Design Of Systems Research Articles

Inverse Hamiltonian design of highly entangled quantum systems

Solving inverse problems to identify Hamiltonians with desired properties holds promise for the discovery of fundamental principles. In quantum systems, quantum entanglement plays a pivotal role in not only characterizing the quantum nature but also developing quantum technology such as quantum computing. Nonetheless, the design principles of the quantum entanglement are yet to be clarified. Here we apply an inverse design framework using automatic differentiation to quantum spin systems, aiming to construct Hamiltonians with large quantum entanglement. We show that the method automatically finds the Kitaev model with bond-dependent anisotropic interactions, whose ground state is a quantum spin liquid, on both honeycomb and square-octagon lattices. On triangular and maple-leaf lattices with geometrical frustration, it generates numerous solutions with spatially inhomogeneous interactions rather than converging to a specific model, but it still helps to construct unprecedented models. The comparative study reveals that bond-dependent anisotropic interactions, rather than isotropic Heisenberg interactions, amplify quantum entanglement, even in the systems with geometrical frustration. The present study paves the way for the automatic design of new quantum systems with desired quantum nature and functionality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Amaiur Mendi Altube - Modeling and Design of Induction Heating Systems

Amaiur Mendi Altube - Modeling and Design of Induction Heating Systems

Enhancing the stability and efficiency of the advanced concrete structures surrounded by an auxetic foundation

This study delves into the vibrational characteristics of concrete annular plates reinforced with graphene oxide powders (GOP), underpinned by an innovative auxetic-elastic foundation. By applying Hamilton’s principle, the governing dynamic equations are meticulously derived, incorporating the effects of internal forces and GOP geometrical properties. The Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) is utilized to solve these equations, providing a robust and efficient numerical approach for analyzing the system’s complex dynamic behavior. GOP reinforcement significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the concrete plates, yielding improved stiffness and superior damping capabilities. The auxetic-elastic foundation, known for its unique property of becoming thicker perpendicular to the applied force, plays a pivotal role in altering the vibrational response of the system. The study meticulously examines the influence of this foundation on the system’s vibrational behavior, highlighting its potential to enhance performance under varying operational conditions. A comprehensive analysis is conducted to understand the effects of different boundary conditions on the vibrational characteristics of the reinforced concrete annular plates. The results underscore the importance of integrating advanced materials like GOP and innovative foundation designs in optimizing structural components. This study provides valuable insights into the design and application of reinforced concrete structures, emphasizing the effectiveness of GOP reinforcement and auxetic-elastic foundations in enhancing vibrational performance. These findings offer a significant contribution to the field of structural engineering, paving the way for future innovations in the design of resilient and efficient structural systems.

Modeling and Design of Induction Heating Systems

This thesis is based on a specific industrial application of induction heating technology: induction hardening. The main objective is to create a simulation model that predicts the whole heating process, combining the electrical simulation with the electromagnetic-thermal analysis, employing electrical simulation software and finite element tools, respectively. This proposed model will be called as dynamic model in the following lines.

Biologically inspired piezoresistive MEMS acoustic vector sensor for underwater applications

Underwater acoustics has assumed a pivotal role in the detection, navigation, communication, and target identification of ships and submarines. In recent years, advancements in noise reduction from marine vessels have underscored the significance of underwater acoustic vector sensors. This paper presents a novel approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of a two-dimensional Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vector acoustic sensor tailored for underwater environments. Traditional underwater acoustic vector sensors often employ doped polysilicon or silicon/germanium sensing films on rigid silicon substrates. The inflexible nature of silicon substrates necessitates labor-intensive and costly chemical-mechanical polishing processes to achieve submicron thickness, often requiring extended clean-room usage. In contrast, this work proposes a simplified, cost-effective, and scalable alternative. The sensor design utilizes reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the sensing material and Kapton as the substrate, chosen for their unique properties. rGO exhibits high carrier mobility and low intrinsic noise, ensuring clear signals with minimal external interference, thereby improving measurement accuracy in challenging environments. Kapton provides excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance, along with superior insulating properties that reduce electrical noise, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. The designed vector sensor leverages the piezoresistive transduction principle, incorporating a thin piezoresistive film of rGO on a flexible Kapton substrate via a straightforward drop-casting method. Inspired by the sensory mechanisms of aquatic life, the two-dimensional vector sensor not only detects pressure associated with acoustic signals but also discerns the direction from which these low and ultralow frequency signals originate. The device's performance characteristics, sensitivity, and directivity are comprehensively evaluated through static, dynamic, and acoustic tests conducted in both air and water mediums. Static tests reveal the piezoresistive behavior of rGO under applied displacement, yielding displacement sensitivities of 0.0279 V/mm and 0.0276 V/mm for axial and radial displacements, respectively. Dynamic and acoustic tests demonstrate the sensor's capability to detect low-frequency signals spanning from 0.25 Hz to 200 Hz, exhibiting a smooth and favorable frequency response. In air, the sensor exhibits receiving sensitivities ranging from −15.18 dB to −19.75 dB (X-channel) and −13.67 dB to −16.67 dB (Y-channel). In the underwater environment, these values range from −134.40 dB to −138.93 dB (X-channel) and −131.83 dB to −136.93 dB (Y-channel). Notably, the variation in receiving sensitivity across channels in both air and water is limited to within 6 dB. Furthermore, the device showcases a symmetrical directivity pattern resembling the shape of an "8," with an approximate sensitivity of −136.66 dB, a significant improvement compared to the −165 dB sensitivity of conventional polysilicon underwater vector sensors. These experimental findings affirm the feasibility of the proposed underwater vector sensor, based on the piezoresistive effect and MEMS technology, highlighting its two-dimensional directivity capabilities.

