Desired Value Research Articles

Assessment of Foundation Rocks of the Proposed Makhol Dam in the Northern Salah- Alddin, Iraq

This study was done as an assessment of the foundation rocks of the proposed Makhol dam in the northern Salah- Aiddin Governorate, Iraq. This study consists of field, laboratory, and office work. It was noticed in the field that the thirteen (13) different rock mass units comprised along the dam axis. Three rock mass classification systems were adopted (used) in the evaluation: Rock Mass Rating, Dam Mass Rating, and Geological Strength Index. The DMRSTA (RMR related to dam stability) values for the right bank range between 36.97- 73.8. These values indicate good stability of foundation rocks of the right part with the presence of some instability of primary effect (not serious effect) in unit no.3 (Fatha Formation), and the DMRSTA values of the left bank range between 44.97– 61.7 These values indicate no instability for the foundation rocks on the left bank for all rock mass units. The RMRBD89 values range between 37– 73.3. These values reveal that the foundation rocks are desirable and can be excavated for rockfill and earth fill dams, but for the gravity dam, the rock mass unit 3, must be excavated to the desirable RMRBD89 value in the case of a gravity dam, and indicate that the foundation rocks do not require grouting when the type of dam is earth fill. Some rock mass units require grouting (spot grouting), especially for the rock mass unit 3 when the type of dam is Rockfill, and require systematic grouting, especially when the type of dam is Gravity. The Roc Lab software was used for the purpose of determining the mechanical properties of all rock units through the Hook-Brown failure criterion.

Estimation of annual volumes of public transportation in a city

Problem. The task of determining the annual volumes of public transportation in a city is relevant when addressing almost any issue related to processes in the field of public transport, as it provides decision-makers with data on the actual state of passenger traffic on the routes. These data reflect the current operating conditions of carriers and the level of passenger service and thus present the extent to which public transport is fulfilling its primary task of providing transportation for the population. Goal. The goal is development of a methodology for calculating annual passenger transportation volumes based on a sample tabular survey of urban routes. Methodology. The paper presents a methodology for transitioning from passenger transportation volumes obtained based on field observations of public transport operations to annual transportation volumes. The reliability of the forecast can be improved by estimating probabilistically the boundaries of the interval of possible values of the on-time traffic volume and accepting the lower boundary of the interval as a guaranteed estimate of the desired value of the traffic volume with a given probability. Results. A methodology has been developed that allows predicting the annual volume of passenger transportation by urban transport based on sample observations. It allows you to estimate the guaranteed volume of public transportation in the city for a year with a given probability, which provides the customer with additional information when forecasting the annual volume of public transport work based on the average value. Originality. The presented methodology consists of the new transition method from sample daily volumes of passenger transportation to total annual volumes. Practical value. Forecasting the volume of the passenger transportation is the most influential component in setting tariffs for transportation services. The developed methodology allows obtaining the required values of annual volumes with a high degree of accuracy, based on actual transportation volumes, and is of practical interest to local authorities.

An Image Encryption Transmission Scheme Based on a Polynomial Chaotic Map.

Most existing chaotic systems have many drawbacks in engineering applications, such as the discontinuous range of chaotic parameters, weak chaotic properties, uneven chaotic sequence outputs, and dynamic degradation. Therefore, based on the above, this paper proposes a new method for the design of a three-dimensional chaotic map. One can obtain the desired number of positive Lyapunov exponents, and can also obtain the desired value of positive Lyapunov exponents. Simulation results show that the proposed system has complex chaotic behavior and high complexity. Finally, the method is implemented into an image encryption transmission scheme and experimental results show that the proposed image encryption scheme can resist brute force attacks, correlation attacks, and differential attacks, so it has a higher security.

