Design Of Supply Systems Research Articles

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ И ВОДООТВЕДЕНИЯ C МИНИМАЛЬНЫМИ КАПИТАЛЬНЫМИ ЗАТРАТАМИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СТАНЦИИ

The work is devoted to the design of water supply and sanitation systems for a low-power thermal power plant within the framework of an energy saving policy with minimal capital costs. The purpose of this work was to analyze the station’s needs for water resources, as well as identify sources of water supply with the selection of cost-effective methods of water treatment and recycling. As part of this work, the set goal was achieved through detailed design of the system on the AutoCAD software platform, which made it possible to accurately visualize all elements of the system. The most important and significant result in this work is the calculations and recommendations for optimizing design solutions taking into account economic feasibility. The significance of the results obtained will allow the implementation of these design solutions at mini stations with low power.

Surrogate Model-Assisted Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Energy Storage and Supply Systems

Surrogate Model-Assisted Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Energy Storage and Supply Systems

Hydraulic and Water Quality Simulation in a Drinking Water Supply Network: A Case Study of the Ain Regada Network

Abstract To ensure the quantitative and qualitative safety of the drinking water supply to urban and rural areas, drinking water supply network managers are always concerned to improve the quality of the service provided to consumers and the continuity and quality of the water distributed. They are also concerned to ensure better management of all water supply systems. The development of computer software has made network modelling an essential part of the design and management of water supply systems. In this context, this study focuses on the operation of the Ain Regada water supply network. The simulation of the operation of the network in its current state is carried out using Epanet software.

Автоматизация расчетов токов короткого замыкания и потерь напряжения в системах электроснабжения и интеграция в CAD систему

Modern design of power supply systems is closely related to huge amounts of data that require fast and accurate processing in order to ensure uninterrupted and reliable operation of the system. A specialized software solution has been developed to efficiently process such volumes of data. The program provides an opportunity to check the accuracy of the selected protection equipment, cable lines and identify unreliable elements in the system. This allows engineers to verify the reliability and efficiency of the designed power supply system, as well as to make the necessary adjustments to ensure uninterrupted operation. Keywords: AUTOMATION, CALCULATION, INTEGRATION, VOLTAGE, POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM, DESIGN, CAD SYSTEMS, DATA ANALYSIS, SOFTWARE

Study of temporal changes in the hydrographic network of small mountain rivers in the Ile Alatau, Kazakhstan

Abstract The article presents the outcomes of an assessment of hydrographic network changes within the Almaty city, utilizing geographic information system (GIS) technology and Earth remote sensing data. Two gauge stations were selected along the main rivers within the Almaty city. To identify distinctive alterations in these rivers, hydrological data series encompassing the maximum runoff from 1970 to 2021 were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Differential integral curves were constructed to pinpoint periods corresponding to peak and trough runoff levels. For each of these identified periods, the processing of satellite imagery allowed for the computation of meandering coefficients for the river channels. Additionally, refinements were made to the slope values of the rivers during these same timeframes, and connectivity graphs were established to elucidate the relationship between slope and liquid runoff for each period. The analysis encompassed an assessment of the impact of anthropogenic factors on both artificial and natural bodies of water while also considering shifts in the boundaries of the Almaty city. The findings derived from this study have practical applications in the planning and design of water supply systems and in the implementation of measures aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of anthropogenic factors on water bodies.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Currently, there are a large number of territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan that are not connected to centralized networks. Power supply of facilities in such territories is a complex task, the solution of which requires significant material costs. Reliable power supply means long-term uninterrupted power supply of consumers with electricity of the required quality. The most functionally completed autonomous power supply system (SES) of the "small" electric power industry is the integrated system of guaranteed power supply (KSGEP). The article discusses the provision of reliable power supply to a specific consumer - it is possible only on the basis of a systematic approach to the organization of power supply. To ensure the normal operation of the DES-UPS system (uninterruptible power supply), the power of the DES (diesel power plant) must exceed the power of the UPS. The degree of this excess depends on many factors determined by both the properties of the generator and the diesel engine, and the characteristics of the UPS. The analysis of the problem of matching DES and UPS was identified and revealed, which served as the basis for the development of a methodology for calculating power and selecting DES for working with UPS. A comprehensive system approach to the design, organization, maintenance and operation of autonomous power supply systems of the "small" electric power industry is given, which is the key to their reliable functioning, reliable power supply to consumers.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Currently, there are a large number of territories in the Republic of Kazakhstan that are not connected to centralized networks. Power supply of facilities in such territories is a complex task, the solution of which requires significant material costs. Reliable power supply means long-term uninterrupted power supply of consumers with electricity of the required quality. The most functionally completed autonomous power supply system (SES) of the "small" electric power industry is the integrated system of guaranteed power supply (KSGEP). The article discusses the provision of reliable power supply to a specific consumer - it is possible only on the basis of a systematic approach to the organization of power supply. To ensure the normal operation of the DES-UPS system (uninterruptible power supply), the power of the DES (diesel power plant) must exceed the power of the UPS. The degree of this excess depends on many factors determined by both the properties of the generator and the diesel engine, and the characteristics of the UPS. The analysis of the problem of matching DES and UPS was identified and revealed, which served as the basis for the development of a methodology for calculating power and selecting DES for working with UPS. A comprehensive system approach to the design, organization, maintenance and operation of autonomous power supply systems of the "small" electric power industry is given, which is the key to their reliable functioning, reliable power supply to consumers.

