Desire For Revenge Research Articles

Employee revenge against uncivil customers

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relations between service employee blame attributions in response to customer incivility and revenge desires and revenge behavior toward customers, and whether employee empathy moderated these relations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used survey data based on the critical incident method provided by a sample of 431 customer service employees.FindingsThe results suggested that blaming a customer was positively associated with desire for revenge and revenge behaviors against the uncivil customer. In addition, the authors found that blame was less strongly associated with desire for revenge when employees empathized with customers. Finally, the results show that an employee who desired revenge against the uncivil customer and who empathized with the customer was more – not less – likely to engage in revenge.Practical implicationsThe authors found that when employees experience mistreatment from customers, it increases the likelihood that they will blame the offending customer and behave in ways that are contrary to their organization’s interests. The results suggest several points of intervention for organizations to more effectively respond to customer mistreatment.Originality/valueIn this study, the authors make one of the first attempts to investigate the relationships between service employee attributions of blame when they experience customer incivility, desire for revenge and customer-directed revenge behaviors. The authors also examined whether empathy moderates the relations between blame attribution, desires for revenge and revenge behavior.

Complicating moral messages through multimodal composition: wrestling with revenge and racism

ABSTRACTThis study is an exploratory analysis of the multimodal composition practices of adolescents and young adults in a free after-school drop-in programme called the Workshop, and the moral development opportunities afforded by these practices. Pasupathi and Wainryb’s [(2010). “Developing Moral Agency Through Narrative.” Human Development 53: 55–80. doi:10.1159/000288208] theory of narrative moral agency is invoked to interpret participants’ compositions. Through a process of multimodal design, participants illustrated the cognitive process of reconciling one’s moral beliefs with actions in the real world. Switching between modes of expression allowed the focal participants to showcase their nuanced moral positions on justice-related issues, such as complicating a desire for revenge with advocating for peace. The literary, technological, and performance opportunities of the Workshop serve as an example for how social, aesthetic, and moral goals can be achieved in classrooms and contribute to students’ moral agency.

A Study of Literary Adaptations of Empress Wu’s Sexual Relationships with Male Attendants: East Asian Comparative Perspective

In pre-modern East Asia, power was equated exclusively with masculinity On account of this reasoning, it was considered an anomaly when a woman emerged as a ruler. The best known female ruler is Empress Wu (675-705; r. 690-705). Between the Song and Qing dynasties, male literati despised the Empress, highlighting her supposed promiscuous life in their writing. Through readings of selected adaptations of her life focusing on sexual bias, this study examines how the some literati demonized her. In these works, I have analyzed their desire for revenge, their fear of the empress, and the phallogocentrism of their works. I have also broadened my perspective to explore the cases of Queen Seondeok (r. 632-647) and Empress Suiko (554－628; r. 592-628) in order to find similarities and dissimilarities in the literary treatments of female rulers in East Asia. Queen Seondeok was portrayed positively to some extent, while Empress Suiko was rarely mentioned in terms of gender or sexuality. The different mis/representations of the three female rulers in their own countries are considered to come from the three women`s different class and cultural backgrounds.

The complex link between forgiveness, PTSD symptoms and well-being in female victims of intimate partner stalking

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and poor general health reported by female victims of intimate partner stalking (IPS) and victims’ forgiveness or lack of forgiveness towards their perpetrators, controlling for escalation of stalking, age of victims and dispositional forgiveness.Design/methodology/approachA total of 120 Italian female victims of IPS, who had obtained an administrative protective order (PO) issued by police in stalking cases (Ammonimento), took part in a retrospective study that examined the relationship between the presence or absence of victims’ forgiveness of perpetrators and victims’ PTSD symptoms and general well-being. Interviews took place after one, two or three years following the PO.FindingsAll participants reported some level of direct or indirect stalking, and up to 98 per cent had suffered both. In half of all cases, a PO had been breached within a year of its issuance. Positive forgiveness was not associated with lower PTSD symptoms and was marginally associated with well-being. Negative forgiveness (e.g. holding a grudge, desiring revenge) was associated with greater PTSD symptoms; holding a grudge was significantly associated with poorer general health.Research limitations/implicationsVictims of IPS experience a state of fear and anxiety due to the constant risk of being attacked, followed and controlled. Compared to studies about the protective role of forgiveness in community couples, this study found that among couples where stalking is present not only positive forgiveness does not take place at the same rate, but it is also not associated with the increased well-being. On the contrary, lack of forgiveness by stalked victims was related to PTSD symptoms and poorer health. Harbouring negative feelings, such a desire for revenge and holding a grudge towards a perpetrator, worsened woman’s mental health. These findings are novel and may assist the criminal justice system, law enforcement and service providers in their efforts to help women who are victims of IPS.Originality/valueThis study addresses the relationship between forgiveness and lack of forgiveness among victims of IPS and PTSD symptoms and victims’ poor health. Although longitudinal studies are needed to establish any causal relationship between stalking and mental health and the possibly mediating effects of forgiveness, this study is a first contribution to this important field of inquiry.

