Design Goals Research Articles

Development of a 166.6MHz β = 1 higher-order-mode-damped superconducting cavity.

The storage ring of the high energy photon source will be driven by five 166.6MHz β = 1 quarter-wave superconducting cavities operating at 4K. A higher-order-mode-damped superconducting cavity was designed with excellent rf and mechanical properties based on the successful development of the proof-of-principle cavity. The mechanical design of the dressed cavity was focused on addressing stress safety throughout the processes, tunability, frequency detuning due to pressure fluctuation, and Lorentz force, among other factors. A new liquid helium vessel was designed along with a comprehensive stiffening scheme to mitigate the surging peak stress on the cavity resulting from the significantly unequal beam pipe size. In the first batch, three cavities were manufactured, and surface preparations were carefully conducted to eliminate defects and etching traces while ensuring cleanliness. The cavity's Q0 at the design voltage of 1.5 MV reached 3.8 × 109 at 4K, comfortably surpassing the design goal. Field emission onset was not observed during the entire test up to a peak electric field of 60 MV/m, thanks to the optimized processing procedures. Subsequently, one cavity was welded with the newly designed helium vessel and vertically tested at 2K, achieving an rf performance comparable to the bare cavities, demonstrating the success of the jacketed cavity. This paper presents the design, fabrication, surface preparation, and cryogenic tests of the first higher-order-mode-damped 166.6MHz β = 1 superconducting cavity.

EVALUATION OF INTERACTIVE SPACES FOR ENHANCED LEARNING IN ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT BUILDINGS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

The design studio is still the focal point of curricular programmes in architectural faculties around the world, and it is regarded as the gold standard for architectural design education. However, the architecture studio's primary role in the existing academic framework of architectural education needs to be reconsidered. As a result, a shift to architecture studio design is required to create an environment that delivers an immersive and collaborative feeling of setting for studio users. The job of architecture is to build and develop places that fulfil the demands of architecture users and the usage of spaces by different individuals and groups of people, just as an architecture design studio is considered as a learning environment and usually a location where interactions occur. This study investigates the methodologies and goals of architectural design for open space facilities that relieve stress in learning environments such as those found on university campuses in a compact urban setting. The literature reviews, along with expert input, indicate strategies for integrating sustainability as the foundation for achieving a functional institutional environment structure for Nigerian schools of architecture; thus, this serves as the foundation for the development of a questionnaire to collect relevant data. Improving quality and service delivery through better interactive space organisation. The findings suggest that architects should incorporate sustainable building areas into their theoretical preparation. According to the study, it is critical to set standards for an alternative design approach that is user-centered while also strengthening the training of student architects by creating more interactive spaces.

Research on harmonious design of chairs based on the Kano model and analytic hierarchy process

To meet the functional and emotional needs of users for outdoor leisure chairs, the three-level theory of harmonious design was applied. A product design process was put together based on the Kano model and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The Kano model obtained demand attributes and influence coefficients, while the AHP obtained total weights. The target products were designed and evaluated based on the three-level theory of harmonious design to improve the user experience and satisfaction of outdoor leisure chairs. The attribute categories of harmonious demand were obtained based on the Kano model, and the harmonious demands were ranked by importance. The design analysis and design practice were conducted with the goal of harmonious design. The AHP was used to analyze the comprehensive weights of the index factors, evaluate the user satisfaction of the three design schemes, and conduct consistency test and feasibility verification of the design schemes. The optimal design scheme was selected based on the total weight mean of three design schemes. The design and analysis method based on the Kano-AHP model can focus on user demand. It can objectively and efficiently analyze design pain spots, and effectively guide the harmonious design practice, which improves user satisfaction and market transformation efficiency of creative products.

Partial RNA design.

RNA design is a key technique to achieve new functionality in fields like synthetic biology or biotechnology. Computational tools could help to find such RNA sequences but they are often limited in their formulation of the search space. In this work, we propose partial RNA design, a novel RNA design paradigm that addresses the limitations of current RNA design formulations. Partial RNA design describes the problem of designing RNAs from arbitrary RNA sequences and structure motifs with multiple design goals. By separating the design space from the objectives, our formulation enables the design of RNAs with variable lengths and desired properties, while still allowing precise control over sequence and structure constraints at individual positions. Based on this formulation, we introduce a new algorithm, libLEARNA, capable of efficiently solving different constraint RNA design tasks. A comprehensive analysis of various problems, including a realistic riboswitch design task, reveals the outstanding performance of libLEARNA and its robustness. libLEARNA is open-source and publicly available at: https://github.com/automl/learna_tools.

