Design Of Electromagnetic Actuator Research Articles

Structural and Material Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Pressure Control in an Internal Combustion Engine

The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.

Dynamic Suspension Utilizing PID Control with MATLAB

This research paper proposes a PID controlled electromagnetic actuator design for active suspension system. In this method the ride profile is an unknown disturbance and we only measure the vertical displacement of the vehicle body caused by irregular ride profile. The simulation result show that proposed control can achieve better suspension performance and requires less information, also achieves better traction after encountering irregularities on the road.

Electromagnetic actuator design for distributed stiffness

Origami robots characterized by rigid plates linked together with flexible joints have inherent compliance and large deformations. Their low-profile design and folding mechanical transmissions provide substantial force and torque, especially for wearables and human-interactive devices. The current major limitation in the field is the need for embeddable dynamic actuation systems that produce actuation frequencies similar to human motion. In this study, we propose a novel low-profile printable electromagnetic actuator that can be integrated into thin large robotic surfaces made of rigid panels and into the streamlined pushbutton manufacturing process. We use already existing variable stiffness joints to demonstrate the scalability and distributable properties of the proposed actuation system on a locally controllable variable-stiffness distributed surface.

Analysis and Application of the Influence of Magnetic Material and Magnetic Gap on Electromagnetic Actuator

The impact of the actuator is examined in light of the properties of various materials. The features of the N48 material are examined when the N48 permanent magnet material is chosen. A novel magnetic steel construction for an electromagnetic actuator is built after analysis of the air gap structure. The functionality and nonlinear issues of the electromagnetic actuator are investigated in accordance with the properties of the materials and constructions. The link between electromagnetic output and current and frequency is investigated and determined using theoretical analysis, finite element analysis, and real test. The magnetic flux density distribution, electromagnetic dynamic response, current frequency relationship, and surface skin effect are derived using the electromagnetic simulation model built in COMSOL. Time domain simulation is used to determine the electromagnetic actuator’s static linearity. Simulation in a steady state is used to determine the operating linearity of an electromagnetic actuator. To confirm the accuracy of the theoretical and simulation results, the electromagnetic actuator prototype is put to the test. The simulation results demonstrate the high linearity and good performance of the electromagnetic actuator, with an average static linearity of 97.24%. To confirm the validity of the theory and simulation, an actual test is conducted on the structural prototype. The outcomes can not only serve as a guide for the best design of electromagnetic actuators but can also demonstrate the benefits and potential uses of various materials used in actuator construction.

Selective Protection Miniature Circuit Breaker Electromagnetic Actuator Design and Dynamic Optimization

This paper first proposes an electromagnetic actuator design and dynamic optimization method for selective miniature circuit breaker (SMCB), and realizes good coordination of electromagnetic actuator force and energy characteristics. Based on short delay tripping mechanism force and magnetic field model, it builds Matlab and Adams co-simulation platform, simulates and analyzes the magnetic field distribution and force energy property under different electromagnetic topological structure, and establishes the permanent magnet electromagnetic structure model. Then, it builds multi-field coupled mathematical model, and studies multi-objective dynamic optimization design for electromagnetic actuator based on quantum particle swarm algorithm. Finally, it develops the 100A miniature circuit breaker. The experimental results show that the optimized electromagnetic actuator design can effectively control the miniature circuit breaker tripping action threshold and mechanical characteristics.

Magnetic Actuator Design for Strip Stabilizers in Hot-Dip Galvanizing Lines: Examining Rules and Basic Tradeoffs

Electromagnetic strip stabilizers are viable tools for controlling the shape of steel strips in hot-dip galvanizing lines. These stabilizers usually consist of multiple electromagnets located at the top and bottom sides of the strip. Although the general design of electromagnetic actuators is a well-established field of research, not all of this expertise is utilized in currently installed strip-stabilization systems. This article presents common design tradeoffs and rules for the construction and installation of these electromagnets and aims to assist the development of future strip stabilization systems. The behavior of thin steel strips in the magnetic field of the actuators is studied in detail. These results are extended to the multiactuator setup commonly used in hot-dip galvanizing lines. The negative effects arising from the magnetic coupling between the actuators are discussed, and the means used to prevent these negative effects are presented. Finally, all of the conclusions are validated via force measurements carried out in an industrial hot-dip galvanizing line.

