Design Of Braking System Research Articles

Analysis of drivers’ deceleration behavior based on naturalistic driving data

Objective: As one of the bases for designing a humanlike brake control system for the intelligent vehicle, drivers’ deceleration behavior needs to be understood. There are two modes for drivers’ deceleration behavior: (i) brake pedal input, by applying brake system to reduce the speed; (ii) no pedal input, by releasing the accelerator pedal without pressing the brake pedal, thus decelerating by naturalistic driving resistance. The deceleration behavior that drivers choose to press the brake pedal has been investigated in previous studies. However, releasing the accelerator pedal behavior has not received much attention. The objective of this study is to investigate factors that influence drivers’ choice of the two deceleration modes using naturalistic driving data, which provide a theoretical foundation for the design of the brake control system.Methods: A logistic model was constructed to model drivers’ deceleration mode, valued as “no pedal input” or “brake pedal input” for dependent variables. Factors such as Light condition, Intersection mode, Road alignment, Traffic flow, Traffic light, Ego-vehicle motion state, Lead vehicle motion state, Time headway (THW), and Ego-vehicle speed were considered in the model as independent variables.Results: 393 deceleration events were selected from the naturalistic driving data, which used as the database for the regression model. As a result, 6 remarkable factors were found to influence drivers’ deceleration model, which include Traffic flow, Intersection mode, Lead vehicle motion state, Ego-vehicle motion state, Ego-vehicle speed and THW. Specifically, (1) the possibility of drivers choosing “no pedal input” is gradually increasing with the increase of THW and speed; (2) The drivers prefer to choose “no pedal input” when the lead vehicle is decelerating compared to it’s stationary. This probability is relatively high when the lead vehicle is traveling along the road; (3) the possibility of choosing “no pedal input” at intersection is higher than roads without intersection; (4) the possibility of choosing “no pedal input” is higher when traveling with more traffic flow.Conclusion: The drivers’ deceleration behavior can be divided into “no pedal input” and “brake pedal input.” The following six factors significantly affect drivers’ choice of deceleration mode: Traffic flow, Intersection mode, Lead vehicle motion state, Ego-vehicle motion state, Ego-vehicle speed and THW. The logistic regression model can quantify the influence of these six factors on drivers’ deceleration behavior. This study provides a theoretical basis for the braking system design of ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistant System) and intelligent control system.

The Structure Design and Optimization of Electromagnetic-Mechanical Wedge Brake System

The electromagnetic-mechanical wedge brake system (EMWB) is a new structure designed for brake-by-wire system. This structure is composed of a DC motor, an electromagnet device, two wedges, two friction plates, a rotating rod and a brake disk. The presented EMWB system contains two brake actuators such as electromagnetic brake and motor brake. The EMWB system provides a mechanical backup brake model driven by the DC motor when the electromagnetic brake fails. In the braking relief phase, the maximum torque of the DC motor should meet the requirement of separating the friction plates from the brake disk, so the brake performance of EMWB system is simulated with Matlab/Simulink and optimized under the multi-objective constraints, and the simulation results demonstrate that the mechanical backup brake model can meet the brake requirements both for the front axle and the rear axle. Through the multi-objective optimization, the EMWB system can reach an acceptable brake performance and the DC motor can meet the requirement of relieving braking.

Combi Brake System (CBS) Design and Tuning on an Electric Two Wheeler for Cornering Maneuver

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">To reduce the number of traffic accidents, most of the governments have mandated to include Combi Brake System (CBS) or Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) in two wheelers. While most of the homologation requirements for CBS can be fulfilled by straight line motion, CBS behavior is crucial while cornering for safety aspects. When vehicle is in cornering motion, the lateral forces generated at the tire decreases the effective longitudinal force available, which implies lesser braking force at tire.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper represents a design methodology for tuning CBS for various critical scenarios mainly during cornering maneuver. A detailed study has been made at various combination of vehicle lean angle, vehicle speed and friction coefficient of road (μ) in straight line and cornering maneuver to effectively decide on front to rear brake force distribution to avoid either of the tires’ lock-up. A co-simulation is done with BikeSim and Simulink softwares, where vehicle model is developed in BikeSim and CBS control algorithm in Simulink. Both the models are correlated against real test data.</div></div>

도시철도차량 제동시스템 설계를 위한 제동마찰재의 특성 분석

도시철도차량 제동시스템 설계를 위한 제동마찰재의 특성 분석

Modelling and Validation of An Electronic Wedge Brake System with Realistic Quarter Car Model for Anti-Lock Braking System Design

With the advancement in battery and electronics technologies, soon Electric Vehicles (EV) will replace traditional vehicles as they are more efficient and environment friendly. This will require replacement of all mechanical systems in vehicles with their electrical counterparts. This study focuses on electromechanical brakes (EMB) as replacement of hydraulics brakes. Particularly a type of EMB known as Electronic Wedge Brake (EWB) which uses wedges to create self reinforcing braking force and consume less power than other EMBs. Detailed mathematical model of an EWB system is presented which provides braking force and torque to the disk brake. A Quarter Car Model (QCM) with realistic parameter values and aerodynamic deceleration is modelled to validate the EWB system. The system is validated for different road conditions and anti-lock braking system (ABS) is demonstrated for snowy road using a single PID controller. The results validate the brake and car model and a need for cascaded control strategy to implement ABS is established.