Optimasi Formula Pempek dengan Penambahan Pasta Isolat Protein Kedelai Berdasarkan Preferensi Konsumen

Pempek is one of the traditional foods of South Sumatra which is a processed food made from fish and tapioca flour. The chewy texture of pempek is very popular among consumers, but the addition of too much tapioca flour can make pempek has a hard texture. One alternative to improve the texture of pempek is using isolate soy protein (ISP). This study aims to obtain the optimum formulation of pempek added with isolate soy protein based on consumer preferences and identify the ideal attributes sensory of pempek. The method used in this research is the preparation of the formulation with the RSM using the Design-Expert 13 application, profiling attributes with FGD, testing physical texture with Texture Analyzer, hedonic test, data analysis, CATA and hedonic tests for the optimum formulation, and proximate test for the selected formulation. Based on the results of the analysis, two formulations of pempek were selected from 17 formulas of pempek with the highest desirability values, 0.84 (sample 179) and 0.74 (sample 952). Based on the results of the CATA test, sample 952 has the closest sensory attributes to ideal pempek based on consumer preferences with favorite sensory attributes being artificial aroma (MSG), umami taste, and chewy texture.

Very Fast, Approximate Counterfactual Explanations for Decision Forests

We consider finding a counterfactual explanation for a classification or regression forest, such as a random forest. This requires solving an optimization problem to find the closest input instance to a given instance for which the forest outputs a desired value. Finding an exact solution has a cost that is exponential on the number of leaves in the forest. We propose a simple but very effective approach: we constrain the optimization to input space regions populated by actual data points. The problem reduces to a form of nearest-neighbor search using a certain distance on a certain dataset. This has two advantages: first, the solution can be found very quickly, scaling to large forests and high-dimensional data, and enabling interactive use. Second, the solution found is more likely to be realistic in that it is guided towards high-density areas of input space.

Energy and exergy analysis of VCR engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester using response surface methodology

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermodynamic performance of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester blended with diesel. The objective is to evaluate the energy and exergy characteristics according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics for various compression ratios and supercharging pressures. A 3.5 kW engine with compression ratios values ranging from 18:1 to 22:1 and SC pressures of 0, 0.25, and 0.5 bar (g) at 80% load was considered. The inlet manifold pressure was controlled using a centrifugal-type blower (1.5 m3/min, 350 W, 240 V AC) with an adjustable valve. Key fuel energy parameters including shaft energy, cylinder pressure, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency, heat release rate, absorbed energy by cooling water, exhaust gas temperature, exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, exhaust energy, and emissions were analyzed. Results showed significant improvements in shaft energy (35.51%), thermal efficiency (35.37%), and heat release rate (25.17 J/°CA) for compression ratios 20 and supercharging pressure of 0.25 bar, with a reduction in brake specific energy consumption of 2.912 kJ/s kW. The second law efficiency and irreversibility were observed to be 60.31% and 0.0118 kW/K, respectively. Experimental findings demonstrated a reduction in carbon monoxide (25.12%) and hydrocarbon (40%) under the aforementioned conditions. Response surface methodology was employed to predict optimal operating conditions, and the equations were validated using analysis of variance and p-test. The D-optimality test facilitated the determination of optimal operating parameters for different responses through multi-objective optimization techniques. Individual desirability values were combined to obtain a composite desirability of 0.9054. The study identified compression ratios 18 with a supercharging pressure of 1.78 bar as the optimum operating condition for 20% fuel blends in a low-speed agricultural diesel engine, resulting in a remarkable improvement of 41.24% in energy efficiency and 68.45% in exergy efficiency, with minimal emissions.

CIRCULAR VALUE PROPOSITION FOR THE COFFEE CAPSULE CHAIN FROM A SUSTAINABLE PSS SOLUTION DESIGN METHOD

AbstractProduct-service systems (PSS) are one of the business models that can promote circular economy and sustainability; however, to design this kind of solution, holistic approaches must be used, integrating different areas of knowledge. Thus, this study proposes a conceptual solution based on the PSS business model to the problem of reverse logistics of coffee capsules, through the application of the Requirements Engineering method for Sustainable PSS design, with a focus on the initial phase. With an emphasis on the business model and value proposition, a conceptual solution was developed to promote the circularity of the capsule chain based on the analysis of the main stakeholders' needs. The value proposition of the PSS solution for the issue of coffee capsules was described as the “cocreation of sustainable value to stakeholders to foster the circularity of the chain”, considering consumer involvement through education and rewards in product disposal processes. The results reinforce the need to integrate critical stakeholders to add the desired value in creating a sustainable PSS solution and the need to pivot the business model during the solution development process.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Pellet Production from Corn Stalk Rinds Using Box–Behnken Design

