Design Of Treatment Plants Research Articles

Increase metabolic heat to compensate for low temperature in activated sludge systems

The efficient operation of activated sludge systems is frequently hindered by low temperatures, and extensive research has been conducted to overcome this difficulty. However, the effect of varying temperatures on heat generation during substrate degradation remains unclear. In this study, results from laboratory-scale reactors show that sludge generated 5.36 ± 0.58 J/mg COD, 4.45 ± 0.24 J/mg COD, and 4.22 ± 0.26 J/mg COD at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C under aerobic conditions, respectively. Similarly, the sludge generated 4.05 ± 0.31 J/mg COD, 2.37 ± 0.15 J/mg COD, and 2.89 ± 0.18 J/mg COD under anoxic conditions. Despite the decreased respiration rates and hence reduced pollutant removal efficiency, sludge exhibited effective heat generation at low temperatures. Results from the full-scale plant also show a negative correlation between the heat generation capacity of microorganisms and the temperatures. 14.2 °C is considered the critical wastewater temperature for microorganisms' heat generation to offset the investigated plant's heat dissipation. This observation verified that thermal compensation for low temperatures was also significant in the full-scale plant. The mechanism of low-temperature compensation is attributed to non-growth processes being less dependent on temperature than growth processes, resulting in slow microbial growth but high heat generation at low temperatures. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and sustainable operation of wastewater treatment plants.

Numerical Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Plant Design for a High-Nitrate Industrial Waste

Numerical Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Plant Design for a High-Nitrate Industrial Waste

Physical and Chemical Treatability Study in Wastewater Treatment Plant Design (Case Study: Leather Tanning Industry)

The leather tanning industrial is one of the industries that produces wastewater from its production process which contains several contaminants. In wastewater treatment plant design, the treatability study is important because it becomes a consideration in selecting treatment units in wastewater treatment plant based on the characteristics of the wastewater produced. Two methods were carried out in this treatability study, the physical method with imhoff cone sedimentation and the chemical method with jar test. The results of imhoff cone test found that the removal efficiency for wastewater samples was 80% of COD, 72% of BOD, 64.6% of TSS, 72% of total chromium, and 80% of color with the optimum sedimentation time of 50 minutes. Furthermore, the waste water sample was tested by the jar test by adding PAC and FeCl3. The results of the jar test obtained the optimum coagulant dose of 3000 mg/L with PAC coagulant, it was capable of removing 77% of COD, 33% of BOD, 92.68% of TSS, 33% of total chromium, and 98% of color. Based on the results achieved from this study, the physical and chemical treatment can be considered for use in WWTP planning in the leather tanning industry.

Machine learning modeling for the prediction of phosphorus and nitrogen removal efficiency and screening of crucial microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants

The effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is largely determined by the microbial community structure in their activated sludge (AS). Interactions among microbial communities in AS systems and their indirect effects on water quality changes are crucial for WWTP performance. However, there is currently no quantitative method to evaluate the contribution of microorganisms to the operating efficiency of WWTPs. Traditional assessments of WWTP performance are limited by experimental conditions, methods, and other factors, resulting in increased costs and experimental pollutants. Therefore, an effective method is needed to predict WWTP efficiency based on AS community structure and quantitatively evaluate the contribution of microorganisms in the AS system. This study evaluated and compared microbial communities and water quality changes from WWTPs worldwide by meta-analysis of published high-throughput sequencing data. Six machine learning (ML) models were utilized to predict the efficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen removal in WWTPs; among them, XGBoost showed the highest prediction accuracy. Cross-entropy was used to screen the crucial microorganisms related to phosphorus and nitrogen removal efficiency, and the modeling confirmed the reasonableness of the results. Thirteen genera with nitrogen and phosphorus cycling pathways obtained from the screening were considered highly appropriate for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen. The results showed that the microbes Haliangium, Vicinamibacteraceae, Tolumonas, and SWB02 are potentially crucial for phosphorus and nitrogen removal, as they may be involved in the process of phosphorus and nitrogen removal in sewage treatment plants. Overall, these findings have deepened our understanding of the relationship between microbial community structure and performance of WWTPs, indicating that microbial data should play a critical role in the future design of sewage treatment plants. The ML model of this study can efficiently screen crucial microbes associated with WWTP system performance, and it is promising for the discovery of potential microbial metabolic pathways.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK SYSTEM LUMPUR AKTIF DI GEDUNG TRANS MART

