Design Review Process Research Articles

Case Studies – an Indispensable Source of Experience and Knowledge

Owing to the peculiarities of the design environment that structural engineers have to face – an environment where prototypes are designed and erected without intensive and purposeful development and testing – case studies of failures and/or near misses are an indispensable source of experience and knowledge and form the basis for enhancing and updating the set of technical rules and regulations. By discussing actual and historic case studies, the development of the tools and methods of forensic engineering as well as of the findings from these for the design, erection, supervision, inspection and maintenance of civil engineering structures will be addressed. The interface problems, when different parties are involved, are highlighted, and the necessity of establishing a good and reliable co-ordination mechanism is carved out. Because of the increasing fragmentation of the design process, in combination with the use of complex software tools and inevitable pressure of time, often a comprehensive design review process is the last line of defence to avoid incidents due to minor lapses or serious misjudgements.

Design error: Its effects on building projects delivery period

Within the construction industry, design errors are an inevitable occurrence stemming from misapplied or inaccessible information. This study assessed the effects of design error on building projects delivery period. To achieve this goal, the study scrutinized literature from various authors and gathered primary data through a structured questionnaire. Out of the ninety-three questionnaires distributed among contractors, skilled labours, unskilled labours and industry professionals, eighty were returned, coded, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentiles, and mean item scores. The study concludes that design errors greatly extend construction timelines, disrupt workflows, cause procurement delays, hinder commissioning and testing, and adversely affect the execution of future projects. These disruptions result in higher costs and reduce the overall quality and efficiency of construction activities, emphasizing the crucial need for better design accuracy and management within the construction industry. The study recommends enhancing design review processes, leveraging collaborative project management tools, establishing clear change management protocols, strengthening supplier relationships, implementing rigorous quality assurance measures, and prioritizing team training. These actions are proposed to mitigate the impact of design errors on construction projects, aiming to reduce delays, enhance communication, and improve overall project efficiency.

A blockchain-based engineering design review service trading scheme for digital building permits

Engineering design review, which is a time-consuming task in the building permit process, faces challenges such as a scarcity of design review specialists, vulnerability to manipulation and corruption, and a lack of traceability and transparency. This paper explores the integration of blockchain and online service trading in addressing these challenges. This paper proposes a platform-based design review service trading scheme, engaging a distributed network of experts to overcome resource limitations and integrates blockchain technology to improve process traceability. The system model is presented, an access control model and a design version management method are proposed. A prototype system is developed, and a real-world project is used to illustrate the online design review process. Security, function, and performance evaluations show that the scheme is secure and efficient. This study highlights blockchain's potential in digital building permits. Future work can explore advanced service matching algorithms in online design review service trading platforms.

Analyzing the Impact of Cost-Cutting Measures on Structural Integrity: A Case Study of Construction Building Collapses

It can be difficult for the building sector to strike a balance between structural soundness and cost-effectiveness. Builders may sacrifice important structural components to cut costs, endangering the stability and safety of structures Substandard materials in construction can lead to issues such as lower-grade concrete, inferior steel, inadequate masonry, compromised integrity, and improper substitutions. This paper uses a case study of construction building collapses to examine the effects of cost-cutting methods on structural integrity. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate a sequence of building collapses and analyze the elements that contributed to the collapses, including construction processes, material quality, and adherence to safety rules. The research attempts to clarify the complex link between cost-cutting strategies and structural failures by using quantitative assessment of structural flaws, and interviews with industry experience. The results show how the recurring theme in these incidents is poor construction practices the lack of quality control with a mean value of 5 and the use of substandard materials with a mean value of 4. The least recurring factor is inadequate waterproofing with a mean value of 3. The highest implication is the safety risk (5) followed by economic consequences (4). The work recommends mitigation risk as a rigorous quality control followed by the use of high-quality materials. Also recommended are timely maintenance and repairs and enhanced design review processes. Keywords: Cost-cutting measures, Structural integrity, soundness, Building Project, Safety.

A Regulatory Perspective: Have We Done Enough on Grasping Automation Failure?