In the current study, corn stalk rinds were used as feedstock for the production of solid-fuel pellets. In an effort to comprehensively analyze the effects of different operational parameters on the physical properties of pellets, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in conjunction with a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD). By assessing multiple variables simultaneously and examining their interactions, BBD facilitates the development of a reliable response model that can predict how changes in independent variables will impact response variables. The recorded responses included relaxed density, mechanical durability, and compressive strength. Based on the results, greater R2 values of 0.9467, 0.8669, and 0.9196, could be, respectively, attained for the quadratic regression models. The analysis of variance revealed that all independent variables had significant effects on the responses. The optimal processing condition for the pellets was established by determining the ideal combination of operational parameters. The process entailed the choice of a particle dimension measuring 0.5 mm, a moisture level of 11.35%, the application of heat at 125.7 °C on the die, and the utilization of a molding pressure of 154.2 MPa. Based on these factors, the predicted response values were determined to be 1639.61 kg/m3 for relaxed density, 97.95% for mechanical durability, and 10.18 MPa for compressive strength. The values obtained experimentally under the optimized conditions were similar to the predicted values with a desirability value of 1.00.

Analysis and Design of Direct Force Control for Robots in Contact with Uneven Surfaces

Robots executing contact tasks are essential in a wide range of industrial processes such as polishing, welding, debugging, drilling, etc. Force control is indispensable in these type of tasks since it is required to keep the interaction force (between the robot and the environment/surface) within acceptable values. In this paper, we present a methodology to analyze and to design the force control system needed to regulate the force as close as possible to the desired value. The proposed methods are presented using a widely used generic contact task consisting of exerting a desired force on the normal direction to the surface while a desired velocity/position is tracked on the tangent direction to the surface. The analysis considers environments/surfaces with certain uneven characteristics, i.e., not perfectly flat. The uneven characteristic is studied using ramp or sinusoidal signals disturbing the position on the normal direction to the surface, and we present how the velocity on the tangent direction is related with the slope of the ramp or the frequency of the sinusoidal disturbance. Then, we provide a method to design the force controller that keeps the force error within desired limits and preserves stability, despite the uneven surface. Furthermore, considering the relation between the disturbance (ramp or sinusoidal) and the tangent velocity, we present a method to compute the maximum velocity for which the task can be executed. Simulations exemplifying and verifying the proposed methods are presented.

Serial virus filtration: A case study evaluating the product-dependent impact of control strategies on process efficiency.

The production of biopharmaceutical products carries an inherent risk of contamination by adventitious viruses. Historically, these manufacturing processes have incorporated a dedicated virus filtration step to ensure product safety. However, challenging process conditions can lead to passage of small viruses to the permeate pool and an overall decrease in the desired virus logarithmic reduction value (LRV) for the process. The implementation of serial virus filtration has improved the robustness of such processes, albeit concerns about increased operating times and process complexity have limited its implementation. This work focused on optimizing a serial filtration process and identifying process control strategies to provide maximum efficiency while ensuring proper controls for process complexity. Constant TMP was identified as the optimal control strategy, which combined with the optimal filter ratio, resulted in a robust and faster virus filtration process. To demonstrate this hypothesis, data with two filters connected in series (1:1 filter ratio) are presented for a representative non-fouling molecule. Similarly, for a fouling product, the optimal setup was a combination of a filter connected in series to two filters operated in parallel (2:1 filter ratio). The optimized filter ratios bring cost- and time-savings benefits to the virus filtration step, thereby offering improved productivity. The results of risk and cost analyses performed as part of this study combined with the control strategy, offer companies a toolbox of strategies to accommodate products with different filterability profiles in their downstream processes. This work demonstrates that the safety advantages of performing filters in series can be achieved with minimal increases in time, cost, and risk.