Application of Adaptive Fuzzy Algorithm in Single-Chip Microcomputer Control System

Objective: In practical application, an SCM control system needs to respond to user instructions quickly and accurately, and at the same time needs to have robustness and adaptability to adapt to complex and changeable environments and working states. Therefore, how to improve the control accuracy and stability of SCM control systems, and how to adapt to the change of different working environments and working states, has become one of the important issues in the design and research of SCM control systems. Methods: Adaptive fuzzy algorithm, as a new control algorithm, has the advantages of simple structure, easy implementation and high precision, and has been widely used in many fields. On the basis of three kinds of fuzzy logic system framework, this paper analyzes the self-adaptive fuzzy algorithm single-chip microcomputer control system and carries on the corresponding performance test of the system by constructing an intelligent car. The testability test of single-chip microcomputer detection, hardware detection, algorithm recognition rate and system control rate is tested, respectively, to ensure the normal operation of the system. Conclusion: The microcontroller control system of fuzzy algorithm system is compared with that of traditional algorithm system in many aspects. The average error rate of the traditional algorithm system is 2%, while the average error rate of the fuzzy algorithm system is 0.8%. In other aspects, the fuzzy algorithm system is superior to the traditional system. For example, the fuzzy algorithm system has a 100% instruction recognition rate and a data processing speed of up to 1 second. According to the characteristics and requirements of the single-chip microcomputer control system, applying the adaptive fuzzy algorithm to the design of a single-chip microcomputer control system can effectively improve the control precision and stability of thesystem.

A closed-loop patch based on bioinspired infection sensor for wound management

Pathogenic wound infections remain a major global health challenge. When skin tissue is wounded, some colonizing pathogenic bacteria secrete large amounts of hyaluronidase (HAase) to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), enabling their diffusion and proliferation. Current clinical techniques for detecting infection rely on basic visual cues or analysis of wound fluids, enabling only reactive treatment once severe signs manifest. Herein, we present the use of a closed-loop patch (CLP) for advanced wound management. The patch contains a bio-inspired sensor based on an engineered hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel that detects HAase secreted by invading pathogens. This detection triggers a quantifiable change in the capacitance of the interdigital electrode and achieving in-time detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in a murine wound model before obvious visual signs appear. In response, the release of titanium hydride (TiH1.924) nanodots from hydrogel decomposition can eradicate pathogens under ultrasound (US) irradiation. Concurrently, the product, HA fragments further promoted cell migration and angiogenesis to significantly improve wound healing by ∼14.6-fold rates in 12 days. Overall, the CLP provides a sensory act-treat effect according to the wound status, which facilitate the closed-loop integration of monitoring and rehabilitation. This strategy may provide additional possibilities for the design of future wound management systems.

Design and Application of Intelligent Subject System Based on TPACK Framework

With the continuous advancement of educational informatization deepening of teachers' professional development, educational technology ability has become a necessary quality and skill for college teachers. This article introduces the basic concept of the TPACK framework and the design concept of intelligent disciplinary systems and elaborates in detail on how to apply the TPACK framework to the design and development of intelligent disciplinary systems. Through case analysis, this article demonstrates the advantages of intelligent subject systems in improving teaching quality and promoting active learning among students. Finally, this article discusses the future development direction and application prospects of intelligent disciplinary systems. The intelligent subject system based on the TPACK framework provides a new teaching solution for the education field, which helps to promote the process of educational informatization and personalized teaching. Cultivate students' rigorous scientific literacy and good practice habits, and master standardized experimental analysis methods.

