Abstract
Battery electric vehicles demand a wide variety of charging networks, such as charging stations and wallboxes, to be set up in the future. The high charging power (typically in the range of a couple of kW up to a couple of hundred kW) and the possibly long duration of the charging process (up to more than 24 h) put some special requirements on the electrical infrastructure of charging stations, sockets, and plugs. This paper gives an overview of the technical design requirements and considerations for vehicle charging stations, sockets, and plugs, including their infrastructure, according to the Swedish Standard 4364000, “Low-voltage electrical installations—Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, and the corresponding harmonized European standards. In detail, the four internationally categorized charging modes are explained and the preferable charging plugs, including their two-bus communication, according to European Directives are shown. The dimensioning of the supply lines and the proper selection of the overcurrent protection device, the insulation monitor, and the residual current device are described. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the required safety measures, such as the application of an isolation transformer or the implementation of an overvoltage protection mechanism, and the limits for conducted electromagnetic emissions, such as low-frequency harmonics or high-frequency (150 kHz to 108 MHz) emissions, are given.
Highlights
The number of deployed electric vehicles has significantly increased throughout the past few years [1,2], and vehicles’ battery capacities are becoming larger, as well [3]
This paper gives an overview of the technical design requirements and considerations for vehicle charging stations, sockets, and plugs, including their infrastructure, according to the Swedish Standard 4364000, “Low-voltage electrical installations— Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, and the corresponding harmonized European standards
Protection against intrusion, dust, accidental contact and water: The enclosure of an outside located charging station/socket shall fulfill at least the requirements of IP code 43 according to the Swedish Standard (SS)-EN 60529 [47]
Summary
The number of deployed electric vehicles has significantly increased throughout the past few years [1,2], and vehicles’ battery capacities are becoming larger, as well [3]. According to the national Swedish Standard (SS) 4364000 [12], “Low-voltage electrical installations—Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, only isolated charger types with a permanently installed transformer shall be used for vehicle charging Based on this simple example, it can be seen that it is quite important to comply with the safety regulations described in the governing standards, despite other technical solutions seem more beneficial in terms of the system’s costs and power density. This paper gives a comprehensive but concise overview about the technical design and safety requirements of conductive charging stations and systems, including their infrastructure, for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) according to the governing Swedish Standard 4364000, “Low-voltage electrical installations—Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, and the corresponding harmonized European and international standards. Wireless/inductive charging, as, for example, described in [13,14], is not yet covered in the SS 4364000 and, is not considered within the scope of this paper
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