Software Architecture and Desgin for Online Registration System

This paper presents an example of SoftwareArchitecture and design for online registration system.Software design is an early phase of the Software DevelopmentLife Cycle (SDLC). During this phase, software designersmodel the system and assess its quality so that improvementsmay be made before the software goes into the productionphase. The goal of software design is to build a model thatmeets all customer requirements and leads to successfulimplementation. As software systems continue to grow inscale, complexity, and distribution, their proper designbecomes extremely important in software production. Thearchitecture design representat ion is derived from the systemrequirement specification and the analysis model. Multi tierarchitecture is commonly used for distributed systems. Itusually consists of three element types: client, middlewareserver, and data server. The Unified Modeling Language( used to model the problem domain; describe the userrequirements; identify significant architecture elementsduring software design, such as classes and objects; describebehavior and interactions among these elements; and organizethe softw are structure, specify its constraints, describe thenecessary attributes, and more.

Dilemmas of making and unmaking environmental and cultural heritage in Southern Belize

ABSTRACT Heritage is defined and maintained through complex and changing processes. In what ways might heritage scholars and practitioners understand dynamic complexities theoretically, methodologically and ethically? Through reflections on involvement in environmental and cultural heritage initiatives with Maya communities in southern Belize, this paper argues for an explicit forefronting of community aims and goals in heritage-focused project design and implementation. It demonstrates how cultural anthropologists involved in collaborative projects with archaeologists, non-governmental and/or community organisations may use ethnographic approaches to push collectively towards decolonial, community archaeologies. The challenges of ethnographers and archaeologists working together to document heritage past and present are critically and reflexively analysed, using frameworks rooted in environmental anthropology to capture the fluid and negotiated nature of heritage constructions by exploring what it means to live a ‘good life’ in Maya communities in Belize. The insights generated for developing a decolonising approach for future work of this type are also considered. By challenging what constitutes project ‘success’, and discussing the questions simultaneously posed and revealed by the long-term community projects detailed here, the paper argues for a more collaborative, nuanced and fluid conceptualisation of what constitutes heritage, and who is served by its documentation and dissemination.

Frequency Loop-Shaping and IMC-Based Integer-Order Robust PID Controller Design for Fractional-Order Processes with Time-Delay

It is well accepted that fractional-order calculus yields a more accurate description of complex physical processes compared to integer-order one. So, fractional-order modelling is getting a good attention in the process industry. On the other hand, to meet design goals accurately, control designers prefer fractional-order controllers over integer-order ones due to the availability of more parameters. However, the design of such controllers are complex. More often, the design faces the challenge in real-time implementations, and the problem is circumvented by higher order approximations of fractional-order operators. In the presented work, three methods for integer-order Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller design are proposed based on Frequency Loop-Shaping (FLS) and Internal Model Control (IMC). To prove the efficacy of the presented control law, simulations are conducted and included along with a performance measure based on ISE (Integral of Square Error), ITAE (Integral of Time Absolute Error) and IAE (Integral of Absolute Error).

Exploratory neutronic evaluation on the enhancement of tritium breeding and energy multiplication capability using (Th,U)O2 in a solid-state tritium breeding blanket of a fusion demonstration reactor

The achievable tritium breeding ratio (TBR) in Korean fusion demonstration reactor (K-DEMO) that utilizing the deuterium-tritium nuclear fusion reaction for energy production is the critical design parameter for the self-sufficiency of tritium. However, the calculation uncertainty of the achievable TBR makes it difficult to fully understand the tritium fuel cycle in the K-DEMO. Moreover, if the achievable TBR is less than the required TBR, the calculation uncertainty of the achievable TBR makes the design limitation on the self-sufficient tritium supply of the K-DEMO. Therefore, making the achievable TBR larger than the required TBR is the most important goal of the K-DEMO design for the self-sufficient tritium supply. To create an achievable TBR with a margin greater than the required TBR, the modified neutron-multiplying material that is different from the typical neutron-multiplying material (9Be) is tested in this study. The blending of the fissionable (232Th) and fissile (233U) material with 9Be is attempted to enhance the neutron multiplication reaction resulting in a gradual increase of the achievable TBR according to the increase of the atomic faction of fissile material. With the addition of fissile material, it is found that energy multiplication accompanied by fission reaction is dramatic. The possibility of the self-breeding of 233U from 232Th is also justified. However, the neutronic damages resulting in the frequent replacement of the components in the tritium breeding blanket and generation of the high-level waste also occurred as the negative impact accompanied by the blending of 232Th and 233U with 9Be.