When the relationships fail: A microperspective on consumer responses to service failure

ABSTRACTThis article investigated the consumer response mechanism in a service failure context. A service failure response model was introduced that incorporated emotive antecedents, a mediation process, and 4 behavioral outcomes. Data were collected via an online survey (N = 371) and further analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach. The results confirmed the service failure response model: Anger and dissatisfaction were emotive antecedents that lead to consumers’ exit, voice, and revenge responses. This process was mediated by desire for avoidance and desire for revenge.

Bullying and the detrimental role of un-forgiveness in adolescents' wellbeing.

Many studies have shown that victimisation by bullies is linked with psychopathology. Research has also demonstrated that forgiveness is associated with the mental health of victims of bullying. Our objective was to explore the multiple components of forgiveness (i.e., benevolence, decreased avoidance of the perpetrator and diminished desire for revenge) as mediators of the negative mental health effects of bullying in Italian adolescents. Our hypothesis was that those who forgive their bullies would show lower levels of depression, state anger, and behaviour problems than those who did not forgive. Participants were 319 students ages 14 to 22 from two schools in Southern Italy who completed five self-report questionnaires measuring levels of victimisation, forgiveness, depression, anger, and total behaviour problems. The results varied according to the components of forgiveness: although benevolence toward the victim was not a significant correlate of outcome, harbouring a desire for revenge and avoiding the perpetrator emerged as very maladaptive. Our study indicates that is it important for those working with adolescents to help victims of bullying overcome the negative mental health effects of the victimisation by letting go of un-forgiveness.

Revenge in US Public Support for War against Iraq

To better understand how desires to avenge the September 11 terror attacks affected US public support for the 2003 Iraq War, we integrate data from two uncoordinated surveys—one measuring revenge motivations and the other beliefs about Iraqi complicity—completed by overlapping samples drawn from the same online panel. Citizens who mistakenly blamed Iraq for 9/11 were more likely to say that going to war would satisfy their desires for revenge, which in turn predicted greater war support, controlling for political orientations and the perceived security incentives and costs of war. But a substantial proportion of those who said Iraq was not involved in 9/11 also expected war to satisfy desires for revenge, suggesting that a revenge “spillover” effect also contributed to war support. These findings help explain how President George W. Bush was able to bring the nation to war against Iraq, testify to the importance of emotion and moral motivation in public opinion, and demonstrate the utility of integrating data from independent online panel surveys.

King John's Delegation to the Almohad Court (1212): Medieval Religious Interactions and Modern Historiography by Ilan Shoval