This study aims to design a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) design; reference in making WWTP in another place; and do waste water treatment so it is not harmful to the surrounding environment. The location of the research in the Jakarta Transmart building, when this research was conducted in March to June 2018. The method used in the implementation of this study planning was the preparation of reports that included analysis of waste characteristics; review of literature studies that are used to study supporting theories during conducting problem analysis and discussion so that they can be considered into the planning of wastewater treatment institu- tions that will be carried out; collection of primary data and secondary data as material for study of wastewater treatment plant planning; and design, calculation of the dimensions of the wastewater treatment plant, technical specifications. Planning criteria, among others: processing efficiency and achieving target results in accordance with desired quality standards; land area needed; and care must be easy and simple. The results showed that the estimated discharge of water requirements found in the Transmart building was around 59.97 m³ / day, obtained from the calculation of the area of the building building to meet the needs of clean water needed per square meter. Aeration tank volume and Aeration 1 dimensions: 3.35 m long, 4.450 m wide, 2.550 m depth, 0.625 m free space height, 38.01 m³ volume. Aeration 2: 3.375 m long, 4.450 m wide, 2.550 m depth, 0.625 m free space height, 38.3 m³ volume. Total aeration body area = 76,315 m. Tub sedimentation: 3.35 m long, 2.850 m wide, 2.350 m depth, 0.90 m free space height, 38.3 m³ volume. Volume: 13.7. Tub Equalization: 2.625 m long, 5.975 m wide, 2.60 m depth, free space height 0.575 m, volume 40 m³. In the design of planning the installation of wastewater treatment systems for activated sludge should be added or further processing so that the water from processing can be reused and not wasted, such as filtration so that it can be used such as for washing vehicles, watering plants etc.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT SINGKONG (Manihot Utilissima) DALAM MEMPENGARUHI KADAR FE DALAM AIR

This study aims to design a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) design; reference in making WWTP in another place; and do waste water treatment so it is not harmful to the surrounding environment. The location of the research in the Jakarta Transmart building, when this research was conducted in March to June 2018. The method used in the implementation of this study planning was the preparation of reports that included analysis of waste characteristics; review of literature studies that are used to study supporting theories during conducting problem analysis and discussion so that they can be considered into the planning of wastewater treatment institu- tions that will be carried out; collection of primary data and secondary data as material for study of wastewater treatment plant planning; and design, calculation of the dimensions of the wastewater treatment plant, technical specifications. Planning criteria, among others: processing efficiency and achieving target results in accordance with desired quality standards; land area needed; and care must be easy and simple. The results showed that the estimated discharge of water requirements found in the Transmart building was around 59.97 m³ / day, obtained from the calculation of the area of the building building to meet the needs of clean water needed per square meter. Aeration tank volume and Aeration 1 dimensions: 3.35 m long, 4.450 m wide, 2.550 m depth, 0.625 m free space height, 38.01 m³ volume. Aeration 2: 3.375 m long, 4.450 m wide, 2.550 m depth, 0.625 m free space height, 38.3 m³ volume. Total aeration body area = 76,315 m. Tub sedimentation: 3.35 m long, 2.850 m wide, 2.350 m depth, 0.90 m free space height, 38.3 m³ volume. Volume: 13.7. Tub Equalization: 2.625 m long, 5.975 m wide, 2.60 m depth, free space height 0.575 m, volume 40 m³. In the design of planning the installation of wastewater treatment systems for activated sludge should be added or further processing so that the water from processing can be reused and not wasted, such as filtration so that it can be used such as for washing vehicles, watering plants etc.