Impact of Pipe Length on Discharge and Headloss in PVC Water Pipe Installations

This study was conducted to investigate the implications of pipe length on water discharge and headloss in clean water pipe installations in Klampok hamlet, Indonesia. Three residential houses were selected as research sites, each equipped with a 2-inch diameter PVC type pipe and a water pump with a power of 3.6 housepower. The goal was to measure the water discharge, major and minor headloss, and the flow pattern within these pipe installations. Results revealed a water pump discharge to the reservoir of 0.004 m3/s, while the reservoir water discharge designated to supply residents’ houses was 0.0026 m3/s. Further, the study uncovered that headloss value was inversely proportional to pipe length, with a maximum major headloss value of 1.764 m at 17 m and a minimum of 1.038 m at 10 m, similarly mirrored in minor headloss values. Finally, the flow pattern within the pipe, irrespective of its length, was found to be turbulent, as deduced from the Reynolds number (Re=165,780 > 4,000). These findings underscore the role of pipe length in dictating energy loss and water discharge rates, offering key insights for the design and installation of efficient water supply systems.

Dimensionless Pressure Response Analysis for Water Supply Pipeline Systems with or without Pumping Station

Dimensionless governing equations of unsteady flow and solutions for the pipeline systems having a surge tank were developed. Frequency domain pressure response expressions for two widely used water supply systems were analyzed in dimensionless frequency and time domains. One is the simple reservoir pipeline surge tank valve system and the other is the pipeline system with pump and check valve protected by surge tank. Two different dimensionless expressions for the surge tank were developed and the performance of two expressions was compared. The frequency response pattern of impedance at the downstream valve indicated that the system resonance was determined by the lengths of the main pipeline and the connector and the locations of the surge tank and check valve for the protection of the pumping station. The difference between the simple pipeline system and that of a pump with a check valve was expressed in terms of the phase difference in frequency response distribution. The integrated pressure response for the protected pipeline section was evaluated considering the impact of surge protection in the frequency domain. A better understanding of system behavior can be obtained in terms of specific component isolation both in the frequency and time domain pressure responses. The driven responses in the frequency and time domain can be an important basis for optimum design and operation conditions of water supply systems in dimensionless space.

Involving energy security and a Water–Energy-Environment nexus framework in the optimal integration of rural water–energy supply systems

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating the Water–Energy-Environment nexus and energy security in the design of water and energy supply systems in isolated off-grid rural communities. Since the evaluation of the nexus requires addressing multiple design objectives, a strategy, based on normalization and sub-setting of objective functions, is proposed to visualize conflicts in problems with many objective functions. To test this idea, the optimal design of a water and energy supply system in a rural indigenous community with traditional household buildings in central Mexico is presented. The Water–Energy-Environment nexus is dealt with using the objective functions of water consumption from local sources, energy efficiency of the system, land use and local CO2 balance. The focus of the analysis is the performance of the nexus components contrasted with the economic performance and energy security of the system. The energy security is evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener index. The results indicate that diversification of primary supply sources increases the impacts and accentuates conflicts in both the nexus and economic performance. For the case study presented, maximizing the Shannon–Wiener Index increases the participation of photovoltaic and wind power, but the total annual cost of the system increases up to 63%. On the other hand, there are considerable impacts on land use and CO2 emissions associated with wood combustion. The proposed strategy for visualizing conflicts in problems with multiple objective functions has the potential to be used as a complement to traditional tools such as the Pareto front.