Reviewed by: King John's Delegation to the Almohad Court (1212): Medieval Religious Interactions and Modern Historiography by Ilan Shoval Joel Pattison Ilan Shoval, King John's Delegation to the Almohad Court (1212): Medieval Religious Interactions and Modern Historiography ( Turnhout: Brepols 2016): xviii + 213 pp. Ilan Shoval's book takes as its subject a remarkable episode in Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora. According to Paris, King John of England (1199–1216) sent an embassy to the Almohad caliph al-Nāsir (1199–1213) in which John offered to convert to Islam and to hold the kingdom of England as a tributary of the caliph. Paris then alleges that the caliph, after a brief inquiry into the circumstances of England and King John, contemptuously refused the offer and [End Page 263] took the occasion to lecture John's ambassadors on the shamefulness of religious conversion, using the example of St. Paul. The details of the embassy came to Paris' attention, he writes, when Robert of London, one of the envoys, was subsequently rewarded by John for his diplomatic role with the custody of the monastery of St Albans, where the chronicler overheard his account of the mission to the Almohads. The embassy story has, understandably, attracted critical attention from English historians from the Victorian era to the present, whose views range from wholesale dismissal of the embassy as a malicious fiction, to a more nuanced acceptance of the bare outlines of an English diplomatic mission to Morocco without any offer or conversion or subjugation. Shoval's contribution to this historiography is a thick reading of the embassy episode in the wider context of Iberian-Almohad diplomacy, religious polemic, and English chancery records. Taking into account Paris' well-known animus against John and his awareness of earlier treaties between Christian monarchs and the Almohads, Shoval argues that Paris' account is suggestive of an authentic diplomatic mission that aimed at a "fairly standard offer of a defensive alliance" between John and al-Nāsir as part of John's grand campaign to confront Philip Augustus (23). Furthermore, he argues, Robert of London's alleged discussion with the caliph about St. Paul could indicate a real conversation between the two informed by longstanding Muslim anti-Christian polemic and by Robert's possible status as a converted Jew. While Shoval's overall conclusion about the possibility of an Anglo-Almohad alliance in 1212 is plausible, he occasionally relies on a rather strained reading of Paris' text to advance the argument. Shoval begins by setting the embassy story in its context as part of the Chronica Majora, introducing the difficult question of when and where it took place. Inserted by Paris under the year 1213 with the rubric "In what manner the desperate king sent to the Prince Murmelius," the embassy story was nonetheless clearly written to suggest that the Almohad campaign against Christian Spain, which culminated in July 1212 at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, took place with John's consent after the mission. Thus, Shoval argues, the embassy likely reached the Almohad court not in Marrakesh, as some earlier scholars have suggested, but in Seville, since the caliph crossed into alAndalus in 1211. The papal interdict of England, John's feud with his barons, and his desire for revenge against Philip Augustus all explain why the king was "desperate," but, Shoval argues, at no point was John's potential conversion to Islam part of the offer. Here, Shoval suggests that the lex Christiana of Paris' account, which John offered to abandon in favor of the lex Machometi, referred not to religion but rather to the "feudo-vassalic" laws of homage between Christian monarchs and their barons; in other words, John was offering to form an alliance without the help of 'Christian ritual elements' (24). In addition, John never intended to submit England itself to Almohad authority, but was thinking of his fiefs in Gascony and Aquitaine, whose revenues, Shoval suggests, he may have proposed to make available to the Almohads in the same way that the Almohads had done for their ally Sancho VII of Navarre (1194–1234) a decade earlier. [End Page 264] This is an unusual reading of the Latin...

Droit du Seigneur, Slavery, and Nation in the Poetry of Edward Rushton

THE WEST INDIAN ECLOGUES, EDWARD RUSHTON'S FIRST MAJOR POEM, was published in 1787, one among a spate of other poems designed to rouse moral outrage at Adantic slave trade in English public. Rushton's Eclogues are set in Jamaica and spoken by enslaved Africans taken from their native land. Rushton had personal knowledge of subject: a former sailor in slave trade, he resided several years in West-Indies, and claimed his poems to be painted from actual observation. (1) After contracting ophthalmia while attending to enslaved on a ship and becoming blind in 1770s, Rushton spent rest of his life as a journalist and writer advocating republican and abolitionist beliefs, and agitating for sailors' rights and Irish autonomy. (2) His Eclogues fit into late 1780s political and poetic trends, expressing abolitionist sentiment through revived ancient form of eclogue. They also echoed and significantly amplified a theme broached by young poet: revenge of enslaved. Revenge was an essential theme in early abolitionist poetry, yet it was generally treated indirectly, with varying levels of discomfort. Rushton's poem--in particular fourth and final eclogue--stands out for its comparatively direct treatment of topic of slave revenge, but also for peculiar way in which it ties theme specifically to matter of enslaved women's sexual abuse at hands of slave owners. Rushton would go on to evoke rape in Briton, and Negro Slave in his 1806 Poems, also from point of view of victims' husbands. On this theme, his poetry is connected to a complex network of racialized representations of rape in English, and more broadly, Western literature. Indeed, late eighteenth century saw development of a principally French continental literary trend that invoked droit du seigneur or jus prima noctis--the mythical aristocratic privilege by which a lord could lay sexual claim on any new vassal bride on her wedding night--in order to challenge Ancien Regime social and political hierarchies. Rushton's treatment of rape in his poetry reveals that while much like French droit du seigneur literature it is rooted in a long tradition tying violation of women to collective politics, it also expresses deep unease with which even most progressive European abolitionists considered possibility of black agency in New World. Black resistance was morally justified, but could a responsible white Briton support black revolution? Through Rushton's poetry, I will explore ways in which abolitionists put literary faces on this conundrum, before they had to face it literally in revolution in French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791. Rushton's West Indian Eclogues owe much to Thomas Chatterton's introduction of classical form to abolitionist debate in his African Eclogues of 1770. (3) The form originated in Virgil's Eclogues, itself a dark elaboration on Ancient Greek bucolic genre. Virgil's poem is permeated through and through with portrayals of human infelicity, catastrophic loss, and emotional turbulence reflecting intense social and political turmoil of last years of Roman Republic. (4) Chatterton's African Eclogues emulate Virgil's somber musings, simultaneously operating a drastic shift in focus: whereas Virgil reflected on social upheaval internal to Rome, Chatterton portrays the preying of civilization upon innocent denizens of paradise. (5) Rushton's poems--especially final one in this collection--in turn echo Chatterton's formally and thematically in their focus on people of African descent wronged by Europeans, though he transposes action to a Caribbean locale. In evoking desire for revenge on part of victims of European slave traders, West Indian Eclogues particularly resonate with Chatterton's Heccar and Gaira: An African Eclogue. Chatterton's African warriors are shown recovering from a bloody battle with European enslavers whom they did not manage to stop from abducting their kin, including Gaira's wife Cawna and their children. …