Adsorption process modeling to reduce COD by activated carbon for wastewater treatment

Investigations have been carried out on the utilization of Activated Carbon (AC) in adsorption processes for the wastewater treatment of industry and municipal. Sulfides materials, phenols and furfural is a toxic compounds in wastewater from refineries can adversely affect the performance of biological aeration basins in reducing COD levels. This work aims to provide the effectiveness of AC in reducing the COD level of the effluent from the Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) unit to meet standards of environments protecting and pass the design of wastewater treatment plants. A dynamic adsorption model was developed based on the dispersion of axial in the AC packed bed, assuming that the LDF (linear driving force) model in to the adsorbents is agreed to mass transfer. The model's predictions of chemical oxygen demand breakthrough curve concentrations showed excellent agreement with experimental data. The sensitivity analysis of operational conditions such as flow rate, inlet concentration of COD and bed length was used to gain a better understanding of the optimal design of an AC fixed bed. The results suggest that an AC fixed bed can complement biological treatment of wastewater and address the challenges faced by biological basins in oil refineries.

Physical and Chemical Treatability Assessment for Food Industry Wastewater in Wastewater Treatment Plant Design

Food industry wastewater has characteristics that contain high organic matter and suspended solids. Most of the methods used are physical and chemical treatment because these methods have high efficiency and effectivity. In designing a new wastewater treatment plant, the treatability assessment is essential to any consideration or reference in planning the treatment process to be implemented. This research aims to obtain treatability assessment results that will be used as consideration in planning treatment units in WWTP according to the characteristics of wastewater tested. The removal results of the sedimentation test with Imhoff Cone were able to remove 51.2% COD, 64.04% BOD, and 95.21% TSS with the optimum settling time of 40 minutes. The samples test continued to the rapid-slow mixing test using the jar test, resulting that by adding coagulant at the optimum dose of PAC 120 mg/L, it was capable to remove 68.21% of COD, 73.22% of BOD, and up to 98.07% of TSS at the end of the process. Based on the assessment results, the physical and chemical treatment can remove suspended solids pollutant parameters with high efficiency so it will be considered to be used in planning Wastewater Treatment Plants for this food industry.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH PADA INDUSTRI TAHU (Studi Kasus Pabrik Tahu WD Lamper Lor Semarang Selatan)

In the production process, the tofu industry produces solid and liquid waste. The waste contains organic matter with high levels of BOD, COD, and TSS and does not meet quality standards. If the waste is directly discharged into the environment, it will reduce the carrying capacity of the environment. This research was conducted at the WD Lamper Lor Tofu Factory, with the aim of planning the design and RAB for the construction of the wastewater treatment plant at the Tofu Factory. This research uses quantitative analysis methods which are presented in the form of numbers which are then explained and interpreted in the form of descriptions. The quality of BOD, COD, TSS, and pH were 144 mg/L, respectively; 380 mg/L; 98 mg/L; and 4.34. Based on the quality standards, the wastewater does not meet the requirements, so it is necessary to plan a wastewater treatment plant. Researchers plan the processing stages, namely Reservoir, Equalization, Anaerobic Digester, Gas Storage, Presettlement Tub, Anaerobic Biofilter, and Final Sedimentation Tub. The estimated effluent from the processing of BOD, COD, and TSS is 2,916 mg/L, respectively; 7.695 mg/L; 2.116 mg/L. In addition to processing it into water that is fit for reuse, the design of this wastewater treatment plant produces methane gas that can be used for the tofu-making process or can be used on a household scale. The total budget plan for the planning of the Wastewater Treatment Plant at the WD Tofu Factory is 31,106,117.05.

What is the best design approach for estimating effluent concentrations from horizontal flow treatment wetlands: the use of volumetric (kV) or areal (kA) removal rate coefficients?