Operation Performance Analysis of a Novel Renewable Energy‐Driven Multienergy Supply System Based on Wind, Photovoltaic, Concentrating Solar Power, Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers, and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

In pursuing clean energy systems and carbon neutrality, the efficient use of renewable energy is key. This research introduces a novel wind–solar–hydrogen multienergy supply (WSH‐MES) system, powered by renewables, designed to stabilize power output through regulated concentrating solar power (CSP) and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEs). An active regulation strategy for thermal and hydrogen storage is developed to counterbalance the volatility of wind and photovoltaic power. Key results reveal that the WSH‐MES system surpasses WP–PV and WP–PV–CSP systems in reliability, reducing power supply loss probability to 2.81%. This improvement is largely due to the controlled CSP and PEME, which effectively mitigates the stochastic fluctuations in wind and solar power generation, thereby ensuring more stable and reliable power output. Moreover, the system achieves an 80.97% primary renewable energy rate and a 0.12 power discard rate. In conclusion, this research comprehensively examines the operational characteristics of the WSH‐MES system, elucidates the practical advantages of the WSH‐MES system in terms of reliability, renewable energy utilization, and adaptability under various conditions. The results offer valuable insights into the design and operation of multienergy supply systems, potentially fostering the large‐scale implementation of renewable energy systems and leading toward a sustainable energy future.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЕКТА ПЛАНИРОВКИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЛИНЕЙНОГО ОБЪЕКТА СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ЗАМАРАЙСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД С ЦЕЛЬЮ БЕЗОПАСНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ

Issues of quality water supply are always relevant, because water is the source of life on Earth. The article deals with the design of linear water supply systems and identifies the main problems of their functioning. The authors present the results of studies of the projected reserve water pipeline from the Zamarayskoye groundwater deposit to the pumping stations in the Serovsky urban district. It is found that the preparation of urban planning documentation is currently an important condition for the safe development of the territory. The purpose of such documentation is to form the boundaries of land for the placement of new engineering networks, in particular the water supply system. Safe water use is one of the main aspects of social state policy.

Methods for infection prevention in the built environment—a mini-review

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that infection prevention actions need to be more efficient in public indoor environments. In addition to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, many pathogens, including other infectious viruses, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and premise plumbing pathogens, are an invisible threat, especially in public indoor spaces. The indoor hygiene concept for comprehensive infection prevention in built environments highlights that the indoor environment should be considered as a whole when aiming to create buildings with increased infection prevention capacity. Within indoor environments, infections can indirectly spread through surfaces, air, and water systems. Many methods, such as antimicrobial technologies and engineering solutions, targeting these indoor elements are available, which aim to increase the hygiene level in indoor environments. The architectural design itself lays a foundation for more efficient infection prevention in public buildings. Touchless solutions and antimicrobial coatings can be applied to frequently touched surfaces to prevent indirect contact infection. Special ventilation solutions and air purification systems should be considered to prevent airborne infection transmissions. Proper design and use of water supply systems combined with water treatment devices, if necessary, are important in controlling premise plumbing pathogens. This article gives a concise review of the functional and available hygiene-increasing methods—concentrating on indoor surfaces, indoor air, and water systems—to help the professionals, such as designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel, involved in the different stages of a building’s lifecycle, to increase the infection prevention capacity of public buildings.

Research on the Control Strategy of Urban Integrated Energy Systems Containing the Fuel Cell

As a new type of energy with the advantages of high efficiency, clean and pollution-free, fuel cells have attracted the attention of many experts and scholars. The efficient utilization of fuel cells will certainly become the mainstay of energy transformation and environmental protection. However, fuel cells have low power density, soft electrical output characteristics, and significantly delayed response to sudden load changes. When fuel cells are used as power supply energy alone, the output voltage fluctuates greatly, and the power supply reliability could be higher. To increase the fuel cell’s service life in real world applications, a DC converter and an appropriate auxiliary energy storage power supply are combined to form a fuel cell hybrid power supply system that makes efficient use of the auxiliary energy storage system’s availability, enhances the power supply system’s adaptability through dynamic reconfiguration, and provides better flexibility overall. This work proposes a method for managing the energy produced by an urban integrated power supply system that includes fuel cells, supercapacitors, and solar cells. Applying the IF-THEN rule of load power and the state of charge of the supercapacitors, the power balance is adjusted between the su-percapacitors, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells according to the defined fuzzy logic control. The intermittent nature of solar power production and the erratic nature of fuel cell output may both be mitigated using this technique, allowing the load power to operate more reliably. The simulation results show that the control strategy adopted in this paper is able to not only meet the load requirements but also reasonably allocate the functional requirements and improve the working efficiency of the system, resulting in a clear optimization effect on the system’s control. In this paper, we focus on the fuel cell hybrid power supply system design, and then we use the idea of fuzzy logic control energy management to build the structure of the fuzzy logic control system, design the fuzzy controller, determine the functions, and verify the solutions through simulation and experimentation.