Developing an early screening guide for jihadi terrorism: A behavioural analysis of 30 terror attacks

This study seeks to develop a screening guide for jihadi terrorism with the intention of streamlining the huge amounts of raw intelligence into smaller amounts of data for further analysis. On the basis of the authors’ collective experience in dealing with terrorists, and a review of the literature and pre-attack indicators developed by law enforcement agencies worldwide, 53 features of jihadi terrorism belonging to three domains (behaviour ideology, group psychology and operational preparatory) were identified. These features were then mapped against 30 jihadi attacks from different parts of the world. The frequency distribution of each feature across the 30 attacks were analysed using Pearson’s χ2 test. Three significant features were identified: (i) individuals pushing for terrorist ideals through violence; (ii) individuals showing a desire for revenge; and (iii) the presence of a leader figure who espouses terrorist ideology. Results further revealed that features from the behaviour-ideology domain had higher prevalence estimates across the 30 attacks. Recommendations are made for operationalising these features as a potential early screening guide for the interpretation of data.

The Face of Battle without the Rules of War: Lessons from Red Horse & the Battle of the Little Bighorn

This essay analyzes the extraordinary drawings of Red Horse, a Minneconjou warrior who fought at the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn, to provide insights into what warfare was like without just war doctrine or the laws of armed conflict to place constraints on violence. The artist's candid vision of the battle and its aftermath portrays the indiscriminant brutality of the Great Sioux War, the disrespect given to a hated enemy, and the lingering desire for revenge. But the drawings also reveal the pride of victory and the trauma of defeat. In addition to providing a window into the past, the Red Horse drawings provide a lens to help us understand the atrocities committed by the Islamic State and Al Qaeda today and a mirror that can help us more clearly see ourselves.

