Design Of Planar Antenna Research Articles

Mechanism design and dynamic analysis of large-scale two-dimensional deployable planar antenna

Mechanism design and dynamic analysis of large-scale two-dimensional deployable planar antenna

Design of a Four-Element Array Antenna for 5G Cellular Wireless Networks

This paper proposes the design of a four-element array planar antenna based on a single antenna that combines the Double Positive (DPS) and Epsilon Negative (ENG) materials. The single antenna consists of a microstrip segment (which is equivalent to a DPS material) connected to a grounded microstrip segment (which is equivalent to an ENG material). T-Junction power dividers with one-input and two-output ports are used for feeding the two-element and the four-element array antennas. The proposed array antenna is designed to operate optimally at 30GHz frequency under Finite Element Method (FEM)-based simulation. The obtained simulation results show that the proposed array antennas have good radiation performances, in which the four-element array antenna has a -10dB bandwidth ranging from 28.7 to 33.4GHz and 12.9dBi gain.

Modified Planar Square-Loop Antenna for Electronic Article Surveillance Radio Frequency Identification Applications

In this paper, a modified design of a planar square-loop antenna is presented for Electronic Article Surveillance (8.2 MHz) Radio Frequency Identification applications. The main purpose of the proposed design is to enhance the transmission efficiency of a loop antenna without disturbing other performance parameters. For that purpose, the spacing between the loop turns is adjusted in such a way that the coupling between similar loop antennas can be enhanced. Therefore, from measured results, it is observed that the proposed antenna provides a transmission efficiency of 63.92% at a center frequency of 8.198 MHz, and it also provides a –10 dB impedance bandwidth of 6 kHz.

A Novel 5G LTE Antenna Design for Portable Devices

This paper presents the low profile, planar, and small-size antenna design for WWAN, LTE, and 5G (5th generation wireless systems) for use in portable communication equipment. The antenna occupies only 65 × 13 × 0.4 mm3, and the antenna is combined with a 200 × 260 mm2 copper plate to simulated system ground plane. In the low band, a direct-fed right-side arm and a coupled-fed arm implemented can excite a 1/4 λ fundamental resonant mode at 0.85 and 0.76 GHz to cover 0.698–0.96 GHz and upper 3/4 λ and 5/4 λ resonant modes are controlled by L-shaped element at 2.34, 2.69, 3.4, and 4.0 GHz to cover 1.71–2.69 GHz and 3.2–4.2 GHz. The direct-fed left-side arm produced 1/4 λ to cover 5.15–5.85 GHz. In far-field measured, peak gain and efficiency in low, middle, and high bands are 0.43–5.67 dBi and 55–86%. Finally, experiments demonstrate that the present antenna exhibits a good performance for portable devices.

Broadband Dual-, Triple-, and Quad-Resonance Endfire Antennas Based on Surface Waves

Three simple planar endfire antenna designs, in which surface-wave guides (SWGs) and a high-impedance surface (HIS) are used, are presented in this communication. These antennas support dual, triple, and quad surface-wave resonances, and exhibit wideband performance and high-gain potential. The HIS with a wide bandgap is used to prevent the propagation of the supported surface waves along a desired direction, and thus the endfire radiation tilted to the other direction is generated. The eigenvalue is adopted to explain that only TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -mode surface waves are excited, and the characteristic mode analysis is presented to illustrate resonances of the tree antennas and explain why there are more resonances when the truncated number of the SWG increases. These antennas are fabricated and measured, and measured results validate the wideband and stable-gain performance.

Band Rejections for WLAN and WIMAX Utilizing UWB Planar Antenna by Slits in the Conductor Elements

Band rejections for WLAN and WIMAX frequency bandwidths are realized in a UWB planar antenna utilizing a single slit in an elliptical element. WLAN and WIMAX communication system frequency bandwidths have been known to coexist with the UWB frequency bandwidth. Coexistence of multiple frequency bandwidths are susceptible to disadvantage and could cause interferences to other communication system. The disadvantages could be in form of signal disruption, data loss and equipment malfunctions [1–3]. Thus, it is essential to eliminate WLAN frequency bandwidth from the UWB communication system. Slits are employed to influence the exterior current distribution on the radiator and therefore, has generated mismatched of the input impedance. The phenomenon has caused the band notch characteristic and thus, rejected the frequency bandwidths for 5 to 6 and 3.3 to 3.7GHz, respectively. The structures of the slits are simple in a compact design of the UWB planar antenna. The UWB planar antennas with band rejections are compared with the reference antenna. The reflection coefficients S11 for the designed UWB planar antennas have rejected the frequency bandwidths for 5 to 6 and 3.3 to 3.7GHz, consecutively. The peak of the notched-band reflection coefficient S11 for the frequency bandwidths 5 to 6 and 3.3 to 3.7GHz are about -3 and -4dB, respectively. Surface currents are distributed in the slit areas. The radiation patterns are illustrated for the frequency 3.5, 7.5 and 9.5GHz for the single notched-band, while 4.5, 7.5 and 9.5GHz for the dual notched-band characteristics. Radiation patterns for the single and dual notched-band in the H- and E-planes for the designed antennas are in omni- and bi-directional, respectively. Maximum gains G are in the —z and -x direction in the H- and E- plane, for the UWB planar antenna with single and dual notched-band characteristics.