This paper responds to Skraaning and Jamieson’s target paper “The Failure to Grasp Automation Failure.” We acknowledge that the target paper made important contributions to automation research in the human factors community. It analyzed automation failure events in complex operational systems in contrast to the vast majority of laboratory research on human-automation interaction. The paper presented a taxonomy of automation failure. The analysis and taxonomy demonstrate the integration of approaches to grasping automation failures from system instrumentation and controls, human factors engineering, and human reliability analysis. We reviewed the regulatory framework related to use of automation in nuclear power plants and examined whether the framework elements adequately address “Failure to Grasp Automation Failure” using the taxonomy in the target paper. Overall, we believe that the target paper could enhance the consideration for potential automation failures in the design and regulatory review process of automation technologies.

The Optimization of Automobile Part Product Development Using Integrated Product Development (IPD)

This paper studies a new integrated product development (IPD) process at an automobile parts company. The process includes benchmarking and offers four optimization strategies for the new product development process: (1) re-structuring the new product development organization astraddle department teams, (2) reshaping the new product development and selection process already at the planning and conceptual design stages, (3) optimizing the design review process at the engineering stage, and (4) establishing a product development team with large project manager responsibilities in the industrialization stage so as to give full play to the guiding role of expert resources. This paper can help enhance the competitiveness of domestic auto parts enterprises compared to leading foreign auto parts enterprises.

Representing the Profession and Protecting the Past: Mitchell/Giurgola and the AIA Competition in Washington, DC

In 1964 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) launched a competition to redevelop its headquarters at the Octagon Building (1801) in Washington, DC. The Kennedy Administration had recently reset the direction of Federal architecture and committed to new legislation to protect the historic environment. But while the government embraced architectural modernism in this period there was uncertainty about how architects should relate new buildings to existing cities. This paper examines the competition-winning entry by Mitchell/Giurgola and the design review process that unfolded in its wake. Doing so reveals competing aspirations for the site and professional disagreement about how new and old buildings should be related in such situations. The paper argues, however, that forces beyond architecture, notably urban land value and the responsibilities of the profession to its members, crucially shaped the outcome, depriving Washington, DC of an exemplar for how contemporary architecture could engage with valued existing buildings.

가상현실 환경 기반 패션디자인 협업 : 패션쇼를 위한 디자인 리뷰 사례 연구를 중심으로

This study explored the possibility of collaboration using virtual reality (VR) technology in the fashion design field and establish a theoretical basis for its use. Thus, we conducted a case study dealing with a VR-based collaborative environment in the design review process was conducted as compared to the traditional design review process. We limited the case of using the Spatial app, an immersive VR-based collaboration environment tool that provides a human-like avatar, a 3D virtual interface, and various tool functions for design collaboration in the design review process. The case study focused on how fashion designers and stylists jointly review the S/S collection costumes of men

Moving Towards Model Based Approval – The Open Class 3D Exchange (OCX) Standard

Shipyards and classification societies must modify the traditional design documentation and review process and enable a direct 3D digital classification process to improve the exchange of information between the different stakeholders and ultimately accelerate the classification process. The Open Class 3D Exchange (OCX) standard represents a step-change in this context. The OCX is a vessel-specific standard addressing the information needs of the classification society and is a key enabler to replace traditional 2D class drawings with a 3D model. The successful and seamless exchange of the design models exported from 4 independent 3D CAD systems to the classification society’s rule calculation tool has been demonstrated. The application of the OCX models for the prescriptive rule calculations demonstrates that the OCX model can carry all the information required by the classification society’s Rules for this purpose. The possibility to also display the detailed features of the design model in a neutral web-based viewer provides the necessary capability for full visual verification of the design models.