Structural and Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake With Drilled Holes Of Various Materials

The design of braking system of a vehicles is very important in order to minimize the accidents and increase the life span of vehicle, with this motto, in this paper presented the structural analysis, fatigue analysis and thermal analysis of disc brake with drilled holes(DBDH) was done by considering various materials of DBDH such as carbon alloy, steel and carbon steel. The comparison of those materials is studied in various mechanical and thermal properties such as deformation, strain, stress, factor of safety, number cycles under cyclic loading and heat flux. Simulation studies were done in Ansys 14.5 version. It is observed that the heat flow rate is high in carbon alloy and low in carbon steel material of DBDH model. Maximum stress is observed in steel in structural analysis.

E-bikers’ braking behavior: Results from a naturalistic cycling study

Objective: The number of e-bike users has increased significantly over the past few years and with it the associated safety concerns. Because e-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles and more prone to be in conflict with road users, e-bikers may need to perform avoidance maneuvers more frequently. Braking is the most common avoidance maneuver but is also a complex and critical task in emergency situations, because cyclists must reduce speed quickly without losing balance. The aim of this study is to understand the braking strategies of e-bikers in real-world traffic environments and to assess their road safety implications. This article investigates (1) how cyclists on e-bikes use front and rear brakes during routine cycling and (2) whether this behavior changes during unexpected conflicts with other road users.Methods: Naturalistic data were collected from 6 regular bicycle riders who each rode e-bikes during a period of 2 weeks, for a total of 32.5 h of data. Braking events were identified and characterized through a combined analysis of brake pressure at each wheel, velocity, and longitudinal acceleration. Furthermore, the braking patterns obtained during unexpected events were compared with braking patterns during routine cycling.Results: In the majority of braking events during routine cycling, cyclists used only one brake at a time, favoring one of the 2 brakes according to a personal pre-established pattern. However, the favored brake varied among cyclists: 66% favored the rear brake and 16% the front brake. Only 16% of the cyclists showed no clear preference, variously using rear brake, front brake, or combined braking (both brakes at the same time), suggesting that the selection of which brake to use depended on the characteristics of the specific scenario experienced by the cyclist rather than on a personal preference. In unexpected conflicts, generally requiring a larger deceleration, combined braking became more prevalent for most of the cyclists; still, when combined braking was not applied, cyclists continued to use the favored brake of routine cycling. Kinematic analysis revealed that, when larger decelerations were required, cyclists more frequently used combined braking instead of single braking.Conclusions: The results provide new insights into the behavior of cyclists on e-bikes and may provide support in the development of safety measures including guidelines and best practices for optimal brake use. The results may also inform the design of braking systems intended to reduce the complexity of the braking operation.

Design and Physical Prototyping of a Novel Braking System for a Helicopter Rotor

The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the improved functionality and performance of an electromechanical brake for a helicopter main rotor, which to date has been hydraulically actuated using a disc brake and caliper arrangement. Increasingly, designers seek higher performing solutions to traditional problems through the integration of modern actuation and control strategies. This electromechanical device is required to constrain the helicopter tail rotor shaft protruding from the main rotor gearbox to allow safe taxiing and storage of the helicopter. A systematic and rigorous design methodology was used to converge on an effective solution which satisfied a very demanding specification. The design was further detailed and optimized, leading to the development of a prototype at a high technology readiness level that was tested within a bespoke rig, simulating the torque requirements found on a helicopter main rotor using the torque and position control. The design was shown to meet the required holding torque whilst providing additional functionality of continuous holding capability and meeting the challenging volumetric constraints.