From Our Own

From Our Own Jacob Oliver (bio) North Dixie Highway Joseph D. Haske (ABR Contributing Editor) Texas A & M University Press www.tamupress.com/product/North-Dixie-Highway,7670.aspx 184 Pages; Print, $24.95 Joseph Haske's North Dixie Highway is a novel about unfinished business, of the ties that bind, and the suffocating notion of "duty." Haske has crafted a revenge tale that spans two decades, two continents, and at least four generations. Michigan's sparsely-populated Upper Peninsula presses its thickly-forested mass against every page; with Haske's pen as spade, it reluctantly coughs up its skeletal remains, the gorgeously-rendered landscape a pristine yet haunting veneer, at once spacious and claustrophobic. Buck Metzger, progeny of war and a generations-spanning blood feud, narrates, his childhood in the mid-1980s defined by economic hardship and booze-soaked lessons in familial loyalty (think Hatfields and McCoys in the Upper Midwest). The action of the novel alternates between Buck Metzger's youth in 1983-1984, and his return from tours of duty in the Gulf War and Bosnia, in 1994-1995. Metzger is a powder-keg; he is gripped by an overwhelming desire for revenge on Lester Cronin, his grandfather's murderer, and he drinks to suppress his perceived shortcomings and the traumas of war. He is haunted by unrequited love and plagued by gnawing uncertainty. Buck knows only conflict. He is adrift with his only lifeline the often-destructive bonds of family, pulling him back in, plunging into yet another landscape eerily reminiscent of the battlefields he thought he left behind. As you might expect, Hemingway is an obvious touch-stone for Haske—at one point a young Buck notices a picture of Hemingway and his principal fishing on the principal's desk, a tasteful nod, though Haske's unadorned prose would belie the influence even if it weren't noted at several points in the novel. Readers may also see parallels with Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried (1990) and Bobbie Ann Mason's In Country (1985). The specter of Vietnam looms large in the form of Buck's Ranger veteran father and his Uncle Tony Vega. Death is omnipresent; tracer rounds scream over Sarajevo, Buck's father stalks a bear through dense forest with only a hunting knife and bow-and-arrow, thirty-year legends betray their lies with the discovery of bodies previously swallowed by the unbroken timber belt. The ghost of retribution hangs like a thick fog over everything, often clouding the narrator's sense of judgement. Old flames and old wars collide simultaneously in Buck's mind's eye and his temporal reality, alcohol an analgesic that only seems to confuse and distort, not numb. The past cannot stay buried—it festers like an infected wound untreated. The fatalistic reader might believe Buck's path was already set from childhood, with abuse, pain, and an ethos of frontier justice constant companions. It is a perversion of the American libertarian stereotype—pulling oneself up by the bootstraps leaves the hands soaked and bloody. The hallowed ground is a graveyard. Haske's world is a cold one. Calculating revenge plots poison generations, and flights of passion give way to wild miscalculations; death begets more death, and one murder, seemingly the narrative's lynch-pin, reverberates outward to tragically encompass a number of lives. Haske adeptly shifts the novel's action through time and space, and he displays an almost uncanny sense of when to make "the big reveal." He parcels out information through a variety of means and voices, with a young Buck Metzger often serving as a fly-on-the-wall for otherwise closed conversations. As a man a decade later struggling with identity and purpose, the horrors of discovery often become entangled with his severe alcoholism and, not to mix cause and effect, post-traumatic stress disorder. That Buck often finds himself re-discovering things only adds to his tragedy, where truth and self-discovery are at once elusive and attained only to be re-set; and yet, Buck's moral ambiguity, indeed the moral ambiguity of so many of the novel's characters, complicates a sense of...

Exploring the Motivations for Punishment: Framing and Country-Level Effects.

Identifying the motives underpinning punishment is crucial for understanding its evolved function. In principle, punishment of distributional inequality could be motivated by the desire to reciprocate losses ('revenge') or by the desire to reduce payoff asymmetries between the punisher and the target ('inequality aversion'). By separating these two possible motivations, recent work suggests that punishment is more likely to be motivated by disadvantageous inequality aversion than by a desire for revenge. Nevertheless, these findings have not consistently replicated across different studies. Here, we suggest that considering country of origin—previously overlooked as a possible source of variation in responses—is important for understanding when and why individuals punish one another. We conducted a two-player stealing game with punishment, using data from 2,400 subjects recruited from the USA and India. US-based subjects punished in response to losses and disadvantageous inequality, but seldom invested in antisocial punishment (defined here as punishment of non-stealing partners). India-based subjects, on the other hand, punished at higher levels than US-based subjects and, so long as they did not experience disadvantageous inequality, punished stealing and non-stealing partners indiscriminately. Nevertheless, as in the USA, when stealing resulted in disadvantageous inequality, India-based subjects punished stealing partners more than non-stealing partners. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that variation in punitive behavior varies across societies, and support the idea that punishment might sometimes function to improve relative status, rather than to enforce cooperation.

When Lying Feels the Right Thing to Do.

