of Aral Sea region. The experiment was laid in the late 1970s. Agropyron desertorum was used to create the sowing pasture. Plowing led to the destruction of natural plant communities and soils. The low germination of Agropyron seeds promoted the spread of weedy annuals, which slow the demutation of natural vegetation for 10 years. At present, the development of the vegetation cover of the laylands has reached the late-succession stage, for which the spatial and synusial structure of zonal plant communities is typical. The soils are at the stage of reclamation of morphogenetic features and properties according to the type of desert soil formation.

PAULOWNIA ELONGATA SY HU IN FUNCTION OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Interest in paulownia got its momentum around the world. With its fast-growing nature and large leaf surfaces this species can absorb significant amounts of sulfur dioxide and dust particles. The cities of Tuzla and Lukavac, as most other Bosnian-Herzegovinian towns, have a number of geo-ecological problems, and the most pronounced one is negative anthropopressing on the atmospheric complex and pedospheric cover. This area, especially during the winter period, has a disrupted air quality where the greatest polluters are individual heating places, transport, industry and energy sector. The pedologic cover of the wider area of Tuzla and Lukavac has suffered significant changes and is largely devastated. The processes of destruction of soils lead to complete destruction or formation of a new land with modified characteristics. High rainfall is a major cause of destabilization of slopes, but also is the negative anthropogenic activity in the area. Landslides have caused significant material damages, particularly in the residential structures of slope zones of the mentioned cities and suburban areas. This paper presents the basic biological characteristics of woody species paulownia elongata, and the possibility of planting it in areas that are now unused so to improve the quality of air, as well as on surfaces that are threatened by landslides.

Increasing trends in rainfall-runoff erosivity in the Source Region of the Three Rivers, 1961–2012

As the head source of the two longest rivers in China and the longest river in Southeast Asia, the East Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is experiencing increasing thaw snowmelt and more heavy precipitation events under global warming, which might lead to soil erosion risk. To understand the potential driving force of soil erosion and its relationship with precipitation in the context of climate change, this study analyzed long-term variations in annual rainfall-runoff erosivity, a climatic index of soil erosion, by using the Mann-Kendall statistical test and Theil and Sen's approach in the Source Region of the Three Rivers during 1961–2012. The results showed the followings: (i) increasing annual rainfall-runoff erosivity was observed over the past 52years, with a mean relative trend index (RT1) value of 12.1%. The increasing trend was more obvious for the latest two decades: RT1 was nearly three times larger than that over the entire period; (ii) more precipitation events and a higher precipitation amount were the major forces for the increasing rainfall-runoff erosivity; (iii) similar rising trends in sediment yields, which corresponded to rainfall-runoff erosivity under slightly increasing vegetation coverage in the study area, implied a large contribution of rainfall-runoff erosivity to the increasing sediment yields; and (iv) high warming rates increased the risk of soil destruction, soil erosion and sediment yields. Conservation measures, such as enclosing grassland, returning grazing land to grassland and rotation grazing since the 1980s, have maintained vegetation coverage and should be continued and strengthened.

Characteristics of surface soil creep on a forest slope in Japan

Soil creep was monitored for 6 years using the strain probe method, and compared to soil moisture conditions in order to reveal details of the soil creep mechanism on a forest slope in a weathered granite area of Central Japan. The results revealed a relationship between soil creep and soil moisture changes. Bending strain of the topsoil was induced downslope by soil drying, and was reversed by soil wetting. However, an amount of bending strain remained, which accumulated annually to form net soil creep. On the upper slope, when rainfall exceeded a certain threshold, miniature sliding sometimes occurred, caused by soil destruction in areas where shear deformation became concentrated. On the middle slope, topsoil deformation was more complex. In order to monitor the soil creep phenomenon related to the concentration of shear deformation in a narrow zone, improvement of the strain probe method is needed.