Study on vertical isolation effect of ring springs in single-layer spherical reticulated dome structures

Ring springs have the advantages of simple structure, small space occupation and strong buffering capacity, so a ring spring vertical isolation device (RSVID) is proposed. The structure and working principle of RSVID are explained. In order to apply RSVID to the numerical model of the overall structure, OpenSees is redeveloped and a mechanical model that simulates RSVID is added to its material library. The design goal of this study is to extend the natural vibration period of the isolated structure, which is used to determine the stiffness of ring spring. Subsequently, RSVID and friction pendulum isolation bearings are combined to form a 3D isolation system which is applied to 60-meter span single-layer spherical reticulated domes, and then the numerical model of isolated structure and original structures are established in OpenSees software. The simulation results show that the isolation effect of 3D-isolated structure with RSVID is better than that of horizontal isolated structure.

Design Goals for End-User Development of Robot-Assisted Physical Training Activities: A Participatory Design Study

Programming robots presents significant challenges, including high costs, extensive time commitments and steep learning curves, particularly for individuals lacking technical background in engineering. These barriers have been partially mitigated by the emergence of end-user development methodologies. Yet existing approaches often fall short in equipping users with the necessary software engineering competencies to develop comprehensive robot behaviors or to effectively maintain and re-purpose their creations. In this paper, we introduce a novel end-user development approach designed to empower physical therapists to independently specify robot-assisted physical training exercises, eliminating the need for robotics experts' intervention. Our approach is based on a set of design goals obtained through a participatory design study with experts in the field. It utilizes a textual domain-specific language (DSL) that enables users to define expected robot behaviors through Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) scenarios. This paper discusses key themes, design objectives, and the evolution of requirements that emerged from an evaluative workshop.

Comparative Analysis of CMOS-based D-type Flip-Flop Architectures for High-Performance VLSI Applications Using 45-nm CMOS Technology

High performance VLSI (very large-scale integration) is an essential electronic technology required for space missions and scientific advancements. The only source of reliance for the VLSI designer is the data storage devices designated as flip-flops, which are widely used in semiconductor memory devices as well as for data processing and storage in the telecommunication fields. In this paper, the four D-type flip-flop architectures of CMOS-based D-type flip-flops, such as D-type flip-flops using traditional technology (DFF-T), D-type flip-flops with Demorgan’s law (DFF-DL), D-type flip-flops with transmission gates (DFF-TG), and D-type flip-flops with five transistors (DFF-F), have been designed and constructed. The analytical simulations of the schematics and equivalent layouts of these four architectures are implemented using 45-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. With cadence virtuoso design software, the performance investigation of the four D-type flip-flop architectures is compared in terms of layout area, transistor counts, average power consumption, rise time, fall time, and propagation delay. The DFF-F technologies have modestly compact design goals in order to reduce production costs and achieve faster processing speeds with fewer transistors.

Navigating the 18-n+m Isomers of PdSn2: Chemical Pressure Relief through Isolobal Bonds and Main Group Clustering.

The 18-n electron-counting rule provides structural guidelines for electronically feasible transition metal (T)-main group (E) phases, contributing toward the goal of material design. However, the availability of numerous potential structure types at any electron count creates a challenge for the prediction of the preferred structures of specific compounds, as is illustrated by the concept of 18-n+m isomerism. In this Article, we explore the driving forces stabilizing one 18-n+m isomer over another with an analysis of the structure of PdSn2, a layered intergrowth of the fluorite and CuAl2 structure types. The DFT-reversed approximation Molecular Orbital (DFT-raMO) method reveals that PdSn2 and its hypothetical parent structures all adhere to bonding schemes approximating the electronic configurations expected from the 18-n rule, with various degrees of isolobal Pd-Pd bonding and Sn clustering. However, partial electron transfer between the Pd 5p orbitals to the Sn 5s orbitals contributes to the absence of convincing electronic pseudogaps near their Fermi energies. As such, there is no clear electronically driven preference among the structure types. This situation allows for atomic packing effects to prevail: DFT-Chemical Pressure (DFT-CP) analysis illustrates that in the fluorite-type parent structure, positive Pd-Sn CPs lead to overcompression of the Pd atoms and a stretching of the relatively open Sn sublattice. In contrast, in the CuAl2-type parent structure, Sn atoms cluster into tetrahedra, opening space for an expanded Pd environment and the formation of Pd-Pd interactions. However, the tetrahedral packing of the Sn atoms here leads to frustration between negative and positive Sn-Sn CPs. Through the development of the angular CP correlation function (CPcor+) as a tool to quantify frustration among interatomic interactions, we demonstrate how the observed PdSn2 structure balances these effects by tuning the degree of Sn-Sn clustering and expansion of the Pd environment. These observations point to generalizations for most 18-n+m isomers, where increased main group ligand clustering (+m) and isolobal bonds (+n) can accommodate compositions with different T and E atomic sizes.