Effluent concentrations from horizontal flow (HF) treatment wetlands can be estimated by using the Tanks-In-Series model for describing hydraulics and first-order removal rate coefficients for describing pollutant removal. In the design of conventional wastewater treatment plants, volumetric removal rate coefficients (kV) are traditionally used in conjunction with the theoretical hydraulic retention time. Areal removal rate coefficients (kA) coupled with the applied areal hydraulic loading rate are widely used in the literature. Despite this, supporting evidence of its appropriateness is scarce in the literature. The objective of this study is to investigate the adequacy of both approaches by analyzing the influence of liquid depth on kV and kA. Data from 74 HF wetlands were collected, covering biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, and diverse types of influents (raw sewage and primary, secondary and tertiary effluents). For these conditions, kV decreased with depth of the wetland system. Regression analyses between depth and removal rate coefficients were performed, and the equations indicated that kV was approximately related to the inverse of depth, while kA was almost independent of depth. These findings endorse the utilization of the areal-based approach for design purposes. The volumetric-based approach can also be used, but the value of kV must be provided together with the depth being considered.

Design and Development of a Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment Plant for the NMCE Campus

Abstract: The characteristics and quantity of wastewater are required to get the correct treatment system for wastewater reuse in the NMCE campus. Water is an essential commodity of society. The water availability in NMCE during the summer season is limited, and the wastewater disposal system in NMCE is not methodical. It is directly discharged into open land; therefore, it must design and develop a wastewater treatment plant for the NMCE campus. Wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands is emerging as the low-cost alternative method involving plant species for sewage treatment. The present study will address the design of a wastewater treatment plant for the NMCE campus.

Effect of the association of coagulation/flocculation, hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation and activated carbon in landfill leachate treatment system

Mature landfill wastewater is a complex effluent due to its low biodegradability and high organic matter content. Currently, mature leachate is treated on-site or transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Many WWTPs do not have the capacity to receive mature leachate due to its high organic load leading to an increase in the cost of transportation to treatment plants more adapted to this type of wastewater and the possibility of environmental impacts. Many techniques are used in the treatment of mature leachates, such as coagulation/flocculation, biological reactors, membranes, and advanced oxidative processes. However, the isolated application of these techniques does not achieve efficiency to meet environmental standards. In this regard, this work developed a compact system that combines coagulation and flocculation (1st Stage), hydrodynamic cavitation and ozonation (2nd Stage), and activated carbon polishing (3rd Stage) for the treatment of mature landfill leachate. The synergetic combination of physicochemical and advanced oxidative processes showed a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of over 90% in less than three hours of treatment using the bioflocculant PGα21Ca. Also, the almost absolute removal of apparent color and turbidity was achieved. The remaining CODs of the treated mature leachate were lower when compared to typical domestic sewage of large capitals (COD ~ 600 mg L−1), which allows the interconnection of the sanitary landfill to the urban sewage collection network after treatment in this proposed system. The results obtained with the compact system can help in the design of landfill leachate treatment plants, as well as in the treatment of urban and industrial effluents which contains different compounds of emerging concern and persistence in the environment.