Design of an antipodal balanced taper-fed broadband planar antenna for future 5G and remote sensing satellite link applications

A compact antipodal structured antenna with dimensions of 34.5 × 28 × 1.6 mm3 has been proposed in this article for future 5G broadband applications and upcoming remote sensing satellite links. Antipodal radiator and defective ground plane were used in the proposed antenna design. The design structure was fed by a balanced tapered microstrip feed-line for better bandwidth, good impedance matching and avoidance of connecting pin for upper and lower part of the antipodal radiator. Mathematical calculations were proposed for the dominant mode frequency. The equations and results were found in line to the simulated and measured S11 parameter. The antenna parameters were optimized using commercial simulator before fabrication and validation of antenna prototype using epoxy FR04 dielectric substrate. Measured results have been in accordance with simulated results from 5 GHz to 40 GHz. The simulated and measured results of return loss, beam-width, far field pattern, and group delay were employed to evaluate the performance of the antenna. Further, antenna performance was also found satisfactory in deployable application device and several plastic housings.

Spectral filtering with diffractive reflection gratings for fast superconducting detectors in the THz frequency range

In this work we describe the design process of a grating spectrometer with fast superconducting THz detectors based on Niobiumnitride. The main application is the use as a diagnostic tool for accelerator-based sources of THz radiation like synchrotrons, where interactions of the electron bunches in storage ring lead to fluctuations in spectrum and intensity of the emitted radiation.Guidelines for the design of the two main parts, grating and detector design, are given. Here, a blazed reflection grating for a frequency range of 1 THz to 5 THz has been developed and successfully fabricated in a high-precision milling process out of brass. Also three different planar antenna designs (double-slot, annular slot and log-per spiral) in combination with quasioptical bandpass filters for the THz range have been simulated and evaluated for best spectral resolution and power coupling.Finally, we have verified grating performance for pulsed THz radiation of 1 THz in an experiment conducted at the synchrotron light source of the KIT. Excellent agreement of the grating performance to the simulations has been found.

Behavior of graphene based planar antenna at microwave and terahertz frequency

In this paper, the behavior of radiation including the reconfiguration capability of planar metallic antenna structure using graphene in the microwave (MW) and terahertz (THz) frequency range is investigated. Different from the conventional reconfigurable metal planar antenna and graphene plasmonic THz antenna designs, this planar microstrip metal antenna structure is realized by placing a graphene layer in between the copper radiator and silicon dielectric. The design is inspired by the tunable conductivity behavior of graphene that can be achieved by applying a DC bias voltage across it. The antenna performance parameters such as frequency reconfiguration, VSWR, input impedance, efficiency, and radiation pattern are studied in both MW and THz frequencies. The radiation properties of the proposed antenna are studied at both MW and THz spectra by tuning the graphene conductivity via Fermi energy. It is found that, at MW and THz frequency, with respect to the unbiased condition, the antenna radiation efficiency is enhanced from 16% to 66% and from 26% to 69%, respectively, with the increase of Fermi energy from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. The efficiency of the antenna at both MW and THz can be further improved with the rise of the Fermi level of graphene. Moreover, the graphene based planar metal antenna structure provides easy frequency reconfiguration in the THz band due to its unique electronic and plasmonic properties at this frequency range, whereas, the presence of the graphene parasitic layer below metal radiator improves the impedance matching and radiation of the antenna at MW band.

Modular Design of Hexagonal Phased Arrays Through Diamond Tiles

The modular design of planar phased array antennas with hexagonal apertures is addressed by means of innovative diamond-shaped tiling techniques. Both tiling configuration and subarray coefficients are optimized to fit user-defined power-mask constraints on the radiation pattern. Toward this end, suitable surface-tiling mathematical theorems are customized to the problem at hand to guarantee optimal performance in case of low/medium-size arrays, while the computationally hard tiling of large arrays is yielded thanks to an effective integer-coded GA-based exploration of the arising high-cardinality solution spaces. By considering ideal as well as real array models, a set of representative benchmark problems is dealt with to assess the effectiveness of the proposed architectures and tiling strategies. Moreover, comparisons with alternative tiling architectures are also performed to show to the interested readers the advantages and the potentialities of the diamond subarraying of hexagonal apertures.