Pricing Optimal Outcomes in Coupled and Non-convex Markets: Theory and Applications to Electricity Markets

The clearing of nonconvex markets poses unique challenges. The canonical market clearing, a Walrasian equilibrium, needs not exist when participants’ preferences display nonconvexities, for example, due to technical constraints. Then market clearing prices might not exist, and side payments may be required to compensate losses. Electricity markets are a prime example. Market operators in the United States use heuristic pricing rules to compute market prices; the magnitude of the side payments, potential lost opportunity costs, and the quality of network congestion signals in prices have all become a concern. In “Pricing Optimal Outcomes in Coupled and Non-Convex Markets: Theory and Applications to Electricity Markets,” Ahunbay, Bichler, and Knörr propose a multiobjective framework for pricing such markets. The design goals are shown to be inherently conflicting but may be balanced against each other through traditional methods in multiobjective optimization. Pricing rules used in practice are identified as prices for a suitably convexified market, which motivates a novel pricing method that drastically reduces side payments while maintaining congestion signals in realistic test cases.

A design workflow for effective solar shading of pedestrian paths

Shading pedestrian paths is strategically important to ensure accessibility and comfort for pedestrians in cities. Limited applicability in practice of previous research about the effectiveness of natural and artificial shading devices was found. This paper proposes a workflow to design effective installations of shading devices on sidewalks; it relies on a design tool developed prioritising compatibility with other software/processes for its application to urban design. The methodology was tested on the city of Milan; the performance of 60 % linear path in shade was set as the design goal. Based on solar radiation exposure of urban canyons, a time of the day was associated with each simulated summer scenario. A library of shading devices was compiled allowing designers to test various proposals. The workflow was applied at first to theoretical urban canyons, then to a real case study sidewalk. Results included a catalogue of solutions with installation guidelines, a table to estimate the recommended number of shading devices for each sidewalk location, and the opportunity to iteratively test master planning proposals. Four applications of the workflow were proposed in response to resources availability and increasing outcome suitability. The workflow would support urban designers in implementing solar radiation exposure analysis in their practice.

Perancangan UI/UX Website Informasi Wisata Dan Penginapan Di Kabupaten OKUS Berbasis Mobile

This research aims to design optimal user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) for a tourist and accommodation information website in OKUS District. Utilizing the Design Thinking approach with its five main stages: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test, the study is conducted to deeply understand user needs, clearly define problems, develop creative ideas, create solution prototypes, and test design iterations. The process begins with the empathize stage, where researchers seek to understand user experiences and needs thoroughly. Subsequently, the define stage is used to specify design problems and goals. The ideate stage involves the development of various creative solution ideas. Next, prototyping is used to transform ideas into tangible solutions for testing. Finally, the test stage is conducted to evaluate user responses to the prototype. The results of this research are expected to provide profound insights into designing a responsive tourist and accommodation information website catering to the needs of users in OKUS District. The conclusions drawn from this study include recommendations for implementing improved designs based on the findings from the Design Thinking method

Design and Implementation of High Speed SRAM Cell

Static Random Access Memory's main design goals are to have a consuming low power and high speed, as technology is developing at a faster paceand this has given rise to new challenges.The high speed along with stability of SRAM are important issues to improve efficiency and performance of the system. This proposed work presents design and implementation of 1Kb 6T SRAM using CMOS technologies by using EDA tool. In this proposed work, SRAM’s cell is operated in 1V voltage. Our proposed high speed SRAM consisting 6T achieved read delay and write delay of 29.4ps & 15ps respectively. And also our designed cell has stability of 70 mV & 195 mV for read SNM and write SNM respectively

Effectiveness of stormwater control measures in protecting stream channel stability

