Design Of Planar Antenna Arrays Research Articles

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Small planar antenna array design using length and spacing through Matlab‐HFSS interfacing

SummaryThis study presents a novel method for reducing return loss and achieving lower side lobe levels in small planar antenna arrays (PAAs). Quantum particle swarm optimisation (QPSO) findings are utilised for antenna design modelling and performance assessment utilising the MATLAB‐based moment's code approach and MATLAB‐HFSS interface. The mutual coupling between antenna components is considered and computed using the method of moments (MoM). Changing the array elements' length and spacing will accomplish the abovementioned objectives. The Matlab‐based moments code calculates the antenna components' length and spacing, and the antennas' length and spacing are used to produce the radiation pattern via the Matlab‐HFSS interface. Four examples of small PAA designs are given to illustrate how well the applied methodology works. The method discussed in this paper is generic and can be employed in the future for different sizes of the array elements and the different antenna array structure designs.

Design of a Planar Antenna Array with Wide Bandwidth and Narrow Beamwidth for IR-UWB Radar Applications

This paper presents the design of an H-band planar antenna array with broad bandwidth and narrow beam width for an IR-UWB radar application. The basic single wideband microstrip antenna is achieved by adding slots and the inset-fed technique. Then, we proposed a planar antenna array on a limited area that obtains an essential narrow beamwidth for the radar of a Non-Contact Human Vital Signs Detection application. The experimental and simulated results of the microstrip antenna array are in good agreement. The measured results show that the proposed antenna array exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 10.7% at around 7.5 GHz and a narrow beamwidth of 40 degrees vertically and 50 degrees horizontally, respectively.

A Wideband Planar Aperture Array Using Interconnected Crossed Rings

A 5:1 frequency bandwidth aperture array antenna based on a new planar structure is reported. Dual polarization is implemented with high cross-polarization discrimination over ±45° scan angle from zenith. It is a low-loss cost-effective approach using minimum dielectric materials. In the proposed planar antenna array design, a mutual coupled interconnected ring structure is used which extends the operational frequency band to the region where the element separation can be considerably greater than half a wavelength, unlike the previously reported interconnected array structures. Hence, the total number of elements can be reduced for a specified aperture size. The dual polarization has coincident phase centers and in the implementation reported here two low-noise amplifiers on the same board are integrated with a pair of dual-polarized elements to form an active array. A 10 by 10 element array prototype of the design has been manufactured and the measured results confirm it as a low cost, high-performance front-end solution.

A 6-Port Two-Dimensional $3\times 3$ Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications

A six-port 3×3 series-fed planar antenna array design for dual polarized X-band airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications is presented in this paper. The antenna array patches interconnected with series feeding one to another as the structure to realize directional radiation and vertical/horizontal polarization. The patch elements are excited through 50 Ω microstrip line feeding in series with quarter wave transformer for good impedance characteristics. A six-port feeding allows selecting the direction of the traveling waves, and consequently the sense of linear (vertical and horizontal) polarization. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and validated the proposed method. The dimensions of the fabricated prototype 3×3 array antenna are 3.256λg×3.256λg×0.0645λg (λg is guided wavelength at center frequency 9.65 GHz). The measured S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> <; -10 dB reflection bandwidths are 1.4% at each port. Furthermore, an interport and intraport isolation S21<;-25 dB was also achieved across the operation band. The measured peak gains are higher than 11.5 dBi with 90% efficiency for all individual ports/polarizations V1, V2, V3 H1, H2, and H3). In order to satisfy the different performance requirement of series-fed array antenna, such as realized gain, radiation efficiency, side lobe level, half power beam width and front to back ratio are also examined. Measured results of an antenna prototype successfully validate the concept. The proposed antenna is found suitable for dual polarized airborne SAR applications.

Main Beam Controlling Planar Antenna Array Design and Synthesis for Square Kilometre Array and Satellite Applications

Antenna arrays are currently being used for ultra sensitive radio observations in the project called Square Kilometre Array (SKA). In this paper, a planar array has been proposed to match high spatial resolution and high sensitivity requirements of the SKA, and satellite applications. The proposed design offers a well-controlled and elliptically shaped main beam. In addition, optimized thinned configuration provides minimum side lobe peaks and high directivity by applying modified binary Genetic Algorithm (GA). Design-induced modification in GA with a double-stage uniform crossover operation has been proposed. Array factor, forming the cost function with the constraint of uniform side lobe pattern, has been derived. At first, the design has been examined for side lobe peaks, side lobe pattern, and directivity in the orthogonal planes (φ = 0 and φ = π/2). For direction-specific optimization, design offers a directivity of 32 dB and a peak side lobe level of −25 dB. A comprehensive investigation involving optimization in all the planes (φ from 0 to π) has been carried out, giving a side lobe peak of −20 dB and a directivity of 30 dB. The achievable 3-dB beam width is 0.088, evidently fulfilling the high-resolution requirement of SKA applications. A performance comparison with several state-of-the-art synthesis methods shows that the proposed design in combination with the modified heuristic approach can provide high directivity and low beam width, well-controlled main beam, and a radiation pattern with quite competitive side lobe peaks.