Grand designs for design policy: Associations between apartment policy standards, perceptions of good design and mental wellbeing

Comprehensive apartment design policies have been legislated by Australian state governments to address concerns about poor design in residential buildings. These policies aim to improve apartment design and promote good health. This study examined whether: (1) residents living in apartments that implemented more minimum design requirements perceived better apartment design and amenity; and (2) increased implementation of minimum requirements and better perceptions of design were associated with positive mental wellbeing. Apartment complexes (n = 114, built 2006–2016) were sampled from Sydney, Perth, and Melbourne. Building plans and elevations were used to measure and score apartments for their implementation of 96 quantifiable policy-specific requirements and residents (n = 1072) completed a self-report survey on their apartment design and health. Multi-level linear regression models were used to account for clustered data. Residents in apartments with greater implementation of requirements for solar and daylight, indoor space, private open space, communal space and parking had more positive perceptions of their apartment in terms of natural light and winter thermal comfort, indoor space and layout, private open space, communal area quality, and parking, respectively (all p < 0.05). Perceptions of natural ventilation, summer thermal comfort, indoor space, and communal area quality were independently associated with positive mental wellbeing (all p < 0.05), but the objective implementation scores had no direct association. When implemented as intended, minimum requirements had a positive impact on perceptions of design, which were associated with mental wellbeing. The study underscores the importance of planning instruments and design review processes that increase industry uptake of minimum policy standards.

Using online to enhance student engagement of design reviews and lessons learned experiences

This paper is about using the online environment to increase engagement in design and instilling a recognition of the importance of life long learning. The work assesses changes in the delivery of a 4th year nuclear engineering design course and evaluates changes in the delivery of the course as it migrated from face to face to hybrid to online. In particular, the design review process was used to enhance engagement of the student body and a lessons learned exercise was used to enhance reflection on life long learning. The engagement is assessed in terms of class attendance, activity within the learning management system, and direct engagement in the design review process. The design review process requires each student to both present a design and to critique another group’s design. The design work is done as a team but the critique is done as an individual paralleling the industry process currently in use for the nuclear sector. In addition to the technical details, the performance of each student with respect to their soft skills is also assessed. This includes the number of students that actively engage or passively engage during both presentation and critique stages. Following the design review process, the students then engage in a lessons learned activity similar to what is done in the industry but simplified to focus on their experience. The activity also included an opportunity to reflect on themselves and establish a life long learning plan to address their personal findings. Note the paper will not discuss the personal findings specifically but instead will comment on the engagement of the students. Before using online approaches, the students fell into two distinct groups. One set was strongly active in the design review process and the other set was strongly resistive to participation and did the minimum necessary to get through the exercise. It was very clear that many students felt uncomfortable speaking openly in front of others. This changed significantly with the use of online technology. There was a significant increase in the number of students that engaged or at least felt comfortable to speak in the online setting. Some students displayed perhaps too much comfort in working from their personal environment space. This observation was also noted in the lessons learned exercise where the students went from saying the minimum necessary to having a large amount of insightful comments to make. The results suggest that allowing online participation in the experience has encouraged engagement of students that would resist a face to face experience.

A Methodology to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Designers’ Cognitive Process when Using Multi-user Virtual Reality

This paper proposed the mixed-mode methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of the cognitive process when using Multi-user Virtual Reality (VR) in the design review sessions. The research explains that the design review is an essential part of the planning process. It evaluates the client’s requirements against the designers’ design before the construction starts. Quality communication among the designers and clients plays a central role in enhancing the output of the design review session, apart from the quality in visualisation during the presentation. A multi-user VR system with a head-mounted display allows users to fully immerse into the virtual environment (VE) during the design review process and subsequently achieve quality discussion and decision-making. This paper describes the process of data collection in quantitative and qualitative methods, where questionnaires will be distributed to determine the state-of-the-art of the designers’ cognitive processes when they are involved in the design review session. Parallelly, an experiment on the use of multi-user VR during a design review session will be conducted. Users (Designers) will be interviewed before and after the experiment. Finally, multi-user VR’s effectiveness will be identified by comparing the findings from both quantitative and qualitative methods.