AbstractWhile research on the hydrologic impact of different types of stormwater control measures (SCMs) is extensive, little research exists linking urbanization, widespread implementation of SCMs and channel stability in headwater streams. This study evaluated whether the unified stormwater sizing criteria (USSC) regulations in the state of Maryland, USA, which require the use of both end‐of‐pipe and distributed, small‐scale SCMs, protect channel stability. To achieve this goal, a coupled hierarchical modelling approach utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System 6.3 (HEC‐RAS) was developed to predict changes in streamflow and sediment transport dynamics in a first‐order gravel‐bed, riffle‐pool channel. Storm event discretization revealed that 88% of observed storm events during the 16 years (2004–2020) had durations less than 18 h and that the greatest peak flows resulted from storm events with durations less than 24 h. HEC‐RAS simulation results also showed that both channel degradation and aggradation, as high as 1.2 m, will likely occur due to regulations which require the use of 24 h duration design storms with a target stormwater detention time rather than bed material sediment transport limits. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between SCM practises, flow regimes and sediment transport dynamics in heavily urbanized watersheds. It is recommended that SCMs be designed using a continuous simulation model with at least 10 years of continuous rainfall data. Furthermore, to protect channel stability, the SCM design goal should focus on maintaining pre‐development sediment transport regimes across a range of flows.

Airflow collision characteristics of double square column attachment ventilation

In the square column attachment ventilation (S-CAV) mode, the introduction of multiple airflows attached to the column into the horizontal diffusion zone inevitably leads to various “airflow collision” phenomena. However, after the floor-attached airflow collides, the indoor air distribution may deviate from the design goal. In this paper, the layout of the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric arrangement of double columns is summarized. The airflow collision mechanism and flow characteristics for different column layouts are analyzed via experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and a new partition form is proposed to more effectively control the indoor environment. A 1:2 scale model was employed for the velocity verification experiments and flow field visualization. The results indicated that the airflow collision area can be divided into impact, transition, and collision zones with axisymmetric double-column layouts. In the range of 1–3 m/s, any variation in the supply air velocity, irrespective of the occurrence of airflow collision, may be considered negligible with respect to its impact on the attenuation trend of the axial velocities. At the same absolute value of the air supply temperature difference, the cooling condition experiences a 3.1 times greater kinetic energy loss due to collision than does the heating condition. In a nonsymmetric arrangement of two columns, the curve formed by the stagnation point rotates, and the direction of rotation is biased toward the side of the column that is farther away. The findings provide a solid theoretical basis for the engineering application and optimal design of CAV modes.

Modelo estadístico de la descontaminación de aguas residuales que contienen Carbendazim mediante foto-Fenton

Homogeneous photo-Fenton photocatalysis is one of the most widely used advanced oxidation processes in treating wastewater containing pesticides, where optimizing the catalyst dosage and oxidizing agent, with the response being mineralization in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) or removal of the specific contaminant, is the goal of any experimental design. Experimental development in treatment processes necessitates executing a significant number of experimental conditions that require the use of reagents, energy, and execution time. Therefore, modeling such phenomena emerges as an alternative to these limitations in wastewater treatment. In this research, the influence of factors FeSO4 and H2O2, each at three levels, on the mineralization of a synthetic solution of the insecticide Carbendazim (50 mg/L) in terms of TOC was evaluated using a multiple linear regression model optimized by response surface methodology. The main results established that the best model fit considers the interaction between FeSO4 and H2O2 (X1*X2) and the quadratic terms of each (X21,X22) with p-values < 0.05. The validation of the model using the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) technique, as well as accuracy and precision through residual analysis and ordinary least squares assumptions, confirms the validity of the conclusions derived from it.

EDIG-CHANGES. II. Project Design and Initial Results on NGC 3556

The extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) represents ionized gases traced by optical/UV lines beyond the stellar extent of galaxies. We herein introduce a novel multislit narrow-band spectroscopy method to conduct spatially resolved spectroscopy of the eDIG around a sample of nearby edge-on disk galaxies (eDIG-CHANGES). In this paper, we introduce the project design and major scientific goals, as well as a pilot study of NGC 3556 (M108). The eDIG is detected to a vertical extent of a few kiloparsecs above the disk, comparable to the X-ray and radio images. We do not see significant vertical variation of the [N ii]/Hα line ratio. A rough examination of the pressure balance between different circumgalactic medium phases indicates the magnetic field is in a rough pressure balance with the X-ray emitting hot gas and may play an important role in the global motion of both the eDIG and the hot gas in the lower halo. At the location of an Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph observed UV bright background active galactic nucleus ∼29 kpc from the center of NGC 3556, the magnetic pressure is much lower than that of the hot gas and the ionized gas traced by UV absorption lines, although the extrapolation of the pressure profiles may cause some biases in this comparison. By comparing the position–velocity diagrams of the optical and CO lines, we also find the dynamics of the two gas phases are consistent with each other, with no evidence of a global inflow/outflow and a maximum rotation velocity of ∼150 km s−1.