Magnetic Field Modeling and Analysis of Spherical Actuator With Two-Dimensional Longitudinal Camber Halbach Array

Magnet arrangement is important for the design of electromagnetic actuators. One novel spherical actuator with a two-dimensional (2-D) longitudinal camber Halbach array and an iron stator is proposed in this paper to improve the tilting output performance. The employment of the 2-D longitudinal camber Halbach array complicates the magnetic field distribution in actuator space and raises the challenge of analytical modeling. One superposition modeling method is thus proposed to formulate the magnetic field distribution mathematically. The magnet array is divided into radial and tangential directions, the mathematical models are obtained individually, and the superposition principle is utilized to achieve an analytical model of the actuator magnetic field eventually. This generic method helps improve the modeling precision and could be utilized for magnetic field analysis of an electromagnetic actuator with various magnet patterns. One research prototype and one experimental apparatus have been developed. It is verified that the proposed analytical model fits with experimental results and numerical computation well, which will contribute to subsequent study of motion control algorithms. This paper also shows that the proposed structure can increase the radial component of flux density and torque output compared with the conventional magnet pattern.

Improved Modelling of a Nonlinear Parametrically Excited System with Electromagnetic Excitation

In this work, the nonlinear behaviour of a parametrically excited system with electromagnetic excitation is accurately modelled, predicted and experimentally investigated. The equations of motion include both the electromechanical coupling factor and the electromechanical damping. Unlike previous studies where only linear time-varying stiffness due to electromagnetic forces was presented, in this paper the effect of the induced current is studied. As a consequence, nonlinear parameters such as electromechanical damping, cubic stiffness and cubic parametric stiffness have been included in the model. These parameters are also observed experimentally by controlling the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) passed through the electromagnets. In fact, the proposed apparatus allows to control both linear and nonlinear stiffnesses and the independent effect of each parameter on the response is presented. In particular the effect of the cubic parametric stiffness on the parametric resonance amplitudes and the influence of cubic stiffness on the frequency bandwidth of the parametric resonance are shown. This model improves the prediction of parametric resonance, frequency bandwidth, and the response amplitude of parametrically excited systems and it may lead to refined design of electromagnetic actuators, filters, amplifiers, vibration energy harvesters, and magnetic bearings.

On the design of electromagnetic actuators with increased vibration resistance and low vibration activity for the mechatronic devices of autonomous transport systems

The questions of complex designing of electromagnetic actuators, with increased resistance to external mechanical influences and low vibration activity, focused on the use of transport systems in mechatronic devices are considered. As a determining direction for creating actuators with increased vibration resistance and low vibration activity, the direction of realization of electromagnetic mechanisms with an adaptive control system that controls external mechanical influences and vibronoise parameters of the device is proposed. A complex mathematical model describing electromechanical processes in an electromagnetic actuator, that takes into account the influence of external factors, is considered. Based on the studies, three adaptive control algorithms are proposed, differing in the way they determine the current value of the speed and position of the lifter. The proposed algorithms are implemented experimentally, have shown good stability and efficiency.

Design of Electromagnetic Actuators Using Layout Optimization With Distributed Current Source Models

This paper presents a layout optimization method for maximizing the torque-to-weight ratio of an electromagnetic actuator. Layout optimization, which focuses on finding practical designs to maximize output performance in a compact design, avoids nonlinearity and local convergence problems in the optimization of the electromagnetic system using two sequential steps; linear topology optimization and integer programming. Formulated in terms of decomposed volume and surface elements with equivalent current sources, the linear topology optimization optimizes the permanent magnet material distribution in the rotor. With the linearly optimized designs, integer programming determines the “most preferred” design in the second step by evaluating performances over design complexity. As illustrations, the method is applied to maximize the torque performance of two different three-phase disk-shaped synchronous motors. The effects of two different current waveforms, sinusoidal and square wave, on the torque magnitude and ripple are considered in the optimization. The design method has been experimentally validated by comparing simulated results of the layout optimization with measured magnetic field and torque output. This component-wise method that maximizes the net force/torque averaged over various orientations represents an improvement over existing algorithms where topology optimization is conducted at a specific rotor orientation to reduce the computational cost.