A survey of software architectural change detection and categorization techniques

Software architecture is defined as the structural construction, design decisions implementation, evolution and knowledge sharing mechanisms of a system. Software architecture documentation help architects with decision making, guide developers during implementation, and preserve architectural decisions so that future caretakers are able to better understand an architect’s solution. Many modern-day software development teams are focusing more on architectural consistency of software design to better cope with the cost-time-efforts, continuous integration, software glitches, security backdoors, regulatory inspections, human values, and so on. Therefore, in order to better reflect the software design challenges, the development teams review the architectural design either on a regular basis or after completing certain milestones or releases. However, many studies have focused on architectural change detection and classification as the essential steps for reviewing design, discovering architectural tactics and knowledge, analyzing software stability, tracing and auditing software development history, recovering design decisions, generating design summary, and so on.In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art architectural change detection and categorization techniques and identify future research directions. To the best of our knowledge, our survey is the first comprehensive report on this area. However, in this survey, we compare available techniques using various quality attributes relevant to software architecture for different implementation levels and types. Moreover, our analysis shows that there is a lack of lightweight techniques (in terms of human intervention, algorithmic complexity, and frequency of usage) feasible to process hundreds and thousands of change revisions of a project. We also realize that rigorous focuses are required for capturing the design decision associativity of the architectural change detection techniques for practical use in the design review process. However, our survey on architectural change classification shows that existing automatic change classification techniques are not promising enough to use for real-world scenarios and reliable post analysis of causes of architectural change is not possible without manual intervention. There is also a lack of empirical data to construct an architectural change taxonomy, and further exploration in this direction would add much value to architectural change management.

Implementing Affordance-Based Design Review Method Using Virtual Reality in Architectural Design Studio

In recent years, researchers in the architecture field have explored VR technology for various purposes in the architectural design process. Current efforts have supported the growing knowledge of VR utilization, specifically for the architectural design review process. In this study, we adapt the affordance concept from the ecological psychology study to add further evidence on VR utilization for the design review process. This study aims to develop an affordance-based design review method in architectural design by utilizing immersive VR technology. It sits at the crossroads of architecture design, virtual reality, and affordance research. This project aimed to create an affordance-based review method framework, a VR system to support the method, test both the method and the VR system, and assess the VR system’s effectiveness as a companion system for the affordance-based design method process. The study was conducted in the scope of architectural education settings only. It used a third-year architectural design studio course as a case. This study confirms that the affordance-based design review method using virtual reality helps students improve their design work. The method reveals the presence of positive and negative affordances in their work. It also shows the differences between a student and supervisor in perceiving the affordances for reviewing design works.

The Promotion of Sustainable Development Principles Through the Design Review Process. The Case of the Cambridgeshire Quality Panel

The quest to deliver sustainable development has led to a search for ways to engage all stakeholders in this collective endeavour. Currently, local planners across England and elsewhere use independent design review panels to help raise the design quality of new developments. This paper examines the extent to which such panels can instill the need to adhere to sustainable development principles. We focus on the Cambridgeshire Quality Panel, which has framed its review process around sustainable development principles, named the “4 Cs”: community, connectivity, climate, and character. Situating the panel’s work within a design governance framework, we scrutinise the value and limitations of this particular governance tool. We conclude that local planners’ ability to take forward the panel’s recommendations on delivering new developments to high sustainability standards remains problematic, compromised by national priorities and market decisions.

A competent top down approach methodology for design and development of commercial vehicle box type exhaust after treatment system

The exhaust after-treatment system product designand developments together play a major role in driving commercialization and growth in theBS-VI commercial vehicle manufacturing sector. Accordingly, for manufacturers to capitalise on existing and up-coming market opportunities, product design and development strategies based on expanding customers’ necessities as well as market-specific challenges are a must. Though the after treatment system design is derived from EURO-VI, it cannot be implemented into BS-VI. A certain level of technology can only be transmitted to the Indian market CV applications. Accordingly, several market-specific challenges, like India's specific vehicle application as well as road-load conditions, are yet to be demarcated. Nevertheless, significant design requirements for meeting the OBD-2023 related to performance as well as emission targets for BS-VI after-treatment systems (ATS) must be considered without compromising the quality of the ATS systems due to CV (commercial vehicle) cost-sensitiveness and competitiveness. Moreover, for this box type exhaust after-treatment system design, top-down approaches are elaborated considering necessities like performance, durability, emissions, packaging, manufacturing, and assembly for service considerations. Though these are challenging requirements, a systematic design approach is essential. Based on this approach, ATS and catalyst technology concept selection are well-though and discussed. Henceforth, in order to realise the performance, quality, and durability requirements for box type after-treatment exhaust systems, quality tools such as design review, FMEA, and DVP process are incorporated and discussed. From the drop to idle test DPF material durability is well established upto 700 °C. Related to SCR, there is no concerns related to ammonia deposits and this proves robust ATS calibration.

