Design Of Electrical Installations Research Articles

An Active Approach for Teaching and Learning Electrical Technology

This contribution describes the change in methodology introduced in the subject of electrical technology within the industrial technologies engineering degree at Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València. The main purpose of the methodology change was to improve the attainment of student outcomes by the introduction of project-based learning supported by flipped teaching. Moreover, a software tool was developed that generates standard exercise statements for the design of electrical installations. Using this tool, students can practice with different problem exercises, enter their solution, and receive immediate feedback on their results, improving the teaching–learning experience. The level of student outcomes attained was improved, and other positive aspects arose from the experience, such as boosting students’ responsibility in their own learning (learn to learn), their ability to solve problems, and students’ motivation. Furthermore, the instructors’ opinions on the methodology change were highly positive.

Computer aided design of low voltage electrical installations

The paper proposes a method of calculation and rapid sizing of power circuits of electrical panels using a program made in-house. The proposed application has a friendly and very intuitive graphical interface, being easy to use due to the intelligent way of making the selection and data entry. This application emerged in response to the real need for fast and accurate sizing of low voltage electrical switchboards used in industry. The real help is provided by the mechanism that allows frequent and rapid modification of the technical solution to adapt to the ever-changing requirements dictated by the stages in the development of electrical projects.The operation of the program is based on the existence of an internal database materialized using several data tables containing various types of electrical consumers, switching and protection equipment and a series of standardized power cables from which they are automatically selected. The selection is made based on sizing and verification calculations with the help of intelligent selection methods so that only the equipment that matches the data provided by the user are selected ensuring an additional verification of the various omissions that may occur.The application is useful for designing of a new installation or for the verification of existing ones, allowing the rapid and even real-time observation of the influence of the various changes made to the project.

MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF REMEDIATED CRUDE OIL IMPACTED

Soil electrical properties are important parameters to be considered during the design of several electrical installations. This study gives an insight into the impact of crude oil contamination on the soil’s electrical behaviors and suitable remediation technique for the contaminated soil. Crude oil was spilled on the soil and this soil was thereafter remediated with poultry (organic) manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer for a duration of 12 weeks; thereafter, some of the soil’s electrical properties (electrical dielectric constant, electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity) were measured in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers standard guidelines. Results obtained revealed crude oil had negative impacts on the soil electrical properties; but the remediation agents alleviated these poor electrical properties of the contaminated soil samples. After the remediation programme, the dielectric constant of the contaminated soil treated with 0.5 kg manure (AXT 2) and 1 kg manure (AXT 3) declined by 56.38% and 47.21% respectively; while the contaminated soil treated with 200 g fertilizer (AXT 4) and 400 g fertilizer (AXT 5) declined by 57.49% and 64.54%respectively. The electrical conductivity of AXT 2, AXT 3, AXT 4 and AXT 5 soil samples increased by 46.48%, 50.89%, 32.84% and 41.70% respectively. Furthermore, the AXT 2, AXT 3, AXT 4 and AXT 5 electrical resistivity declined from 1362 Ωm to 579 Ωm, 1362 Ωm to 483 Ωm, 1362 Ωm to 719 Ωm, and 1362 Ωm to 594 Ωm respectively. This study’s revealed the relevance of remediating crude oil contaminated soil to preserve the electrical integrity of electrical installations.

DC Cabling of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants

The development of Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FPV) systems is a sign of a promising future in the Renewable Energy field. Numerous solar modules and inverters are mounted on large-scale floating platforms. It is important to design the system so that the inverter operates in its optimum range most of the time. In order to achieve this goal on the DC side, serial and parallel connections of solar modules are used. As a result, the cabling of the PV array architecture is an important issue. Modern electrical installation design requires reducing costs in cabling materials, equipment installation, and maintenance. The reduction of losses and the amount of time required to complete the design are also significant. Therefore, the main topic of this paper is DC cabling in large-scale FPV power plants (>1 MV). The serial-parallel (SP) connection scheme of solar modules and the percentage of power loss in DC cables are considered. Furthermore, a general method for determining cable lengths for FPV power plants is defined. The temperature influence on losses in DC cables is analyzed. A new method for determining the current at the maximum power point (MPP) as a function of temperature is proposed. A case study is conducted using a hypothetical 3 MW FPV power plant, and the obtained results are presented and analyzed.