Planar Self-similar Antennas for Broadband Millimeter-Wave Measurements

Self-similar antennas offer extremely broadband functionality and easily scalable designs. Self-similar designs with a four-arm layout are also suited for dual polarization through excitations of opposing arms, although there has only been limited use of them for millimeter-wave detectors. These antennas have been used for measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which encompass a wide frequency range and are now actively focusing more on polarization anisotropies. We analyze multiple planar self-similar antenna designs with simulations in high-frequency structure simulator and ongoing physical testing. They all exhibit broadband operation between 130 and 230 GHz and can couple to both linear polarizations through the previously mentioned four-arm symmetry. Simulations include each antenna design coupled to an extended hemispherical, AR-coated lenslet. From these, a basic bowtie-like arm design produced minimal polarization wobble with moderate beam efficiency, while a hybrid trapezoidal design provided high beam efficiency with small polarization wobble. Current fabrication versions of each are being tested, coupled to multichroic microwave kinetic inductance detectors. These planar self-similar antennas, when implemented in CMB and other detectors, could improve observations while simultaneously simplifying fabrication and detector layout.

A multi-band SIW based antenna for wireless communication

ABSTRACT This paper presents the design and development of planar triplexer slot antenna using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The proposed antenna is realised using ‘Y’ shaped slot backed by SIW cavity. SIW cavity is excited by three separate feed lines for resonance at three different frequencies of 5.7 GHz, 6 GHz and 6.4 GHz with unidirectional radiation pattern and gain of 6.26 dBi, 5.87 dBi and 5.19 dBi, respectively. Average isolation of the three ports is better than 24 dB. All the simulations are carried out using high frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software. The proposed antenna is fabricated on RT Duroid 5880substrate and measured results show better performance. The developed antenna is small in size (0.79 × 0.78), simple to fabricate and easy to integrate with planar technology making it suitable for C-band application.

Rapid multi-objective optimization of antennas using nested kriging surrogates and single-fidelity EM simulation models

PurposeThis study aims to propose a computationally efficient framework for multi-objective optimization (MO) of antennas involving nested kriging modeling technology. The technique is demonstrated through a two-objective optimization of a planar Yagi antenna and three-objective design of a compact wideband antenna.Design/methodology/approachThe keystone of the proposed approach is the usage of recently introduced nested kriging modeling for identifying the design space region containing the Pareto front and constructing fast surrogate model for the MO algorithm. Surrogate-assisted design refinement is applied to improve the accuracy of Pareto set determination. Consequently, the Pareto set is obtained cost-efficiently, even though the optimization process uses solely high-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) analysis.FindingsThe optimization cost is dramatically reduced for the proposed framework as compared to other state-of-the-art frameworks. The initial Pareto set is identified more precisely (its span is wider and of better quality), which is a result of a considerably smaller domain of the nested kriging model and better predictive power of the surrogate.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed technique can be generalized to accommodate low- and high-fidelity EM simulations in a straightforward manner. The future work will incorporate variable-fidelity simulations to further reduce the cost of the training data acquisition.Originality/valueThe fast MO optimization procedure with the use of the nested kriging modeling technology for approximation of the Pareto set has been proposed and its superiority over state-of-the-art surrogate-assisted procedures has been proved. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this approach to multi-objective antenna optimization is novel and enables obtaining optimal designs cost-effectively even in relatively high-dimensional spaces (considering typical antenna design setups) within wide parameter ranges.

Design and analysis of planar wideband monopole antenna using WIPL-D simulator

One of the problems that correspond to the small dimension of an antenna is the bandwidth. In order to overcome the problem from small linear and multiple antenna array systems, the investigation of the antenna elements is needed. The design of planar antennas is to achieve an antenna that is able to match various demands in applications where size, cost, performance, and aerodynamic profiles are very important considerations, a low-profile antenna such as a small. The antenna performance on scattering parameters S11, gain, return loss and impedance input are investigated at obtaining wideband antennas by adjusting antenna design parameters. The substrate thickness needs to be adjusted to 0.813 mm, and the element length at 2 mm and 0.75 mm. The calculation of VSWR, gain, and the radiation pattern is presented using MoM-based WIPL-D. The antenna element when x2 is 2mm in the frequency range 4 GHz – 8 GHz, which this antenna works best on element dimension x2= 1.5mm when the frequency resonance 4.86 GHz and VSWR value is 1. The main advantages of this antenna are the dimension and simple design.