NLR 3186: A Long Duration Blast Resistant Rice Culture Suitable for Irrigated Ecology of Andhra Pradesh

The culture NLR 3186 was derived from a cross of NLR 28523 / Secandro Brazelio (5720-11-1-3-1) through Pedigree method of breeding at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore. It recorded an average yield increase of 19.97% over the check NLR 33892 in the station trials. In Multi Location Trial conducted for 2 years, it recorded 11.26% increase over the checks used for testing MTU 1061.I n 3 years of minikit testing the entry NLR 186 recorded 8.3% higher grain yield than the check varieties tested. In AICRIP trial during 2012-13, it recorded on par with the national check MTU 7029 (4249 kg/ha). It has non-lodging nature, high yielding, nitrogen responsive, with medium green foliage, low shattering and complete exertion of panicle. It was tolerant to leaf blast, neck blast and sheath rot. It has good cooking and chemical quality as it exhibits intermediate and desired values of ASV, gel consistency, good linear elongation ratio and amylase content. It also possesses good head rice recovery with translucent grains which is very much desired for marketing.

Impact of Parameter Mismatch on Three-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge Converters

Three-phase dual active bridge converters (DAB3) are a widely used topology in battery charging applications thanks to their numerous advantages, such as bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation, low output current ripple, and inherent soft-switching. In such applications, three single-phase transformers are commonly employed as the AC-link to simplify manufacturing and reduce costs. These transformers’ leakage inductance can be utilized instead of the external leakage inductance to achieve high power density. However, the assumption of uniformity in these inductances is not always accurate as they can vary significantly during fabrication. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transformer leakage inductance variation, which can deviate by up to 24% from the desired value. The effects of this variation are investigated from different perspectives, including power transfer, soft-switching range, root-mean-square (RMS) current, and the temperature rise of the transformer winding. Although the power transfer and total copper loss of transformers are changed insignificantly even under highly mismatched leakage inductance, the currents and thermal distribution among phases are considerably impacted. Based on statistical probability, a maximum leakage inductance variation threshold of 10–15% compared to the desired value is recommended to ensure the maximum acceptable temperature rise among phases. Experimental results are presented to validate the analysis.

Brain targeting of zolmitriptan via transdermal terpesomes: statistical optimization and in vivo biodistribution study by 99mTc radiolabeling technique

Zolmitriptan (ZT) is a potent second generation triptan, commonly administered to alleviate migraine attacks. ZT suffers various limitations; massive hepatic first pass metabolism, P-gp efflux transporters susceptibility, and limited (≈40%) oral bioavailability. Transdermal route of administration could be explored to enhance its bioavailability. A 23.31 full factorial design was constructed to developed twenty-four ZT loaded terpesomes via thin film hydration technique. The influence of drug: phosphatidylcholine ratio, terpene type, terpene concentration and sodium deoxycholate concentration on the characterization of the developed ZT-loaded terpesomes was assessed. Particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), ZT entrapment efficiency (EE%), drug loading (DL%) and drug released percentages after 6 h (Q6h) were the selected dependent variables. Further morphological, crystallinity, and in-vivo histopathological studies were conducted for the optimum terpesomes (T6). 99mTc-ZT and 99mTc-ZT-T6 gel were radio-formulated for in-vivo biodistribution studies in mice following transdermal application of 99mTc-ZT-T6 gel, relative to 99mTc-ZT oral solution. T6 terpesomes [comprising ZT and phosphatidylcholine (1:15), cineole (1% w/v) and sodium deoxycholate (0.1% w/v)] were optimum with respect to spherical PS (290.2 nm), ZP (-48.9 mV), EE% (83%), DL% (3.9%) and Q6h (92.2%) with desirability value of 0.85. The safety of the developed T6 terpesomes was verified by the in-vivo histopathological studies. 99mTc-ZT-T6 gel showed maximum brain concentration (5 ± 0.1%ID/ g) with highest brain to blood ratio of 1.92 ± 0.1 at 4 h post transdermal application. Significant improvement of ZT brain relative bioavailability (529%) and high brain targeting efficiency (315%) were revealed with 99mTc-ZT-T6 gel, which confirmed successful ZT delivery to the brain. Terpesomes could be safe, successful systems capable of improving ZT bioavailability with high brain targeting efficiency.Graphical

A Molecular Dynamics Study Employing Bimetallic Co–CuHAB Nanosheets for Seawater Desalination