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION AND SIMULATION OF HYDROPNEUMEROUS MECHANISMS APPLIED IN THE DESTRUCTION OF FROZEN AND SCALING SOILS BY MINING AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINES

The article contains information on the identification of the main directions in the study and design of hydraulic shock mechanisms used in the destruction of strong and rocky soils by mining and construction machines. The program and algorithm for calculating and modeling the basic parameters of hammers are presented, and also the dependencies of the parameters of hydrostatic devices used as working bodies of road-building machines are given, depending on the parameters of the developed soil and the parameters of the base machine built in the Maple program.

ОЦЕНКА ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ВОДНОЙ ЭРОЗИИ ГИДРОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕМАРКАЦИИ МАНАБИ (ЭКВАДОР)

Water erosion is the most essential reason of destruction of soils in the whole world. So, in Asia, from the 747 million hectares of earth suffering from erosion, 60% correspond to water erosion; in Africa from 497 million, 46%; in South America, from 243 millions, 51%; in Europe, from 219 million, 53%; 106 millions in a North and Central America, Bifani (1984). The same author specifies that, the phenomenon of erosion is closely related to the phenomenon of settling. The process of water erosion is usually measured on volume alluviums. The Rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Huang He, transport 1451, 726 and 1887 million tons annually, respectively, as compared to the rivers Mississippi, Amazon and Nile, that carry only 97, 63 and 31 tons on the square kilometer of basin (Holeman, 1968) [9].Erosion of soil in Ecuador is a serious ecological problem that affects greater part of country in one or another degree. The use of methods of prognostication of washing off of superficial fertile layer of soils from fallouts did not get wide use, as numerous researches were directed to on a quantitative estimation speed of erosion for the different types of land-tenure in the off-shore zones of river basins, and only not many were concentrated on prognostication of erosive processes on all territory. In 1986 the Ecuadorian Center of Geographical Researches (CEDIG), for the first time conducted the row of the researches related to the capture of common data about the problems of erosion in a country [4].In this paper, based on actual data on rainfall in 51 years and the composition of the soils, was carry out the estimation of potential water erosion for Hydrographic Demarcation of Manabi (Ecuador).

Some geoecological aspects of suffosion danger in the road infrastructure using

Danger of emergence and extension of suffosionprocessesis considered on the example of some objects of the road infrastructure. Need of the analysis and accounting of suffosionrisk in construction and operation of highways is proved. The model which is showing the mechanism of suffosion destruction of soils, hidden from direct observation in natural conditions, is given. The results of the experiment which is directed for the studying the features of extension of slope suffosion process near Schmidt Direction Street of Moscow are presented. The possibility of forecasting of emergence and extension of suffusion processes under the influence of natural and technogenic factors, and also determination of the amount of the expected underground and surface suffosionmanifestations (zones of destruction, cavities, failures, decreasing, etc.) is shown. Conclusions of the initiating reasons of suffosion processes on objects of road infrastructure and some preliminary recommendations for their prevention are made.

THE SOIL AND VEGETATIVE COMPONENT OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROBLEM OF THE KUIALNYK LIMAN DESICCATION

Purpose. The aim of the article assessment of the agroecological status and hydrological role of soils as well as the soils and vegetation cover (SVC) of the left bank of the Kuialnyk liman (Kl) and the Kuialnyk-Khadzhybei inter-liman lands.Data & Methods. In the article used sources which contained characteristics of the natural and economic conditions of the Kl basin, as well as its SVC and hydrology, starting from the second half of the XIX century. Also used materials of the 2015 field research on contemporary soil formation processes, as well as on the chemical composition and properties of the soils of the focus area. The methodological solidity of the latter research is ensured by the field expeditions and laboratory analysis.Results. The article confirms that the natural and ecological environment of the Kl basin was affected and continues to be affected by the strong anthropogenic influence which resides in the high degree of the territory under cultivation (up to 75%), cattle pasturing on the slopes of liman and nearby rivers, deforestation, and frequent forest fires in the summer and autumn months. Under the conditions of anthropogenic pressure, global warming, and erosion, the last decades have witnessed intensification of the processes of dehumification, structural destruction, and compaction of soils, which lose their moisture capacity and water permeability; this results in the declining role of the SVC in the formation of the hydrological regime of the territory. To improve the environmental and ecological conditions of soils, lands, and the SVC of the Kl basin, as well as to increase their role in the formation of the hydrological regime of the territory, it is required to decrease the degree of the cultivated watershed lands with particular attention given to the near-watershed slopes, increase the density of the vegetation, shrub, and wood cover, and – finally – perform periodical thinning of the black soils under cultivation. In the structure of crop rotation it is appropriate to increase the area under the broadcast seeded crops and sorghum, as well as to increase the share of the perennial herbs to 25-35%.

Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources

Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources Environmental pollution is the most important factor concerning destruction of water, soil and air ecosystems in the world. Water sources are one of the areas mostly affected by environmental pollution. It is required to obtain sustainable and accurate data concerning water quality so that qualifications, areal and temporal change of water sources can be understood. Quality of water sources from water basins consisting of forest lands might deteriorate due to natural disasters, forestry activities and use of forest lands for recreation purposes. Quality of water from forests which are not destructed or deteriorated due to natural disasters is generally quite high. Even though forest fires are favorable for the health of forests in the long term, they affect water quality of streams, lakes and rivers in water basins negatively. Researches reveal that forest fires or incineration of production waste in forests result in increase of chemical element amount on the soil surface. Certain amount of such elements remain dissolved, while others reach water sources through sediments. It is identified that N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Cl and HCO 3 concentrations increase 2 to 100 times in these sources. According to statistical data of the last 25 years, 2070 (on the average) forest fires occured and 11245 ha forest area is burned every year in our country. These forest fires result in pollution of water sources in addition to major environmental effects.

Technological Innovation and the Agricultural Sustainability

The diffusion of the technological innovation can affect the agricultural sector in the three-sided (social, economic and environmental), a hand, it can contribute to solve problems of the agricultural sector: the effects of the climatic changes, the farming exodus and the migration and the problems of poverty and it can improve the agricultural productivity. But on the other hand, he can lead to new problems, such as depletion of energy resources caused by excessive use of energizing technologies, pollution of air and water and the destruction of soil by industrial waste. This paper aims to theoretically and empirically analyze the role of technological innovation in improving agricultural sustainability through the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity, energy production and net income per capita for a panel of three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the period 1997-2012. By using simultaneous equations, the authors' finding that technological innovation cannot achieve the purpose of sustainable development in the agriculture sector in the Maghreb countries through the negative impact of mechanization and research and development on agricultural productivity.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФОРМЫ СТОПЫ ШАГАЮЩЕГО ДВИЖИТЕЛЯ НА НАПРЯЖЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ГРУНТА

Usage of the wheeled and track machines in forestry and agriculture is one of the reasons of soil degradation. Walking movers have a lesser degree of soil destruction and have higher passability. In the work, with the purpose to give a recommendations about choosing of support elements of walking movers sizes, executed the modelling of contact interaction of a different shapes of foots with weak and waterlogged soils. The results can be demand in walking machines development for soil-save technologies in forestry and agriculture

Mathematical Simulation of SiO2 Leaching from Silicified Soils: Innovative Approach