PERANCANGAN INSTALASI LISTRIK GEDUNG DINAS PENGENDALIAN PENDUDUK DAN KELUARGA BERENCANA ( P2KB) PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH

Electricity has become a basic need for various human activities, because electricity has functions and benefits that are vital in daily life which has become a basic need in encouraging national development in all fields. One part of the world electricity is the installation of lighting that is also me njadi one of the main points in a building, it is very necessary that human activity has remained secure and running smoothly.
 In this study, the writer will design an electrical installation for a building, namely the office building of the Population and Family Planning Control Office (P2KB) of Central Sulawesi Province, JL. RA Kartini NO. 100 Palu City. This study aims to make an electrical installation design in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and the General Electrical Installation regulations (PUIL), so that the installation is designed to be more effective and efficient. In the design of this installation also made design drawings for installation in buildings.
 Based on the design planning of the electrical installation that has been done, the results are obtained, the total electrical power from the electrical installation of this building is 60246 watts or 75307 VA and for electricity supply is taken from PLN, namely 3-phase electricity with a capacity of 82,500 VA. The conductor used in this installation uses NYY and NYM cable types. The security used in this installation consists of 2 types, namely NFB and MCB , in addition to this building installation system is also given a PHB box to facilitate maintenance and repair in case of damage. Taking into account the economic and safety factors of the installation, the total Budget Plan (RAB) for the installation of the building of the Population and Family Planning Control Office (P2KB) is Rp. 223,600,000

Review of Technical Design and Safety Requirements for Vehicle Chargers and Their Infrastructure According to National Swedish and Harmonized European Standards

Battery electric vehicles demand a wide variety of charging networks, such as charging stations and wallboxes, to be set up in the future. The high charging power (typically in the range of a couple of kW up to a couple of hundred kW) and the possibly long duration of the charging process (up to more than 24 h) put some special requirements on the electrical infrastructure of charging stations, sockets, and plugs. This paper gives an overview of the technical design requirements and considerations for vehicle charging stations, sockets, and plugs, including their infrastructure, according to the Swedish Standard 4364000, “Low-voltage electrical installations—Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, and the corresponding harmonized European standards. In detail, the four internationally categorized charging modes are explained and the preferable charging plugs, including their two-bus communication, according to European Directives are shown. The dimensioning of the supply lines and the proper selection of the overcurrent protection device, the insulation monitor, and the residual current device are described. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the required safety measures, such as the application of an isolation transformer or the implementation of an overvoltage protection mechanism, and the limits for conducted electromagnetic emissions, such as low-frequency harmonics or high-frequency (150 kHz to 108 MHz) emissions, are given.

Techno-Economic Optimization Analysis of an Autonomous Photovoltaic Power System for a Shoreline Electrode Station of HVDC Link: Case Study of an Electrode Station on the Small Island of Stachtoroi for the Attica–Crete Interconnection

A lot of autonomous power systems have been designed and operated with different power levels and with special requirements for climatic conditions, availability, operation/maintenance cost, fuel consumption, environmental impacts, etc. In this paper a novel design of an autonomous power system with photovoltaic panels and electrochemical batteries for a shoreline electrode station is analyzed. This station will be constructed on the small island of Stachtoroi for the new high voltage direct current (HVDC) link of Attica–Crete in Greece. The general guidelines of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) and of the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) for the power system of lighting and auxiliary loads for these HVDC stations are supplied from the medium voltage or the low voltage distribution network, whereas they do not take into account the criticality of this interconnection, which will practically be the unique power facility of Crete island. The significance of Crete power system interconnection demands an increased reliability level for the power sources, similar to military installations and hospital surgeries. In this research a basic electrical installation design methodology is presented. First, the autonomous photovoltaic power system with the energy storage system (ESS) consisting of electrochemical batteries is preliminary designed according to the relative bibliography. The station power and energy consumption are analytically determined taking into consideration the daily temperature variation annually. Afterwards, a techno-economic optimization process based on a sensitivity analysis is formed modifying the size/power of photovoltaic panels (PVs), the type and the energy capacity of the batteries taking into consideration the operation cycle of PVs—batteries charge and discharge and the battery ageing based on the relationship between battery cycles—the depth of discharge, the daily solar variation per month, the installation cost of PVs and batteries, the respective maintenance cost, etc., while the reliability criteria of expected loss of load power and of load energy are satisfied. Using the proposed methodology the respective results are significantly improved in comparison with the preliminary autonomous power system design or the connection with the distribution power system.