Bimetallic MOFs, which contain two different types of metal nodes within their porous structures, have emerged as a novel class of materials that exhibit tunable properties, rendering them suitable for various applications. In this research, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to assess the performance of 2D Hexaaminobenzene (HAB)-derived MOF membranes in reverse osmosis seawater desalination. The membranes display different Co:Cu metal node ratios and degrees of offset nanosheets, and their ion rejection rates and water flux values are compared. In particular, their behaviors are explained through the corresponding radial distribution functions, density distributions, and interaction energy values. Our findings reveal that of the four MOF membranes studied, CuHAB exhibits the best performance in terms of water flux. In addition, the pore diameter of the MOFs is dependent on the ratio of the Co and Cu nodes inside their respective MOF membranes. To achieve high water flux, it is recommended for the membranes to have large hydrophobic pores, while the membrane must display poor salt adsorption to prevent salt ions from permeating through. It is also observed that Co nodes exhibit greater affinity toward the O atoms of the water molecules and the Cl– ions than the Cu nodes. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the small CoHAB pores, offsetting the nanosheets that constitute the membranes can improve salt rejection but show no significant effect on water flux. Overall, this study shows that MD simulations can effectively determine the optimal ratio of metal nodes in bimetallic 2D MOF membranes to achieve desirable water flux values and ensure excellent salt rejection.

A Framework for Optimizing Antenna Through Genetic Algorithm-Based Neural Network

Abstract In this research paper, the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for designing antennas is introduced. The primary objective of this optimization technique is to focus on the antenna’s parameters to achieve a desirable S11 value, which is a key metric of an antenna’s performance. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, the optimization method to design three different antennas using the Numerical Analyzer (MATLAB) tool is employed. Through this study, it is tried to provide new insights into the optimization of antenna design using ANN and demonstrate its potential applications in the field of antenna engineering. The results of this research could potentially lead to the development of more efficient and effective antenna systems with improved performance in various applications.

Detection of DDOS Attack using Decision Tree Classifier in SDN Environment

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a dynamic architecture that employs a variety of applications for making networks more adaptable and centrally controlled. It is easy to attack the entire network in SDN because the control plane and data plane are separated. DDoS attack is major danger to SDN service providers because it can shut down the entire network and stop services to all customers at any time. One of the key flaws of most SDN architectures is lack of susceptibility to DDoS attacks with its types like TCP flooding, UDP flooding, SYN flooding, ICMP flooding and DHCP flooding for detecting those kinds of attacks. The machine learning algorithms are widely used in recent years to identify DDoS attacks. This research utilizes Decision Tree Classifier for detection and classification of DDoS attacks on SDN. The Forward Feature Selection technique is also used in the research to select the best features from the dataset and from that dataset the data are employed to train and test the model by Decision Tree Classifier Algorithm. The decision Tree Classifier technique is a supervised method used to forecast desired values of observations using rudimentary machine learning decision rules derived from training data. Based on the accuracy of decision tree techniques, in future, a hybrid learning model will be designed for detecting the Distributed Denial of Services in an SDN environment with high accuracy and a low false negative rate.

Impact of truncation on absorption spectra in a graphene-based random photonic crystal

The present study investigates the influence of randomness on achieving multimode broadband and narrowband absorption of graphene-embedded photonic structures. In the first proposed photonic configuration, with a change in randomness parameter, it is possible to achieve single-mode and multimode broadband absorption up to 0.8. This value is further enhanced up to 0.99 by varying the Fermi level to −0.9 eV. The position of absorption peaks can be tuned by varying the thickness of the silicon carbide layer. Further, an investigation is carried out on the influence of adding a defective periodic photonic crystal to the first photonic configuration, which provides a multimode narrowband absorption with a value of up to 0.99, and the strength and location of absorption peaks can be altered to the desired value by changing the graphene Fermi level and the thickness of the silicon carbide layer. Finally, the authors also survey the influence of a magnetic field B on the absorption behaviour of left-handed circularly polarised (LCP) and right-handed circularly polarised (RCP) waves. The results indicate that the full width at half-maximum of absorption peaks expands with the application of a positive magnetic field for LCP waves, whereas it shrinks for RCP waves. This has applications in the design of tunable broadband and narrowband absorbers and sensors.