The article deals with the most important and urgent problems of ground strength against the backdrop of the earth leakage and the rise of ground water level as a result of the widespread flooding of the areas under construction.The purpose of this article is the development of an original mathematical model, which can calculate the process of polycondensational gel SiO2 leaching. The use of silica gel can slow down the destruction of loessial soils, increase the safety factor for the stabilization of soil which is influenced by different groundwater. The Bloch equation became the simplest and most convenient basis for the mathematical model of the research. The physical content of the equation says that the more concentration of the reagent into the dissolution differs from its limit in the given groundwater, the higher transient rate of this reagent into the dissolution. The principal result of this article is the use of this model in building and construction against the backdrop of the stabilized soils will significantly increase the efficiency and provide the economic impact. The use of this model will increase the processing speed and reduce the cost of construction process thanks to the accurate estimate of costs. The article describes the modern problems of innovative technological solutions. The mathematical model can be applied in calculations of modern computer aided design. This mathematical model enabled to create soil stability indexes according to the calculation data of the gel SiO2 leaching amount in different water environment and the silicified soils, using the different ground stabilization methods. These indices may be used during the silicified soil rigidity calculations. The application of these indices enables to reduce the essential alkali silicate of 1.4 density consumption and to avoid the reliance on the realization of the expensive experiments for the stabilized soil rigidity definition in each specific case.

Physical and Metals Impact of Traditional Gold Mining on Soils in Kombo-Laka Area (Meiganga, Cameroon)

Concentrations of metals (As, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in soil samples from Kombo-Laka were investigated. The area under study is subjected to traditional gold mining and receives various wastes from miners and mining activities. Direct observations on the field displayed the destruction of soils by this activity. An assessment of pollution was performed using an Enrichment Factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Levels of As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Sb in soil samples were above average in the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). EF revealed anthropogenic sources for Cd, As and Sb in these soils. Igeo indicates that Kombo-Laka soils are moderately to extremely polluted with As and Sb. There are high to very high positive correlations among the metals suggesting their possible common sources. This study reveals that traditional gold mining activities in the area are harmful to the environment.

The theoretical and methodological direction of the strategy of land reclamation

The ecological-economic strategy of use and protection of remediated land was developed. It consists of four main interconnected stages: preparatory, agrotechnical, agroecological and economic. The preparatory phase ensures that the top layer of arable cultivation of waste land through the introduction of career-technical and chemical meliorations, depending on which branch of the economy continue to be used in this area. It was during this time where money is being spent to conduct geotechnical work associated with the remediation of internal and external dump pits. The agrotechnical phase provides optimization of the properties of ecotopia as the habitat of plants. During this phase, funds are spent on the application of organic (norm not less than 50 t/ha manure), organic-mineral and mineral (about 80 kg/ha d. g) fertilizers. In this case, improved physico-chemical properties of remediated land, increases the level of their fertility, which is reflected in the number of products received. Agroecological stage forms the ecotopia suitability for use in agricultural production. This stage contains the effect and aftereffect of all previous measures aimed at amelioration of the restored lands. During this phase, special attention is paid to the final layout of the surface of the field and introduction of special phyto-reclamation rotations, saturated of perennial leguminous herbs or their mixtures with other herbs, including legumes and does not. For each plot must be restored designing her the only acceptable rotation, the ratio and selection of plant species which should be oriented not only at obtaining a stable, high-quality products, but also on the formation of appropriate environmental conditions that ensure the optimal development of all components of biogeocenosis and their protection. The economic stage is what defines the economic sector, the most appropriate future use of remediated lands. On the basis of long-term monitoring researches, within each region, the methodological guidance and practical recommendations for the rational foundations of socio-ecological and economic use of the reclaimed lands in agricultural production are developed. It is determined the payback period of all costs incurred during reclamation of the site and the territory in general. On the basis of these stages it is proved a strategic direction for the creation and implementation of the dump pits of the mining enterp rises of the steppe Dnieper eight basic models of land restoration. The big attention is paid to the biological stage of recultivation, which is based on the analysis and the account of economical, business and physical – geographical features of a place of mining operations. In this paper it is resulted the list of the basic rocks of Nikopol manganese – ore field from which artificial lands (edaphotopes) are created and the prospective branch of their further use is underlined. The priority trend is taken away to an agricultural production. And, to recultivated plots should be given such possibilities which would allow them to perform the same functions what they realized before destruction of this locality. Methodical development works are offered relative to: price definitions of humus layer before destruction of soil and cost 1 м3 of the restored soil covering; expenses on renewal of productive potential of recultivated lands; definitions of the gross revenue and quantity of production from recultivated lands. Also it is affirmed, that recultivated lands should receive not only economic, but also ecological estimation as this indicator reflects the ecological conditions in the given district and has the big social value. The term «Factor of the ecological well-being» districts and its gradation is entered, allowing to define the period of recoupment of expenses on recultivation of land taking into account the ecological and economical efficiency of the restored area.