Design and Fabrication of Air Brake System Using Engine Exhaust Gas

Design and Fabrication of Air Brake System Using Engine Exhaust Gas

Characteristic Analysis of the Peak Braking Force and the Critical Speed of Eddy Current Braking in a High-Speed Maglev

In the eddy current braking system of high-speed maglev, the peak braking force and the critical speed are key factors determining the performance of eddy current braking force. In this paper, the analytical formula of eddy current braking force is derived by a subdomain method considering the skin effect of the induction plate, and, subsequently, the characteristics of peak braking force and critical speed are analyzed. The analytical model is set up in a 2D Cartesian coordinate system. The Poisson equations in each subdomain are listed by treating the vector magnetic potential as a variable. By combining the boundary conditions between two adjacent subdomains, the expressions of eddy current density and magnetic density in the induction plate are obtained. Then, the analytical formula of the eddy current braking force is obtained by the Ampere force formula. The results of finite-element analysis confirm the validity of the analytical calculation. The methods of improving the performance of eddy current braking force under high speed are proposed by parametric analysis of peak braking force and critical speed, which provides guidance for the design of the eddy current braking system in high-speed maglev.

Methods for improving the dynamic properties of the air braking systems of low-speed agricultural trailers

Too low an operating speed of trailer air braking systems may lead to an inhibition of the braking asynchrony of agricultural tractor trailer units. Improved braking dynamics advanced braking systems with an electronic control unit (e.g. Trailer EBS) provide a more rational solution for high speed agricultural vehicles. In this paper, an overview of other methods for developing the dynamic properties of air braking systems for agricultural trailers is described. This paper provides an examples of braking system design parameters optimization, using a variety of accelerating valves and dynamic properties correcting devises, also as well, by using simple systems with an electronic controllers. The described methods of dynamic properties improvements can be used to improve the speed and operation synchrony of the air braking systems of low-speed agricultural trailers. The paper presents the influence of some of the described methods, with different levels of complexity, on the properties of typical air braking systems.

Safety Ensurence Research on the Regenerative Braking System of Electric Vehicle

The safety problem is the primary factor that should be viewed in the regenerative braking system design of vehicles. To ensure braking safety and battery safety of the electrical vehicles (EVs) a regenerative braking system contain us two fuzzy logic controllers is designed in the paper. In the system, one controller includes slip coefficient, vehicle speed and the driver’s brake requirement to ensure braking security and the other takes battery State of Charge (SOC) and temperature as inputs to assure battery safety. Then, two proportional coefficients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] satisfying the safety needs are introduced into the braking system. At last, the simulation model is established in the simulation software-ADVISOR (ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR). Through simulation, the results verify that more energy can be regenerated from braking under the conditions of ensuring braking and batteries safety.

Design, fabrication and testing of a magnetorheologic fluid braking system for machine tool application

This technical article introduces a governable brake system that can be relevant for different machines, developed using magnetorheologic (MR) fluids. As an initial step, new MR fluids are developed considering different compositions of various constituents pursued by the formulation of a numerical model considering various elements such as magnetic field strength, magnetic particle size and MR fluid yield strength. Using a commercial software, COMSOL, a magnetically energized circuit is examined to obtain the details regarding the number of turns, current supply and strength of the magnetic field at predefined points, and a simulation study is carried out. Successively, the developed and optimized MR fluid is introduced between the gap of the fixed plate and rotating disk under the influence of the magnetic field over the fluid territory. A full-fledged test rig setup for the MR brake system is established, and an experimental study is carried out focusing on the shaft speed and braking torque developed during the braking process. The results are also plotted for various current input values. The current input value ranges from 0 to 2 amp, and the respective torque value is obtained. Likewise, the performance of the torque by the proposed MR brake system used simulated results in a derived theoretical model, and a comparative study is carried out with the experimented results.

Implicit control of eddy current braking system using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO)

This paper shows the novel design of Eddy Current Braking System (ECBS) using soft computing techniques mainly FLC and PSO for the validation of experimental results of ECBS. Eddy Current Brakes are used in many applications where superior braking performance at high speed is desired. Eddy current brakes being frictionless and contactless offer numerous advantages over conventional mechanical brakes. The ECBS can be implemented in aircraft arreter barrier system as energy absorber for optimum braking. The hardware model of ECBS has been developed, simulated, and analysed. Performance of ECBS was optimized using soft computing techniques such as FLC and PSO on the MATLAB platform and the control dynamics of the system was analysed. It was observed that PSO based ECBS gives better result in comparison to FLC based ECBS in terms of settling time and peak overshoot.

Design and fabrication of electromagnetic braking system for four wheeler


 
 
 These brakes designed by controlling for equipment, automobiles and movers are suitable for AC&DC power supplies up to 12 v to 220 v and are suitable for wide range of drum sizes 10 to 380 mm dia these brakes are suitable with a rated torque ranging from 100kg-cm for the smallest brake up to 2000 kg-cm for a 380mm dia at 50% coil rating, the coil remains in circuit for a maximum 5 min out of every 10min. Since these brakes are closed position, the release of brake shoes is affected by energizing the electromagnetic coil which over comes the spring force and shoes are moved clear of drum by lever system so that the drum is free to rotate without any friction. When the power given to the electromagnetic coil the coil gets energized and in turns the plunger pulls down. The plunger in turn operates the arm of the brake and the brake opens. When specied brake drum both pin bush type and flexible geared type can be supplied along with the brakes.
 