AWWA Water Science Author Spotlight

Having recently published an article in AWWA Water Science, Rain Richard answered questions from the publication's editor-in-chief, Kenneth L. Mercer, about the research. Pre- and Post-Flushing of Three Schools in Arizona Due to COVID-19 Shutdown Rain Richard and Trevor H. Boyer I currently work at NCS Engineers as a consultant, and my focus is on wastewater treatment design. My goal has always been to bridge the gap between research and industry. I use my research and analytical skills to model treatment plant options for clients and solve issues that occur at wastewater treatment plants, and I am slowly moving into direct potable reuse. Each wastewater treatment plant design for a client is like its own research project. There are so many factors and limitations associated with a design, from policies to budgets. Having patience, thinking outside the box, and presenting the atypical are what make me successful at my job. During the early part of my PhD work, I had been struggling for a week with cross-contamination of my cell cultures, and I couldn’t figure out why. I was really frustrated. The best thing I ever heard was when a professor told me, “Science does not have emotion. Therefore, you should not show it any emotion.” That changed everything for me. A light turned on and I felt like I gained control of my situation again. After that, regardless of how difficult a task was in the lab, I wasn’t bothered by failures or outcomes I wasn’t expecting. It is all a part of science. Rain and her family have just finished a mountain-bike ride in the Phoenix Mountain Preserve. Rain is measuring dissolved oxygen in the various reactors at a wastewater treatment facility. In my opinion, getting direct potable reuse (DPR) to be accepted and practiced in the United States is a major hurdle that we should be implementing right now. The biggest challenge we face will be if we try to implement DPR when it is too little, too late. There are two major areas of resistance that I come across often: public acceptance and cost of implementation, and I think cost outweighs public acceptance. Maybe we aren’t thirsty enough yet, but I really hope we don’t get to that point before we begin to implement DPR. It is an area in which everyone should band together instead of working in silos. Rain takes a leisurely horseback ride at MacDonald's Ranch in Scottsdale, Ariz. I was born in Afghanistan but moved to the United States as a refugee when I was a toddler. Afghanistan is a country that does not have a reliable source of clean water. I think about how fortunate I am to live in such a wonderful country. There are so many opportunities in the United States. Rain is studying a retrofit of a wastewater treatment plant and reading a permit to confirm that the treatment plant can begin construction on a new phase of design. I enjoy the small things. Every night we sit as a family and eat dinner. My kids are active in sports, and I love attending their events. I really enjoy being on the trails near my house. The sunsets are gorgeous, and I enjoy walking my rambunctious dogs. I like to crochet every night before bed to turn my mind off. And of course, I love our family vacations. To learn more about Rain's research, visit the article, available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1239.

Reverse and Green Logistics Implementation for Sewage Treatment Plant Installation of “BELLA” Apartment Building

Industrial and household operations mostly produce liquid waste that can harm the environment without further processing or processing. "Bella" Apartment is an apartment building located in one of the big cities in Indonesia, called Surabaya. The waste generated from this building comes from household activities such as toilet waste, laundry waste and kitchen waste. The purpose of this study is to minimize costs and increase the income of business owner. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with 3 informants. Based on financial analysis over the past 12 months, the management often complains about the high consumption of water so that the total cost of water paid to the water provider becomes higher and the owner's concern for the environment. water used in public facilities is taken from water sources for washing vehicles, washing clothes and other activities. In this study, the design of the Sewage Treatment Plant will be carried out, calculating the installation costs, the savings that can be obtained so that it can increase revenue, how to process secondary waste and maintenance from the sewage treatment plant, and the implementation of the Reverse Logistics concept in handling waste. Reduce the amount of operating costs from electricity and Water costs to increase revenue.

Rewards, risks and responsible deployment of artificial intelligence in water systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly proposed to address deficiencies across water systems, which currently leave about 25% of the global population without clean water, about 50% without sanitation services and about 30% without hygiene facilities. AI is poised to enhance supply insights, catchment management and emergency response, improve treatment plant and distribution network design, operation and maintenance, and advance service availability, demand management and water justice. However, proliferation of this nascent technology could trigger serious and unexpected problems, including system-wide compromise owing to design errors, malfunction and cyberattacks as well as exposures to cascading socio-ecological, water–energy–food nexus and coupled critical infrastructure failures. In response, we make three recommendations for safe and responsible deployment of AI across potable water supply and sewage disposal systems: address gaps in foundational infrastructure and digital literacy; establish institutional, software and hardware mechanisms for trustworthy AI; and prioritize applications based on our proposed systematic benefit and risk assessment framework. In this Perspective, the authors survey potential water-system-wide benefits of AI applications from catchments to end-users and then highlight potential systemic barriers, direct risks and exposures to cascading failures, which may prove catastrophic for communities. In response, they make three recommendations for safe and responsible deployment of AI across potable water supply and sewage disposal systems.