Synchronous Digital Development Design Review Process Research

In this paper, in order to solve the present situation of automobile manufacturing performance updates fast, cost control and customer quick aesthetic changes, etc., systematically combed the synchronous development design review the requirements analysis and general design of digital process, put forward the MVC models for the system design of the digital technology review process research, analysis of the composition of its system and each module function. It has theoretical and practical significance for standardization and digitization of design review process of synchronous development.

Development of a Multi-Criteria Design Optimization Methodology for Automotive Plastics Parts.

The plastic industry is undergoing drastic changes, due to the customer sustainability perception of plastics, and the eruption of new processes (such 3D printing) and materials (such as renewably sourced resins). To enable a fast transition to high-quality, sustainable plastic applications, a specific methodology could be a key competitive advantage. This novel methodology is focused on improving the objectivity and efficiency of plastic production and the design review process. It is applicable to discrete optimization events in any product lifecycle milestone, from concept design to serial production stages. The methodology includes a natural way to capture plastic-related knowledge and trends, oriented towards building a dynamic “interaction matrix”, with a list of potential optimizations and their positive or negative impacts in a comprehensive set of multi-criteria evaluations. With an innovative approach, the matrix allows the possibility to incorporate a business strategy, which could be different at every lifecycle stage. The business strategy is translated from the common “verbal” definition into a quantitative set of “Target and Restrictions”, making it possible to detect and prioritize the best potential design optimization changes according to the strategy. This methodology helps to model and compare design alternatives, verify impacts in every evaluation criteria, and make robust and objective information-based decisions. The application of the methodology in real cases of plastic material design optimization in the automotive industry has provided remarkable results, accelerating the detection of improvement methods aligned with the strategy and maximizing the improvement in product competitiveness and sustainability. In comparison with the simultaneous application of existing mono-criteria optimization methodologies (such as “Design to Cost” or “Eco Design”) and subjective expert-based reviews, the novel methodology has a reduced workload and risks, confirming its potential for future application and further development in other polymer-based products, such as consumer goods or packaging.

Multiuser immersive virtual reality application for real-time remote collaboration to enhance design review process in the social distancing era

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and assess the real-time multiuser virtual reality (VR) application that can be used in the design review process. In particular, the application was aimed to accommodate the design review meetings conducted among participants who are in different locations, which has become commonplace during the COVID-19 outbreak.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a methodology for the development of a real-time multiuser immersive VR application, to support remote collaboration during the design review process. The developed application can immerse remote project participants into the same virtual environment and provide virtual face-to-face discussions. An experiment was conducted with 44 university students to investigate the applicability and performance of the developed application by comparing it with the traditional approach.FindingsResults indicated that the group of students who used the developed immersive VR application outperformed the group that used the traditional approach. This was measured by the percentage of correctly identified design errors during a building inspection experiment.Originality/valueThe difficulty of bringing remote stakeholders together in a virtual environment has impeded the implementation of VR technology in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Most research has focused on the improvement of a single user’s experience. Most of the previous multiuser VR studies were conducted in other industries while similar research in the AEC industry is limited. The study presented in this paper contributes to the AEC industry by presenting the development of multiuser immersive VR applications for real-time remote collaboration and the empirical evidence to substantiate its potential benefits.

Do institutional designs matter for planning review? A garbage-can simulation approach

ABSTRACT The fact that institutional design coordinates decisions are not a new idea, but the study of its effectiveness under different settings is still unrevealed. In this paper, inspired by the garbage-can model, we conduct a set of computer simulations of collective decision making based on urban land use planning and design review process. The simulation results show that institutional designs matter in affecting organizational performance, and that different distributions of case intricacies result in different outcomes of the collective decision making for planning review.