Overview of Environmental Issues and Destruction of Soils in Turkey

This study examines environmental issues are becoming increasingly important and demanding immediate solution to the question of destruction of agricultural land in the country and foreign experience in this area.

Effects of different backfill soils on artificial soil quality for cut slope revegetation: Soil structure, soil erosion, moisture retention and soil C stock

Large-scale railway/highway construction in hilly areas in China has created a number of bare rock cut slopes. Artificial soil is often sprayed onto those slopes to promote revegetation. The artificial soil used is a mixture of backfill soil, humus, straws, soluble chemical fertilizer, composite material and plant seeds. The backfill soil is the most important component of the artificial soil. Knowledge of the changes in the artificial soil quality induced by backfill soil is important for the management of the revegetation of rock cut slopes. This study was conducted to assess the effects of different backfill soils on soil quality parameters and slope restoration parameters, including the particle size distribution, water-stable aggregates, soil organic carbon (SOC), organic carbon fractions, soil water characteristics (SWC), plant coverage, Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. In experiment one, the treatments included slopes backfilled with rock fragment (RF), slopes backfilled with agricultural soil (AS) and a natural slope (NS). In experiment two, the treatments were experiment plots with different proportions of agricultural soil to rock fragments. Soils were sampled from the surface layer (0-5 cm) of the slopes. The results indicated that the backfill soil significantly affected the soil structure. RF increased the percentage of large particles (>0.25 mm) and decreased that of microparticles (<0.25 mm). The fractal dimension and the water-stable aggregate content of RF were smaller than those of AS. Moreover, RF exhibited the highest soil destruction rate of soil aggregates among the three treatments. Our findings also indicate that RF conserved a smaller percentage of SOC in less degraded forms (coarse and fine particulate organic matter (POM) fractions) than AS management. At almost all of the soil suctions studied, AS retained more volumetric water content (theta(v)) than RF or NS. The AS soil contained 17.3% more plant available water (PAW) than the RF soil. The plant coverage, Margalef index and Shannon-Winner were investigated to evaluate the restoration of the rock cut slopes compared with natural slopes. The three parameters of the RF were all smaller than those of the AS and NS. Overall, RF exhibited poorer soil structure and hydrological properties, increasing the risk of surface runoff and soil erosion because it had not undergone sufficient soil-forming processes and lacked SOC. Therefore, the use of rock fragments as backfill soil was not helpful for maintaining artificial soil with sufficiently high quality for the slope revegetation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

POTENSI EKONOMI PADA KOLONG BEKAS PENAMBANGAN TIMAH DI KABUPATEN BANGKA, PROVINSI BANGKA BELITUNG

The development of the tin mining industry in Bangka Bangka Belitung has contributed very significantly to the economy of communities in the region. But on the other hand, these activities also have a negative effect in the form of reduced mangrove forests, destruction of soil, polluted water sources, as well as the emergence of pits (pit) excavated and others. So far under the utilization of tin in Bangka Island is not optimal. Economically, the potential pit can be used as a source of raw water, aquaculture, or recreational water. This can be done through environmental reclamation. Technically goal of rehabilitation is to restore the soil conditions for stable and not prone to erosion. From the economical and aesthetic aspects of land, soil conditions improved so that the value or economic potential can be restored at least its original state. From the aspect of the ecosystem, ecosystem condition to attempt the return of the original ecosystem.