Determination of the grid impedance in power consumption modes with harmonics

The paper investigates the harmonic impedance determination of the power supply system of a mining enterprise. This parameter is important when calculating modes with voltage distortions, since the determined parameters of harmonic currents and voltages significantly depend on its value, which allow the most accurate modeling of processes in the presence of distortions in voltage and current. The power supply system of subsurface mining is considered, which is characterized by a significant branching of the electrical network and the presence of powerful nonlinear loads leading to a decrease in the power quality at a production site. The modernization of the mining process, the integration of automated electrical drive systems, renewable energy sources, energy-saving technologies lead to an increase in the energy efficiency of production, but also to a decrease in the power quality, in particular, to an increase in the level of voltage harmonics. The problem of determining the grid harmonic impedance is solved in order to improve the quality of design and operation of power supply systems for mining enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of their workload in the extraction of solid minerals by underground method. The paper considers the possibility of determining the grid impedance based on the measurement of non-characteristic harmonics generated by a special nonlinear load. A thyristor power controller based on phase regulation of the output voltage is considered as such a load. Simulation computer modeling and experimental studies on a laboratory test bench are used to confirm the proposed method. The recommendations for selecting load parameters and measuring device connection nodes have been developed.

Joint design of electric bus transit service and wireless charging facilities

Cities worldwide are deploying electric buses rapidly to enhance eco-friendly public transportation. Most existing electric transit systems rely solely on stationary charging at terminals and have to equip buses with large-sized batteries to maintain operation in networks. Consequently, the stationary-charging electric bus (SE-Bus) systems are subject to high battery costs, limited range per charge, long charging time (layover time), etc. These limitations may be addressed by integrating the new wireless power transfer technology, which provides contactless charging to the operating buses without extra delays. To guide wireless-charging electric bus (WE-Bus) designs in corridors, this paper proposes an optimization model to jointly optimize (i) the electric supply system and (ii) the transit service that are interdependent.Specifically, we construct parsimonious models for system metrics using five design variables/functions, i.e., battery size, the number of wireless power transfer (WPT) pads, stationary charging rate, service headways, and stop densities. Accordingly, we formulate the optimal design problem to minimize the generalized system cost as the sum of the transit agency’s and patrons’ costs. The problem is attacked by first decomposing into two sub-problems regarding (i) electric supply system design and (ii) transit service design and then solving them iteratively. The (i) sub-problem is converted to a linear programming problem by linearization, and the (ii) sub-problem is analyzed with optimal conditions. Numerical tests show the proposed solution approach produces accurate results.Extensive numerical experiments unveil several findings. First, the WE-Bus systems outperform the SE-Bus in various scenarios except when wireless charging facilities are too costly. Second, the optimized WE-Bus designs can reduce costs not only to the agency (with smaller-sized bus battery and reduced fleet cost) but also to patrons (who enjoy improved services with shorter headways). Additional parameter analyses also investigate the impacts of demand levels, wireless charging rates, depths of discharge, etc. Lastly, a case study in Chengdu (China) illustrates the application of the proposed model.

Powder feeding enhancement of powder propellant supply system by using gas-permeable piston

Stable and efficient powder propellant feeding is the key to the excellent performance of powder engines, but the previous structures of supply systems pose a challenge to it. Therefore, structural optimization has been made for the powder propellant supply system to promote feeding. Specifically, the traditional sealed piston is optimized as the gas-permeable piston that has an annular gap between the piston edge and the silo wall to allow the driving gas to permeate into the powder column, producing the gas pressure gradient to increase powder axial pressure and leading to the cancellation of fluidization gas line at the front of the silo to reduce gas turbulence and powder fluctuations. There is a discovery that the powder achieves mass flow under only airflow and discharged powder amount can be maximized as much as possible by combining with gas-permeable piston, which also supports the feasibility of the optimized system and realizes a more stable and higher flux flow. In addition, the gas-permeable piston with a gear-shaped end face has the best overall performance. Through this work, we wish that our research can provide valuable guidance for the design of powder propellant supply systems to meet the requirements of spacecraft power systems.