Fast short‐circuit protection under current imbalance condition for multi‐paralleled SiC‐MOSFETs

AbstractThis paper proposes methodology and gate drive circuit that can immediately detect short‐circuit (SC) of multiparalleled SiC‐MOSFETs even under current imbalance condition. Proposed method detects SC current using an integration circuit that can sense di/dt. The detection level of SC current can be adjusted to a desired value regardless of the number of SiC‐MOSFETs connected in parallel. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was experimentally validated for four‐paralleled SiC‐MOSFETs under extreme current imbalance in SC condition. SC was detected within 0.5 μs and all SiC‐MOSFETs were protected without destruction at most 2.2 μs after the onset of SC, for all types of SC 1, 2, and 3.

Company strategic change management in the open innovation system

The article examines the management of strategic changes as a purposeful influence on the enterprise, which is a platform of strategic changes, to determine its position regarding strategic goals and conditions formed under the influence of a changing operating environment. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the provisions of the change management theory. The main study method is cognitive modeling aimed at the formalization of decision-making processes in the area of strategic change management. For the study, open access corporate reports of the Volkswagen Group were used. A cognitive model of the company's activity was built taking into account strategic changes to ensure strategic changes and study the mutual influence of concepts in the process of implementing changes. An evaluation of the results of modeling the influence of the indicators of the cognitive model on the factors of strategic change management was carried out. As a conclusion, it allows you to make a forecast of concepts. Thus, thanks to the introduction of strategic changes in the open innovation system, the indicator "Financing and other resource provision" will reach the desired value (an increase of 177.5 million euros) in 2 years.

THE INFLUENCE OF INHOMOGENEOUS RADIAL PROFILE OF WAXY CRUDE OIL TEMPERATURE AND SHEAR STRESS IN A STOPPED PIPELINE ON THE RESTART PUMPING PRESSURE FOR «USA — UKHTA» MAIN PIPELINE

The purpose of this work is to calculate the shear pressure gradient and shear radius of paraffinic oil in a stopped pipeline as functions of the longitudinal coordinate z along the axis of the stopped section, as well as the minimum shear pressure difference between the ends of the pipeline, taking into account the non-uniform cooling of oil over time in the radial direction, leading to a significant increase in static shear stress with distance from the center to the edge of the pipe. Using a simple mathematical model that describes the non-uniform cooling of oil along the radius r and along the longitudinal coordinate z along the pipe axis due to heat conduction, it is shown that with a smooth increase in start-up pressure at the beginning of a stopped pipeline section, the cooling oil can shift not along the pipe wall, but along its central part, the radius of which depends both on the oil cooling time and on the z coordinate along the pipeline axis. Calculations show that the process of cooling of the stopped oil can be conditionally divided into three stages. At the first time stage of cooling, the oil near the pipeline axis does not cool down to the temperature of the appearance of static shear stress, that is, it is actually Newtonian and there is no problem with starting this oil layer. At the third time stage of cooling, when the oil cools below the temperature of the onset of paraffin mass crystallization, that is, it turns into a viscous-plastic one in the entire volume of the oil pipeline, the calculation of the minimum pressure difference between the ends of the pipe required to start the oil pipeline can be carried out using a method that qualitatively coincides with the method described in [27]. Finally, in the second cooling time step, which occupies an intermediate position between the first and third steps, the pipeline can be divided into two sections in the longitudinal direction. The behavior of oil in the first section, adjacent to the beginning of the pipeline, resembles the behavior of oil in the entire pipeline at the end of the first stage of cooling, and
 in the second section, extending from the end of the first section to the end of the pipe, the oil behaves similarly to the oil in the entire pipeline in the third temporary stage of cooling. In this case, the boundary between the first and second sections of the pipe during the second temporary stage of cooling is displaced from the end of the pipeline to its beginning.
 It is shown that calculations of the shear pressure required to resume the pumping of cooled oil, which do not take into account the inhomogeneous cooling of oil in the pipe cross section, can overestimate the desired pressure value. This fact should be taken into account in practice when assessing the restart pressure and the safe shutdown time of a pipeline transporting highly pourable oils using the “hot” pumping method. All laboratory measurements of the thermal parameters of oil, as well as calculations of pressure and shear radius, were carried out on the example of the Usa-Ukhta main oil pipeline of JSC Transneft-North.