Design of Water Treatment Plant on the Basis of SCADA Using Use of Coconut Shell as Capping For Sand in Rapid Sand Filters

The design of a water treatment plant utilizing SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) technology and coconut shell as a capping material for sand in rapid sand filters is presented in this study. The primary objective of the design is to provide safe drinking water by removing suspended solids, organic matter, and other contaminants from the raw water. The treatment process involves several stages, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection. The use of coconut shell as a capping material for sand in rapid sand filters is a novel approach that offers several benefits over traditional sand filters, including increased filtration efficiency and reduced maintenance costs. SCADA technology is utilized to automate the operation of the treatment plant, enabling real-time monitoring and control of the treatment process. The design of the treatment plant is presented in detail, including the sizing and specification of equipment, process flow diagrams, and instrumentation and control systems. The design parameters are based on local water quality standards and are optimized to ensure maximum efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment process. Overall, the proposed design provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for water treatment, utilizing innovative technologies and materials to deliver safe drinking water to the community.

Environmental sustainability assessment of captive conventional sewage treatment plant designs

Environmental sustainability assessment of captive conventional sewage treatment plant designs

Simulation Design Of Animal Waste Treatment Installation System Using Water Level Control System

The simulation design of this animal waste treatment plant is a design that applies the sewage treatment plant system which is made to cope with environmental pollution, especially rivers due to indiscriminate disposal of animal waste. Making this animal waste treatment plant provides information to readers or the public about how to design an animal waste treatment plant system and the performance of the sewage treatment system so that people know how to deal with environmental pollution caused by the livestock themselves. The manufacture of this installation system uses data collection methods from direct farmers and theories obtained from books, journals, articles related to sewage treatment plant theory, plumbing, electricity, and others. Finally, the data was collected by testing the animal dung waste treatment system where the test data was taken from the pH content of the water used for processing the animal dung waste treatment system. The test results on the sewage treatment plant system concluded that in order to obtain optimal results or water pH content, namely the pH content of 6, it is necessary to deposit animal manure between two to three days, while the maximum processing of this system is the pH content of 6.5. and processing of animal manure, which is on the fourth day to get the maximum pH content.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design for Batik Wastewater with Off-Site System Method in Ulu Gedong Sub-District, Jambi City

Batik is a cultural heritage of Indonesia in the form of textile crafts. The batik industry uses a lot of dyes that cause environmental pollution. The study results showed that Artisanal Small Scale Industry batik has yet to perform batik wastewater management to a technical standard. Design planning for batik wastewater management considers the conditions of wastewater discharge, dyes, characteristics of wastewater, the location to be served, and the location of Waste Water Treatment Plant. The design of the batik Waste Water Treatment Plant building is an equalization unit with dimensions of 4.6 m long, 2.3 m wide, and 4 m high, an anaerobic unit with dimensions of 10.5 m long, 4 m wide and 3.5 m high, a filtration unit with a diameter of 8 inches, 40 inches tall, control tub with dimensions of length 8 m, width 4 m, and height 3.5 m, and sludge drying bed with dimensions of length 15 m, width 15 m and height 1 m. The processing unit obtained water pollutant concentrations in the processed wastewater of 2.426 mg/L BOD, 0.543 mg/L of COD, and 0.0115 mg/L of TSS. This concentration shows that the WWTP design optimally reduce the pollutants in batik wastewater.

PROPOSAL FOR A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (WWTP) WITH SUSTAINABLE AND AUTOMATED ENERGY DESIGN FOR MARGINALIZED AREAS

Abstract Water scarcity and the lack of treatment systems for regeneration and discharge have an alternative design of wastewater treatment plants, WWTP. In this context, it is explored to integrate photovoltaic energy and a web system for automation and control according to Mexican official standards. For this, a model of WWTP is proposed, the photovoltaic system with solar panels, and the use of a web system that uses a PHP programming language with javascript input and output management embedded to HTLM. This model for its simple design conditions with optimal orientation makes the project ideal for three or six-year periods for remote communities such as the area of Chilon, Mexico Keywords: WWTP, Solar Panels, Automated, Web Systems.