Optimal Design of Electromagnetic Actuator with Divided Coil Excitation to Increase Clamping Force

This paper performed the optimal design of electromagnetic linear actuator with divided coil excitation. The table of orthogonal array and response surface methodology (RSM) are applied to maximize the clamping force of the electromagnetic linear actuator with colenoid (COL) and multipolar solenoid (MPS) excitation. The analysis results show that the clamping force of the optimal models with COL and MPS excitation are increased by 41% and 54% at the gap of 0mm compared to the initial models, respectively.

Electromagnetic Actuator Design Analysis Using a Two-Stage Optimization Method With Coarse–Fine Model Output Space Mapping

Electromagnetic actuators are energy conversion devices that suffer from inefficiencies. The conversion losses generate internal heat, which is undesirable, as it leads to thermal loading on the device. Temperature rise should be limited to enhance the reliability, minimize thermal disturbance, and improve the output performance of the device. This paper presents the application of an optimization method to determine the geometric configuration of a flexure-based linear electromagnetic actuator that maximizes output force per unit of heat generated. A two-stage optimization method is used to search for a global solution, followed by a feasible solution locally using a branch and bound method. The finite element magnetic (fine) model is replaced by an analytical (coarse) model during optimization using an output space mapping technique. An 80% reduction in computation time is achieved by the application of such an approximation technique. The measured output from the new prototype based on the optimal design shows a 45% increase in air gap magnetic flux density, a 40% increase in output force, and a 26% reduction in heat generation when compared with the initial design before application of the optimization method.

The Electromagnetic Actuator Design Problem: An Adapted Interval Global Optimization Algorithm

This paper presents a deterministic optimization algorithm applied to the optimal design of electromagnetic actuators. The algorithm is based on interval arithmetics and constraint propagation, and aims at solving nonlinear optimization problems by enclosing the global optimum. A new reformulation step is introduced in order to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm and increase solution accuracy. Numerical tests have been performed on the optimal design of electromagnetic actuator.

Electromagnetic actuator design for the control of light structures

An ElectroMagnetic Actuator (EMA) is designed and assessed numerically and experimentally. The EMA has the advantage to be without contact with the structure so it could be applied to light and small mechanism. Nevertheless, the open-loop instability and the nonlinear dynamic behavior with respect to the excitation frequency could limit its application field. The EMA is designed and dimensioned as a function of the experimental structure to be controlled. An inverse model of the EMA is proposed in order to implement a linear action block for the used frequency range. The control strategy is a fuzzy controller with displacements and velocities as inputs. A fuzzy controller of Takagi-Sugeno type is used. The air gap is estimated by using a modal approximation of the displacements issued from all measurements. Several configurations of control are assessed by using numerical simulations. The block diagram used for numerical simulations is implemented under Dspace environment. The implemented controller was tested experimentally in the context of impact perturbations. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the developed procedures and the robustness of the implemented control.

Aggressive Output Space-Mapping Optimization for Electromagnetic Actuators

Automated electromagnetic actuator design can be achieved by means of several approaches. For example, one might consider fast, however, accuracy deficient coarse models or, in contrast, the design could be achieved exclusively by employing accurate, time expensive, fine models. The space-mapping optimization technique, with its input or output mapping based implementations, merges the advantages of the two extremes. A new algorithm variant that presents a simple structure, namely the aggressive output space-mapping, is proposed in this paper. The design problem of a tubular permanent magnet actuator is considered in order to compare the proposed algorithm with two existing techniques.