Fraud is a pervasive and challenging problem that costs society large amounts of money. By no means all fraud is committed by ‘professional criminals’: much is done by ordinary people who indulge in small-scale opportunistic deception. In this paper, we set out to investigate when people behave dishonestly, for example by committing fraud, in an online context. We conducted three studies to investigate how the rejection of one’s efforts, operationalized in different ways, affected the amount of cheating and information falsification. Study 1 demonstrated that people behave more dishonestly when rejected. Studies 2 and 3 were conducted in order to disentangle the confounding factors of the nature of the rejection and the financial rewards that are usually associated with dishonest behavior. It was demonstrated that rejection in general, rather than the nature of a rejection, caused people to behave more dishonestly. When a rejection was based on subjective grounds, dishonest behavior increased with approximately 10%, but this difference was not statistically significant. We subsequently measured whether dishonesty was driven by the financial loss associated with rejection, or emotional factors such as a desire for revenge. We found that rejected participants were just as dishonest when their cheating did not led to financial gain. However, they felt stronger emotions when there was no money involved. This seems to suggest that upon rejection, emotional involvement, especially a reduction in happiness, drives dishonest behavior more strongly than a rational cost-benefit analysis. These results indicate that rejection causes people to behave more dishonestly, specifically in online settings. Firms wishing to deter customers and employees from committing fraud may therefore benefit from transparency and clear policy guidelines, discouraging people to submit claims that are likely to be rejected.

Geysers or Bubbling Hot Springs? A Cross-Cultural Examination of Customer Rage From Eastern and Western Perspectives

There is compelling evidence that incidents of customer rage are on the rise and not just in Western, individualistic societies. Changing social and economic conditions in collectivist societies (e.g., emerging consumerism and rising wealth in China) have spawned the emergence of customer rage in Eastern countries. To this end, we examine how customer rage–associated emotions, expressions, and outcomes differ across Eastern and Western cultures. Results drawn from 982 frontline service customers from two Eastern (China and Thailand) and two Western (Australia and United States) countries show that although consumers from Western cultures are more likely to exhibit rage emotions, consumers from Eastern cultures are more likely to report a desire for revenge and express their emotions in both overt and more subtle ways. That is, customers from Eastern cultures, while slow to display anger, once initiated, their rage expressions toward frontline service workers tend to be physical and vengeful. This result contradicts generally held beliefs that Eastern consumers are reticent to express negative emotions. With these findings in mind, and to minimize damaging customer rage incidents, firms regularly engaged in cross-cultural service encounters need to provide intercultural awareness and communications training that equip frontline employees to understand customs, manners, etiquette, and expectations of Eastern and Western cultures in general and even specific cultural segments.

Motyw nieokreśloności Rosji jako element dziewiętnastowiecznych narracji politycznych

The 19th-century popularity and ambiguity of many versions of the motif of Russian indefiniteness contributed to popularize the view about its ineffaceable incongruity to the West. On the basis of such ideas the premises of the deep aversion between these two spheres were arising. Against thisbackground, it is clearly visible why despite of the not so rare mutual fascination, the relations between Russians and other European nations were often dominated by conflicts of interests, animosities and embarrassment associated with the difficult past and cultural distance. All of these barriers – in conjunction with the rapid acceleration of historical processes, including the intensification of international contacts – were facilitating the creation of fear, distrust, unfortunate statements, wounded pride, contempt and desire for revenge.

Emoções no cyberbullying: um estudo com adolescentes portugueses

Resumo Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma parte do estudo extensivo do projeto Cyberbullying – um diagnóstico da situação em Portugal, com a aplicação de um questionário a 3.525 adolescentes no 6.º, 8.º e 11.º níveis de escolaridade. Com vista à caracterização do cyberbullying, pretendeu-se contribuir para a identificação e interpretação das emoções experienciadas pelos jovens envolvidos, quer como vítimas, quer como agressores em situações de cyberbullying. Os dados revelam que a tristeza, a vontade de vingança e o medo são as emoções mais frequentes das vítimas, enquanto a satisfação, a indiferença e o alívio são aquelas que os agressores mais vivenciam. Revelam ainda diferenças significativas entre as emoções experienciadas pelas vítimas e aquelas que os agressores lhes atribuem, o que, podendo ser um indicador da falta de empatia destes últimos, requer o desenvolvimento de uma educação emocional dos jovens. Verificam-se algumas diferenças significativas em relação ao nível de escolaridade, sexo, escola e município, nomeadamente: na maior incidência de emoções como a tristeza, o medo, a insegurança e a vontade de vingança nas vítimas do sexo masculino; mais sentimentos de insegurança, de alívio, de confusão e desorientação nas jovens agressoras; emoções associadas a impotência e falta de apoio, experimentadas pelos jovens no papel de vítimas, mais numas escolas do que noutras. Esses dados levam-nos a refletir sobre formas de agir no sentido da prevenção do cyberbullying.