Desain Instalasi Listrik Bangunan Bertingkat (Studi Kasus: Pesantren Khoiru Ummah Sumedang)

The electrical installation is a circuit of electrical equipment which is interconnected with one another and it is within the scope of the electrical power system. This article is to present the result of social community service (PkM) activity at Boarding School of STP SMP/SMA KU Sumedang, that shows an electrical installation design of multi-storey building. In construction of multi-storey building of this boarding school, they do not have an electrical installation design. So, the design in this article is to provide design drawings of the electrical installation, so it could be guidance of setting up of electrical installation for the new boarding school building. So that, they got the electrical installation safely for human and the equipment, as well reliable and comfort during using electricity. The design drawings that resulted from the social community service are drawings of front look, beside look, wiring, and single line diagram (SLD). Also, resulted total power calculation, protection, and capacity (rating) of MCB, and calculated cable rating (KHA), choosing type and cross-sectional area of cables that will be used in electrical installation design for the boarding school building.

An Instructive Flow Chart for Optimising the Electrical Cable Sizing Design Procedure

In this paper, the analysis is focused on the methodology of installation design and cable sizing assessment. Cable overheating leads to melting of the insulation, resulting in exposed conductors and short circuits or electric shock, and possibly fire. Therefore, reliable power network, supply and operation have gained an increasing importance for the modern world. Cabling in a system is the means by which the source of energy is distributed to load. The size of the cable is directly proportion to the size of the load. Selecting a small size cable for a load could lead to overload and a catastrophic failure. Hence the correct selection procedure for the cable is of critical importance for both functionality and safety. This paper is addressed to electrical installation design engineers, learners and programmers with an interest in the optimisation of the cabling design by following the Instructive Cable Sizing Flow Chart (ICSFC). The proposed ICSFC, attached in Appendix A in this article, is considered a phase-gate technique planned and designed to get better results with less effort. Due to the fact that every installation is different, this paper aims to show the major principles and decisions involved in cable sizing as well as giving a prescriptive step-by-step flow chart to do the job precisely.

Electric Control Equipment Based on Arduino Relay

Many accidents caused by the use of control systems which is not in accordance with the standards, both in the home and in the building. This study aims to create an Arduino Relay based control device (according to the application design and electrical installation design), which can control and secure electrical devices (TV, rice cooker, reservoir, lamp, and electric safety). The system control is contained in a building/house, to avoid the danger of short circuit and fire, as well as saving on the use of electrical energy. Research shows that the control equipment has functioned properly, so it can secure and control all the electrical devices contained in a building/house, either from close range or remotely using a smartphone.

EVALUACIÓN DE COLABORACIÓN EXTREMA CON MODELACIÓN BIM PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DE PROYECTOS DE EDIFICACIÓN

Building information modeling (BIM) has emerged as a digital platform for building projects, which facilitates cooperation between specialties. On the other hand, extreme collaboration is a methodology, arising in the aerospace industry, for joint work among professionals. This article presents an experimental initiative with Architecture and Engineering students to evaluate these capabilities in building projects. This was done by means of an intensive development of a car exhibition pavilion; elaborating the design and presentation of architecture, structure, electrical installations, energy-environmental analysis, and construction budget. The work was carried out in four sessions, with an initial and final meeting; in a room with a central desk, network computers, BIM programs, and perimeter screens. Input and output questionnaires were carried out, as well as interviews with the participants, and analysis of the process with researchers and experts. The experience demonstrated high effectiveness in the production and development of the project, although with group tensions and design limitations. The collaborative work was valued primarily, suggesting the outdated programming of some specialties and coordination of the process, as well as defining mostly expected results and joint operation. Therefore, it is suggested to apply these conditions to integrate BIM modeling with collaboration between building project specialists. Keywords: Integrated design, collaborative teaching, building information modelling.

Use of Renewable Energies in Sustainable Facilities for Rural Housing Module

Many rural homes, due to their distance to the main population centres, do not have the basic infrastructure, at the level of facilities, required by the needs demanded by its inhabitants. The design of electrical and sanitary installations of a sustainable nature is intended, and its implementation in a rural housing module. For which is based on the treatment of reliable data and existing in each place, determining the supply of renewable resources of greater predominance, such as solar, wind and rainwater. The estimation of global solar energy is determined by the method based on the Bristow-Campbell model; the Weibull distribution is used as a calculation methodology to adjust the frequency distribution of the wind speed in wind energy; likewise, a rainwater collection system is proposed, only for the toilet of the dwelling, which is treated by a biodigester; improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of the rural area through the management of sustainable facilities.

Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors

Abstract AC lines of industrial busbar systems are usually built using conductors with rectangular cross sections, where each phase can have several parallel conductors to carry high currents. The current density in a rectangular conductor, under sinusoidal conditions, is not uniform. It depends on the frequency, on the conductor shape, and on the distance between conductors, due to the skin effect and to proximity effects. Contrary to circular conductors, there are not closed analytical formulas for obtaining the frequency-dependent impedance of conductors with rectangular cross-section. It is necessary to resort to numerical simulations to obtain the resistance and the inductance of the phases, one for each desired frequency and also for each distance between the phases’ conductors. On the contrary, the use of the parametric proper generalized decomposition (PGD) allows to obtain the frequency-dependent impedance of an AC line for a wide range of frequencies and distances between the phases’ conductors by solving a single simulation in a 4D domain (spatial coordinates x and y, the frequency and the separation between conductors). In this way, a general “virtual chart” solution is obtained, which contains the solution for any frequency and for any separation of the conductors, and stores it in a compact separated representations form, which can be easily embedded on a more general software for the design of electrical installations. The approach presented in this work for rectangular conductors can be easily extended to conductors with an arbitrary shape.

AN EVALUATION OF ELECTRICITY CONSTRUCTION SERVICE INDUSTRIAL NEEDS-BASED ELECTRICAL INSTALLER

Competent performances by professional electrical installers are expected in the community. However, proper evaluation tools to assess competent performance on professional electrical installations that meet industrial needs of electrical construction service industry are scarce. This research studies the evaluation tools on electrical installation that are based on competent design, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance of electrical installations. Using responses collected from 210 respondents, we found statistically significant relationships on those studied variables. The analysis technique used to validate research data is Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The finding an evaluation tools on electrical installat ion fitting with the value of chi-square 0.05), and RMSEA = 0.026 (< 0.05).These results have significant policy implications to improve the performance evaluation process of the electrical construction service industry in Province of Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. It also further enriches the body of knowledge on performance evaluation and its impacts on the performance of electrical construction service industry in Indonesia as a developing nation.

Safety of life activity and environmental friendliness in beet processing department of a beet-sugar factory

The branch of processing of a beet is characterized by a variety of dangerous and harmful production factors. To maintain the optimal values of microclimate in beet processing department carried out installation of systems of ventilation and heating. To implement the protection measures for impacts include the use of low-power equipment; the attenuation of the noise in the way of its propagation by means of sound insulation; maintenance equipment; install equipment on vibration isolation bases. Electrical safety in industrial environments by the appropriate design of electrical installations, technical means and means of protection, organizational and technical measures. For protection against static electricity use of protective grounding. The safe operation of lifting and handling equipment is provided by the audit of the reliability and strength of their structural elements, as well as ropes, lifting devices. To reduce the harmful impact of the use of the Department of toxic substances into the running, you must use individual protection equipment: special clothing, anti-dust respirators. Of technical means of protection used in the supply and exhaust ventilation, are also used cyclones. To protect surface and groundwater from effluent applied field of filtration, aeration tanks, biofilters. The amount of emissions into the atmosphere can reduce the reduction of steam consumption for technological needs. For dust removal in dusty offices with equipment install the cyclone. One of the measures to prevent the explosion is to install explosion protection. For fire in a sugar factory used fire boards, fire hoses, automatic water extinguishing systems, steam and gas fire. All facilities and process plant should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means. Place them in conspicuous places, readily accessible at any time. In addition, the company is required to lay special network of fire water. Thus, security and compliance with of sustainability in this branch of the sugar factory depends on many factors and requires careful control of all processes.