Identification and frequency analysis of drought–flood abrupt alternation events using a daily-scale standardized weighted average of the precipitation index

Drought–flood abrupt alternation (DFAA), which is defined as the rapid transition between drought and flood in a short period, amplifies the negative impacts of individual drought or flood. DFAA is divided into drought to flood (DTF) and flood to drought (FTD) according to the sequences of drought and flood. Previous studies of identifying DFAA events have mostly been conducted over a long timescale (e.g., over a month), leading to inaccurate identification or omissions of DFAA events. In addition, frequency analysis of DTF and FTD events, which is vital for the design of hydraulic structures and water supply systems, has rarely been studied. This study establishes an identification method for DFAA events based on a daily-scale standardized weighted average of the precipitation index (SWAP) and conducts frequency analysis of DTF and FTD events based on copula theory. The Han River Basin (HRB), China, a crucial area for water resource management, was selected as the study area. Our findings disclose that DFAA events occurred less frequently with larger intensities and durations between 1961 and 2020. The temporal trends of DTF and FTD events varied similarly, while the number of DTF events were less than that of FTD events, indicating that FTD is the main performance of DFAA in HRB. In addition, the identification processes of DFAA events at the Wuhan station were analyzed in detail and proved that SWAP is an effective index for capturing the change of precipitation and accurately depicting the occurrences of droughts and floods. Furthermore, drought intensity (DI) and flood intensity (FI) were selected for bivariate frequency analysis. An OR case was defined as DI ≥ di or FI ≥ fi, while an AND case was defined as DI ≥ di and FI ≥ fi. The results of frequency analysis showed that joint return periods (JRPs) of DFAA events under the OR case are basically equal in three sub-basins, meaning a similar occurrence of probability of drought–flood disaster. JRPs under the AND case increased from the upper and middle basins to the lower basin as a whole, indicating the decreasing risk of abrupt drought–flood transitions. Overall, this study may have potential value in the early warning and mitigation of DFAA disaster.

Power supply system design for online monitoring system of mechanical characteristics of high voltage circuit breakers

The mechanical fault is the main fault of a high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB). Online monitoring of mechanical characteristics of HVCB is an important means to ensure reliable operation of HVCB, so it is of great significance to ensure that the power supply of online monitoring system for mechanical characteristics of high-voltage circuit breakers can supply power effectively for a long time. In this paper, the load characteristics of the online monitoring system for mechanical characteristics of high-voltage circuit breakers and the charging and discharging characteristics of lithium battery and super capacitor are considered. The working state of the online monitoring system is analyzed, and the current demand for the online monitoring system changes with time. Under the condition of ensuring the service life of the battery, the lithium battery and super battery can be switched through the intelligent selection of the battery management system. The long-term safe and reliable power supply of lithium battery can realize the effective and long-term operation of the online monitoring system for mechanical characteristics of high-voltage circuit breakers.

An auxiliary design system for industrial heat supply system considering carbon reduction benefit

Decarbonization of industrial process heating plays a crucial role in China’s carbon neutrality strategy. Traditionally, industrial users make decision on heat supply system design based solely on economy, with little regard for carbon emission. This study proposes an auxiliary design system to help the designers choosing proper industrial heating supply scheme considering carbon reduction benefit. Through traversal the existing scheme database, all feasible solutions are screen out and then evaluated by calculating an proposed comprehensive economy evaluation index. The comprehensive economy evaluation index takes carbon reduction as revenue since industry users will be able to trade their carbon emission rights at the carbon markets though CCER programs in the future. Future carbon price given by the carbon price prediction module is used to calculate the revenue user can get from carbon reduction. Grid emission factor prediction module makes prediction for changing grid emission factor, which is also involved in the evaluation to consider the benefit from continuously increasing green power in the future. A case study is given with heating demand data of a food factory to shown that the proposed method can reflect the value of carbon reduction, which helps to promote low-carbon technologies in the future.