Rationales for terrorist violence in homegrown jihadist groups: A case study from the Netherlands

Abstract This paper offers a review of the literature on rationales for terrorist violence and assesses their applicability to European homegrown jihadism. The use of terrorist violence is frequently assumed to be strategic, i.e., that it is a consciously chosen means to achieve certain (political) ends. However, the literature suggests that terrorist acts can also stem from organizational motives that are principally aimed at prolonging the existence and interests of the group itself. These two rationales are used as analytical lenses through which to study primary sources-based data on the Dutch “Hofstadgroup,” a case study that can inform our thinking about European homegrown jihadism more broadly. This analysis reveals that neither strategic nor organizational rationales alone can adequately explain the group's planned and perpetrated acts of violence. Instead, it finds that the most militant participants' rationales for terrorist violence were predominantly personal and furthermore, not necessarily or exclusively tied to their extremist religious convictions. The turn to violence in this group was predicated on a variety of factors at different levels of analysis, including a desire for revenge, the emulation of role models, and the wish to advocate and defend a newfound sense of identity as “true” Muslims.

Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire - Observer Rated: Validation of the objective version of a measure for combat-related peritraumatic stress.

To validate the first third-person-rated measure assessing combat-related peritraumatic stress symptoms and evaluate its psychometric properties and war-zone applicability. The valid assessment of peritraumatic symptoms in the theater of military operations represents a significant challenge in combat-related, mental health research, which mainly relies on retrospective, subjective self-report ratings. This longitudinal observational study used data from actively deployed troops to correlate third-person observer ratings of deployment peritraumatic behaviors [Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire - Observer Rated (PBQ-OR)] collected on a bi-monthly basis with post-deployment (1-wk follow-up) ratings of the previously validated PBQ self-rate version (PBQ-SR), and (3-mo follow-up) clinician assessed and self-report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, PTSD Checklist). Cronbach's alpha (α) and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess internal reliability and concurrent validity respectively. Eight hundred and sixty male Marines were included in this study after signing informed consents at pre-deployment (mean age 23.2 ± 2.6 years). Although our findings were limited by an overall sparse return rate of PBQ-OR ratings, the main results indicate satisfactory psychometric properties with good internal consistency for the PBQ-OR (α = 0.88) and high convergent and concurrent validity with 1-wk post-deployment PBQ-SR ratings and 3-mo posttraumatic stress symptoms. Overall, later PBQ-OR report date was associated with higher correlation between PBQ-OR and post-deployment measures. Kappa analysis between PBQ-OR and PBQ-SR single items, showed best agreement in questions relating of mortal peril, desire for revenge, and experience of intense physical reactions. Logistic regression demonstrated satisfactory predictive validity of PBQ-OR total score with respect to PTSD caseness (OR = 1.0513; 95%CI: 1.011-1.093; P = 0.02). Since no comparable tools have been developed, PBQ-OR could be valuable as real-time screening tool for earlier detection of Service Members at risk.

Prevalence of self-injury performed by adolescents aged 16-19 years.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of self-injury among adolescents aged 16-19 years and to indicate demographic variable, selected environmental variables and risky behaviours coexisting with performing self-injuries by the respondents. The research encompassed 5,685 individuals, aged 16-19 years. During the research the Questionnaire designed by the authors was used. Significant statistical differences were found between the number of adolescents performing self-injury and those who do not perform it, who use psychoactive agents, make suicide attempts, get drunk, run away from home, report conflicts with their parents, experience parental violence and peer violence and report alcohol addictions by family members. 1. Self-injury is performed by 14% of adolescents aged 16-19 years, significantly more girls than boys. 2. Significantly more adolescents who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not do it, use psychoactive substances, get drunk, report planning suicide, neglect school and more often consume alcohol. 3. Significantly more adolescents who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not perform it, raised in a single parent family inform about alcohol addiction of a family member, conflicts with parents and the experienced psychological and physical violence experienced from their parents and peers. Significantly more girls who perform self-injury, as compared to those who do not perform it, experienced sexual abuse. 4. Performing self-injury by adolescents coexists with factors motivating to this type of behaviours: sense of helplessness, rejection, loneliness, sense of guilt, anger, impulsiveness, desire for revenge, school problems, conflicts with parents and peers.