A new mechanism design of electro-magnetic actuator for a micro-positioner

This paper proposes a new type of non-conventional electro-magnetic actuator (EMA) for micro-positioning. It is a repulsive magnetic system consisting of a motion pad and two active coils. The motion of the pad is caused by the repelling force between the coils and the permanent magnets on the pad. First, the dynamic model is derived and analyzed. Next, an adaptive sliding mode controller is developed to deal with the unknown parameters with the objective of precision positioning. The experimental results demonstrate satisfactory performances including regulation accuracy and control stiffness for the system.

Efficiency improvements of electromagnetic flow control

In turbulent flow, frictional resistance and heat transfer are controlled to a large degree by the intensity of the turbulence fluctuations in the near vicinity of a surface. In the case of a weak electrically conducting fluid, such as seawater, turbulence intensity can be controlled by subjecting the fluid to electromagnetic fields. This technique, known as Electro-magneto-hydro-dynamic (EMHD) flow control, has been shown to have promise as a means of reducing the turbulence intensity, and hence heat transfer or frictional drag of turbulent boundary layers. Unfortunately EMHD flow control currently suffers from poor efficiency due to the high energy requirements of the electromagnetic field. A numerical study has been conducted in which a new electromagnetic actuator design has been developed to provide a more efficient spatial distribution of the electromagnetic forces. The new actuator design has then been coupled to an ideal flow sensor. A flow control subroutine, embedded in the numerical model, uses the velocity information from the ideal sensor to determine the appropriate actuating force to apply to the flow at each time step. The new actuator design has been shown to be capable of successfully attenuating a sequence of artificial low speed streaks in a simplified model of a low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer. Thus, a potential solution to the poor efficiency of EMHD flow control has been offered by providing the means whereby the expensive electromagnetic forces can be strategically and sparingly applied to the flow.

The Electromagnetic Actuator Design Problem: A General and Rational Approach

This paper clearly delineates the problem of the design of electromagnetic actuators and presents it as an inverse problem. It discusses optimal formulations and explains the most general and rational way to solve this inverse problem. The methodology is based on the association of an exact interval global optimization algorithm and a new, more general analytical model that represents the structure and the composition of the actuators as well as their dimensions. The methodology can be considered both general and rational. The paper concludes with some practical examples of design that validate the approach.

3D to 2D transformation solution of transient eddy current electromagnetic fields in an actuator

A 3-D to 2-D transformation finite-element technique for solving the transient eddy current problem in an electromagnetic actuator is presented. The solution uses only one component in a two-dimensional field instead of three in three dimensions. The approach has been applied to an electromagnetic actuator design problem. The accuracy achieved using the transformation finite-element method (FEM) is acceptable compared with the static 3-D methods and the measured results of tests performed on an electromagnetic actuator. The proposed method results in considerable economy in computation. The results are informative on the sensitivity of electromagnetic actuators to nonsinusoidal currents, which is important for current tripping where significant harmonics are present. >

Computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators using finite difference techniques

A numerical method is described, which is used for static and dynamic calculations of electromagnetic actuators. The mathematical model consists of three systems representing the electric, magnetic, and mechanical components, which are governed by coupled differential equations for coil current, magnetic vector potential, and armature displacement. As yet, only magnets with rotational symmetry have been considered and eddy currents have been neglected. The non-linear partial differential equation for the magnetic vector potential is solved by finite difference techniques using the line iteration method with overrelaxation of the vector potential and underrelaxation of the reluctivity. Acceleration of convergence is achieved by the multiplicative method based on Ampere's law. For the solution of the electric and mechanical differential equations, inductances and forces are calculated from the magnetic field distribution. A computer program based on these techniques is outlined. It automatically adapts the finite difference grid to the time-varying geometry and chooses the surface of integration for the evaluation of the magnetic force. Some calculations are discussed, which were performed to assist the design of print needle actuators.