 

Design, Implementation and Assessment of a New Automatic Hydraulic Braking System

In this research, a new automatic braking system was designed and tested to prevent collisions between a driver’s vehicle andobstacles (vehicles, pedestrians). The primary objective of this work is to develop a safety car braking system using ultrasonicsensor and to design a vehicle with that can manage less human attention to the driving. An appropriate mechanism was used tooperate and control the brake system automatically and it different from the previous systems which operate brake pedalaccording to signals incoming. A suitable electric pump is used to provide fluid flow and pressure value and two solenoid valvesare used to control the direction of brake fluid in the hydraulic brake system.The proposed system operated using three parts; sensing part, the second part depends on using a control unit and another partdepends on a suitable actuator. It can detect the distance between obstacles and the driver’s vehicle by the ultrasonic sensor andusing a hydraulic pump and solenoids valves to operate the brake system if the driver does not push the brake pedal in the righttime to stop the vehicle, this system can automatically stop the vehicle without driver input. The performance of the system wasexcellent and the errors between measured braking time and theoretical braking time were between one and two percent.

Computer aided software integrated automated safety system

Software for safety-critical systems must deal with the hazards identified by safety analysis in order to make the system safe. Building a safety-critical software requires special procedures to be used in all phases of the software development process. In this work, we have dealt with safety analysis techniques such as failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA)-based safety-critical approach towards to development of an integrated automotive safety critical system from a safety perspective. A proposal of software safety architecture and software safety lifecycle has developed here using some important safety techniques. A new software development lifecycle with an integration approach, i.e., Agile-V model is proposed. Driver assistance system like ACCS is a safety critical system which is helpful to prevent accidents by reducing the workload on the driver. The basic design and functionality of ACCS is done with the safety command of bypassing to braking system when needed. As a safety approach for some limitations we have introduced an integrated architecture using fuzzy logic which has less failure cases and improves efficiency. The basic design and functionality of braking system is done with ABS and without ABS so that stopping distance also decreases.

Computer aided software integrated automated safety system

Software for safety-critical systems must deal with the hazards identified by safety analysis in order to make the system safe. Building a safety-critical software requires special procedures to be used in all phases of the software development process. In this work, we have dealt with safety analysis techniques such as failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA)-based safety-critical approach towards to development of an integrated automotive safety critical system from a safety perspective. A proposal of software safety architecture and software safety lifecycle has developed here using some important safety techniques. A new software development lifecycle with an integration approach, i.e., Agile-V model is proposed. Driver assistance system like ACCS is a safety critical system which is helpful to prevent accidents by reducing the workload on the driver. The basic design and functionality of ACCS is done with the safety command of bypassing to braking system when needed. As a safety approach for some limitations we have introduced an integrated architecture using fuzzy logic which has less failure cases and improves efficiency. The basic design and functionality of braking system is done with ABS and without ABS so that stopping distance also decreases.

Torque optimization control for electric vehicles with four in-wheel motors equipped with regenerative braking system

This paper presents a novel braking torque distribution strategy for electric vehicles with four in-wheel motors equipped with the regenerative braking system. Safety and regeneration efficiency are the two major themes in the design of a regenerative braking system. Based on model predictive control (MPC) theory, the issues of multiple objectives and constraints of the regenerative braking system is well addressed. This proposed torque distribution controller can maximize the regeneration efficiency by determining the hydraulic braking torque and motor braking torque, which subject to the actuator constraints. Total braking torque of the four wheels tracks the braking requirement. Furthermore, in the case of ensuring brake safety, the braking torque of front and rear wheels are optimized to improve the possibility of energy recovery. The simulations have been conducted in Simulink environment based on an electric vehicle model established in AMESim software to verify the advantage of the proposed model predictive controller. In addition, the real-time test also demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented optimal control strategy.

Simulation platform for constant deceleration braking system based on Simulink

ABSTRACTBased on the idea of nodal cavity method, the simulation platform of constant deceleration braking system is built in Simulink. According to JKMD 4.5 × 4 mine hoist and its matching E141A constant deceleration braking system, the simulation platform parameters are set up. Finally, given the deceleration value, the safety braking simulation is carried out. The simulation platform is verified by simulation, which provides technical support for the further study of dynamic characteristics of safe braking and the design of reliable braking system.