Safety of life activity and environmental friendliness in beet processing department of a beet-sugar factory

The branch of processing of a beet is characterized by a variety of dangerous and harmful production factors. To maintain the optimal values of microclimate in beet processing department carried out installation of systems of ventilation and heating. To implement the protection measures for impacts include the use of low-power equipment; the attenuation of the noise in the way of its propagation by means of sound insulation; maintenance equipment; install equipment on vibration isolation bases. Electrical safety in industrial environments by the appropriate design of electrical installations, technical means and means of protection, organizational and technical measures. For protection against static electricity use of protective grounding. The safe operation of lifting and handling equipment is provided by the audit of the reliability and strength of their structural elements, as well as ropes, lifting devices. To reduce the harmful impact of the use of the Department of toxic substances into the running, you must use individual protection equipment: special clothing, anti-dust respirators. Of technical means of protection used in the supply and exhaust ventilation, are also used cyclones. To protect surface and groundwater from effluent applied field of filtration, aeration tanks, biofilters. The amount of emissions into the atmosphere can reduce the reduction of steam consumption for technological needs. For dust removal in dusty offices with equipment install the cyclone. One of the measures to prevent the explosion is to install explosion protection. For fire in a sugar factory used fire boards, fire hoses, automatic water extinguishing systems, steam and gas fire. All facilities and process plant should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means. Place them in conspicuous places, readily accessible at any time. In addition, the company is required to lay special network of fire water. Thus, security and compliance with of sustainability in this branch of the sugar factory depends on many factors and requires careful control of all processes.

Analisa Perbandingan Karakteristik Bodi dan Chassis pada Prototype Kendaraan Listrik

In the design of electric vehicles prototype, there are many things that must be taken into account and considered to be used completely without danger and failure in materials. In general, they are the design of body, chassis or frame design, the design of the transmission system, the design of the engine (motor), and the design of electrical installations. Vehicle chassis monocoque has a lighter weight compared to the vehicle chassis with a ladder. The weight of the vehicle has a considerable effect on the efficiency of the motor in which the motor work harder. Body vehicle glass fiber and carbon fiber also has a weight that is much different. With the same frame, the vehicle weight is obtained with a machine that utilizes carbon fiber body and fiber glass 43 kgf and 54 kgf. Excess carbon fiber monocoque chassis can be combined to produce the weight of the vehicle 36 kgf.

第22 回電気設備学会賞 開発奨励賞 「しがぎん浜町研修センター」建築電気設備からの環境負荷低減手法

第22 回電気設備学会賞 開発奨励賞 「しがぎん浜町研修センター」建築電気設備からの環境負荷低減手法

A Delphi study on building services engineers' core competence and statutory role in Hong Kong

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to narrow the diverse views of the industry stakeholders on two controversial issues, namely the scope of core competence of building services engineers (BSEs) and the statutory role that they should play, which were encountered in an extensive research study on the building services profession of Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachAn expert panel was formed and the Delphi method was applied to resolve the controversies. In the Delphi process, every panel member was provided with complete opinions expressed by all other panel members in each round of the deliberation.FindingsSufficient support was found for the proposition that professional BSEs should be competent in handling air‐conditioning, electrical, fire services, and plumbing &amp; drainage works, and that the government authorities should mandate the design and compliance certification of electrical and fire services installations by BSEs.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the Delphi method has not been hitherto applied to resolve the controversies addressed in the study, it was proven to be a very effective tool in seeking majority opinions from a group of experts. The same approach may be taken in similar studies in future.Practical implicationsThe core competence identified should be made as a minimum requirement for practitioners who wish to practise as professional BSEs. The views and comments given by the expert panel members are informative references to public policy makers.Originality/valueThis was the first ever study conducted in an attempt to identify the core competence and statutory role of BSEs in Hong Kong.

Estimation of the Technical Condition of Overhead Transmission Lines After 30 Years of Operation

Results of an inspection of 220-kV overhead transmission lines (OTL) in the Cherepovets network of the Vologdaenergo Company performed with the use of specially developed “Methodological recommendations for estimation of the technical condition of 35 – 750-kV OTL after long-term operation” are discussed. The reliability margin of poles and footings is determined by calculation of actual loads on unified structures. Conductor sizes are evaluated in all spans and the distribution of out-of-size places over the OTL route is determined without resorting to expensive geodetic surveys. Two ways for solving the problem of further safe operation of the studied OTL are suggested, namely, traditional (restoration of appropriate clearances to earth by heaving the conductor or erecting new poles) and alternative (determination of the latent margin contained in the “Rules for design of electric installations,” allowance for the actual current load on the line and the true size of farm equipment used over the route, etc.) ones. It is recommended to find individual solutions to problems arising in OTL after long-term service.