A 2.4 GHz Switched Beam Antenna for Indoor Applications Using Angle of Arrival Estimation

This study introduces a new design of planar antenna array for ISM band applications at 2.4 GHz. This prototype is switched beam antenna, namely planar antenna with four meandered slotted triangular elements (PAFMSTE), which is proposed for wireless indoor applications. The Base Station (BS) equipped with this planar antenna is preferred to be at the center position on the room ceiling to cover all sectors of the room. It is designed to use four directional triangular elements arranged to form a square planar antenna array. The PAFMSTE is used to obtain optimal directivity in four directions in azimuth plane with 3 dB beamwidth of 90° at a specific orientation of 30° in elevation plane. Switched parasitic technique is used to enable PAFMSTE to steer a directional beam through four locations by using four PIN diodes switches. The High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is used as an efficient simulation tool to optimize the performance of the PAFMSTE antenna. The fabrication and measurements of the PAFMSTE antenna are introduced. The proposed antenna enable radio positioning via Angle of Arrival (AOA) information collected from nearby devices. Then, the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) is presented for AOA estimation using identically and equally spaced antenna elements. The CRB depends on the directivity, where the maximum values of CRB are 1.35 × 10-3 and 8 × 10-3 at HPBW of 60° and 90°, respectively.

Optimal dipole planar antenna array design for different UHF band applications using cuckoo search algorithm

This article presents the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) for the optimum design of a 4 × 4 dipole planar antenna array (DPAA) taking mutual coupling into account. The CSA is employed to optimise the input parameters such as lengths of each dipole elements and separation distance between the dipole elements of the DPAA in order to achieve higher directivity with low half power beam width and high front to side lobe level with less computational time. The optimal input parameters at 300 MHz are obtained using a multi-objective fitness function. The array is simulated using method of moments codes using MATLAB and verified using MININEC software. Finally, the optimised results are compared with the results of other antenna arrays obtained using several other popular optimisation techniques to evaluate the performance of our proposed DPAA. The optimum design procedure can be used to design similar DPAAs at other operating frequencies in the UHF band.

Optimal dipole planar antenna array design for different UHF band applications using cuckoo search algorithm

Optimal dipole planar antenna array design for different UHF band applications using cuckoo search algorithm

Design of a Novel Sierpinski Fractal Antenna Arrays Based on Circular Shapes with Low Side Lobes for 3G Applications

A fractal is a recursively generated object having a fractional dimension. So many objects, including antennas, can be designed using this recursive nature of a fractal. In this paper we have used the fractal geometry arrangements for the design of planar antenna arrays with low side lobes. Iterated Function System (IFS) is used to generate the sierpinski fractal antenna arrays using circular shapes. CST Microwave Studio EM Simulation software is used for design & simulation of these antenna arrays. Two resonant frequencies like. 1936 GHz &. 222 GHz are achieved. Better performance parameters like return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain, bandwidth enhancement with low SLL are estimated.

PLANAR ARRAY SYNTHESIS WITH SIDELOBE REDUCTION AND NULL CONTROL USING INVASIVE WEED OPTIMIZATION

Planar antenna array design is one of the most important electromagnetic optimization problems of current interest. This paper introduces a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm, known as the Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO), to the pattern synthesis of planar antenna arrays with desired pattern nulls and sidelobe level by amplitude-only and position-only optimization. The steps in the problem formulation are presented along with a design example that illustrates the performance of the IWO algorithm. Three examples have been presented and solved. Simulation results are proposed to compare with published ones to verify the efiectiveness of the IWO algorithm for planar arrays.

Synthesis of Planar Arrays With Arbitrary Geometry Generating Arbitrary Footprint Patterns

An antenna synthesis technique for the design of planar antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry that radiate footprint patterns with specified contours is presented. It involves two steps. The first consists of obtaining a continuous circular aperture distribution that approximately affords the desired footprint pattern by truncating the corresponding Fourier series. In the second step this distribution is sampled at the array points and the array element excitations are then optimized by simulated annealing to improve the performance. The new technique is designed for synthesis of arrays confined to a limited area on the body of a satellite.

Planar antenna array design with a multi‐purpose GA‐based procedure

AbstractThis paper deals with the synthesis of planar arrays. In the framework of iterative search procedures, a method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented. Starting from the definition of a suitably defined cost function, thinning and weighting a randomly generated array configuration, the multi‐purpose stochastic procedure is able to satisfy various antenna constraints to determines an optimal trade‐off among contrasting requirements. In order to confirm the reliability of the proposed approach (also in comparison with the related literature), some highly optimized antenna array designs are reported and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 428–430, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10629

Design of planar arrays to obtain efficient footprint patterns with an arbitrary footprint boundary

An antenna pattern synthesis technique is presented that permits the design of planar antenna arrays with footprint patterns of a specified boundary. This technique is applicable to planar arrays of a wide variety of grid structures and can produce patterns with controlled ripple and sidelobe levels. The approach involves two steps: the first consists in stretching the pure real-continuous aperture (an extension of circular Taylor distributions, developed by Elliott and Stern [1990]) into a distribution with a boundary that is inversely proportional to the flat-top beamwidth; the second is the minimization of a cost function (the square of the difference between the resulting power pattern and the desired one) using the Fletcher-Powell method. A square footprint, produced by a rectangular grid (obtained by sampling this distribution) with the corner elements appropriately removed, is presented as an illustration of the method. >

A Pattern Synthesis Technique for Planar Arrays with Elements Excited In-Phase

An antenna pattern synthesis technique is presented which permits the design of planar antenna arrays when the array excitation is restricted to have an in-phase amplitude distribution. This technique is applicable to planar arrays of a wide variety of grid structures and can produce a sum pattern with controlled side lobe levels. It is also applicable to difference patterns (if the two halves of the array are excited out of phase). The approach involves minimizing a scalar-valued performance measure, called the cost function, via use of the conjugate gradient method. The unknowns in the cost function are the relative amplitudes of the elements of the array, which are kept positive by being set equal to the squares of real variables. Iteration starts with a uniform amplitude distribution; convergence to the desired pattern is stable and fast.