Design and Development of Planar Antennas for wearable sensor applications

Planar microstrip antennas for wearable sensor applications have been investigated. The substrate materials considered for this work includes cotton, paper, plastic and polystyrene. These materials are analyzed as they are flexible, conformal and implantable. Microstrip antennas have been designed with these materials for 2.4 GHz applications. Characteristics such as Bandwidth, return loss, Gain and radiation pattern are determined for each substrate. The antenna has been designed and simulated using Momentum solver in ADS software and verified with experiments.

A Broadband Planar Spiral Antenna Design for Electromagnetic Signal Monitoring

In order to meet the wide-band full-space radio monitoring task, the design of a circular-polarized planar dual-arm composite spiral antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna operation covers the L-band and S-band frequencies ranging from 200 MHz to 6 GHz (relative bandwidth is 187.1%). The equiangular spiral is applied to the beginning of the Archimedean spiral, which reduces the input impedance of the antenna, thereby reducing the length of the cross-section of the feed balun and realizing the miniaturization of antenna. The antenna is designed to be simple in structure and small in size. The diameter of the radiating surface and the length of the section are only 1/5 and 1/50 of the working wavelength. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna has a very good impedance matching (standing wave ratio of less than 2.5), and the antenna has good symmetry, and has good circular polarization and wideband characteristics. Finally, the antenna is applied with an USRP (universal software radio peripheral) to carry out the electromagnetic signal monitoring experiment outdoors. The results show that the designed antenna can receive electromagnetic signals in the 200 MHz - 6 GHz band and can be used for full-space radio monitoring.

Planar antenna designs for efficient coupling between a single emitter and an optical fiber.

Fluorescence detection is a well-established readout method for sensing, especially for in-vitro diagnostics (IVD). A practical way to guide the emitted signal to a detector is by means of an optical fiber. However, coupling fluorescence into a fiber is challenging and commonly lacks single-molecule sensitivity. In this work, we investigate specific fiber geometries, materials and coatings that in combination with a planar Yagi-Uda antenna reach efficient excitation and collection. The simulation of a practical setting determines more than 70% coupling efficiency for a horizontally oriented dipole, with respect to the planar antenna, emitting at 700 nm and embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Moreover, the coupling efficiency would only scale by a factor of 2/3 for emitters with random orientation, as a result of the antenna geometry. These findings are relevant for single-molecule detection with fiber optics and have implications for other applications involving the coupling of light with nano-scale sources and detectors. Scanning the surface of a sample with such fibers could also be advantageous for imaging techniques to provide a low background noise and a high resolution.

Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technology

A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than 6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays of 2 x 2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.

Optimized planar terahertz Yagi-Uda antenna using hybrid GSA-PSO optimization algorithm

In this paper, a planar Yagi-Uda antenna design for Terahertz applications is presented and optimized. The lengths of Yagi-Uda antenna elements beside the spaces between directors’ elements are optimized seeking for obtaining high gain and minimum return loss simultaneously at 300 GHz. Thus, the directivity enhancement enables to overcome the high atmospheric attenuation influence that faces the high frequency range and limit its communication capabilities, and the return loss minimization enables to minimize the return loss to improve the impedance matching besides, reducing the mismatching losses. The Gravitational Search Optimization Algorithm with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (GSA-PSO) as a hybrid technique is applied on the antenna elements using an offline link between MATLAB program and Ansoft HFSS simulation program. To show the convergence capability of the GSA-PSO, the results are compared with those obtained by other algorithms such as gradient local algorithm and genetic global algorithm (GA). The optimized antenna showed high gain of 15.84 dB with a return loss of -45.27 dB compared to 15.4 dB and -15.6 dB for the conventional counterpart design, and with gain of 15.8 dB, and return loss of -21 dB for the genetic algorithm, and finally with 15.75 dB, and -28 dB for the gradient algorithm. Furthermore, the GSA-PSO algorithm improves the search capability by 30%, compared with the GA algorithm.

Design of Planar and Conformal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Avionics Applications

Microstrip patch antennas have an important role on Communication applications on satellites, aircrafts, missiles and other vehicles comparing to other types of antenna because of their conformability nature. In this paper several EM simulations performed on planar and conformal antenna for avionic applications. The design of the proposed planar antenna configuration is analyzed by using IE3D simulation software, it is MOM (Method of Moments) based and conformal antenna is analyzed by using HFSS simulator which is finite element method.In addition we are achieving circular polarization.