Hydraulic Transport of Large Solid Particles in Inclined Pipes under Pulsating Flow Conditions

Abstract The pressure loss due to the hydraulic transport of large solid particles should be predicted for the design of subsea mining systems. The mixture flow in a flexible jumper is expected to be unsteady during lifting operations in an actual mining system. The authors develop a one-dimensional mathematical model that predicts such pressure loss under pulsating mixture flows in a static inclined pipe assuming that the flow in the jumper is fully developed. An experiment is performed on the hydraulic transport of solid particles to obtain data for model validation. In this experiment, several kinds of solid particles are used: alumina beads, glass beads, and gravel. The experimental parameters are mixture velocity, solid concentration, pulsation period and amplitude of water velocity, and pipe inclination angle. The proposed model is validated through a comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, we calculate the pressure loss due to the hydraulic transport of polymetallic sulfide ores using the proposed model. The calculation results show that the time-averaged pressure loss drastically varies with the pipe inclination angle, reaching its maximum value between the pipe inclination angles of 30° and 60°, at which the flow is inclined upward. The results also show that the amplitude of pressure loss pulsation differs little between pipe inclination angles and that the pulsation component of pressure loss should be considered in designing lifting systems.

Theory for proton-coupled energy transfer.

In the recently discovered proton-coupled energy transfer (PCEnT) mechanism, the transfer of electronic excitation energy between donor and acceptor chromophores is coupled to a proton transfer reaction. Herein, we develop a general theory for PCEnT and derive an analytical expression for the nonadiabatic PCEnT rate constant. This theory treats the transferring hydrogen nucleus quantum mechanically and describes the PCEnT process in terms of nonadiabatic transitions between reactant and product electron-proton vibronic states. The rate constant is expressed as a summation over these vibronic states, and the contribution of each pair of vibronic states depends on the square of the vibronic coupling as well as the spectral convolution integral, which can be viewed as a generalization of the Förster-type spectral overlap integral for vibronic rather than electronic states. The convolution integral also accounts for the common vibrational modes shared by the donor and acceptor chromophores for intramolecular PCEnT. We apply this theory to model systems to investigate the key features of PCEnT processes. The excited vibronic states can contribute significantly to the total PCEnT rate constant, and the common modes can either slow down or speed up the process. Because the pairs of vibronic states that contribute the most to the PCEnT rate constant may correspond to spectroscopically dark states, PCEnT could occur even when there is no apparent overlap between the donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra. This theory will assist in the interpretation of experimental data and will guide the design of additional PCEnT systems.

Research on mine heat exchange system and its heat exchange performance prediction

As a clean and renewable energy source, mine geothermal energy holds immense potential for application. To better utilize this resource, a buried tube ground-source heat pump system has been proposed for mine geothermal energy development. A mathematical model for the mine geothermal heat exchange system has been established. Firstly, the experiment of constant heat flow and heat transfer is conducted to verify the applicability of the mathematical model and to explore the temperature response law of single pipe fluid and rock and soil. Subsequently, the influence of ten single-tube factors on the heat transfer performance of the mine geothermal heat exchange system is studied using the single-factor analysis method. The sensitivity of the single tube factor is analyzed using the range analysis method to obtain six main factors. The impact of the group tube and time factors on the heat transfer performance is qualitatively analyzed. Finally, the orthogonal experiment and the non-linear regression method are employed to derive a prediction expression for the average output temperature of the mine geothermal heat exchange system by considering the single tube, group tube, and time factors. The research results enable the quantitative prediction of heat exchange performance and guide the design and optimization of mine geothermal heat exchange systems.

3D network-on-chip data acquisition system mapping based on reinforcement learning and improved attention mechanism

The three-dimensional Network-on-Chip (NoC) data acquisition system is designed to create a time-interleaved data acquisition system using NoC technology. In the design of NoC application systems, optimizing the mapping algorithm can effectively reduce network communication latency. Aiming at the mapping challenge of a large number of functional IP nodes in 3D NoC data acquisition system, the reinforcement learning and improved attention mechanism mapping algorithm (RA-Map) is proposed. The RA-Map mapping algorithm employs node function encoding and node position encoding to express the properties of an IP node in the task graph preprocessing. The local attention mechanism is used in the mapping network encoder, and the fusion of dynamic key node information is proposed in the decoder. The mapping result evaluation network achieves unsupervised training of the mapping network. These targeted improvements improve the quality of the mapping. Experimental results show that the RA-Map mapping algorithm can effectively model the IP core mapping. Compared with the DPSO algorithm and SA algorithm, the average communication cost of RA-Map mapping algorithm is reduced by 6.5 % and 8.5 %, respectively.

Why building participatory dashboards is key for sustainable food system transformation

In recent years, numerous examples of food system dashboards have been developed with the goal of offering users the opportunity to monitor or assess (their) national food systems. One of the many challenges faced by these initiatives has been to strike an acceptable balance between the complexity, local-specificity, and multi-sectoral nature of these food systems while also ensuring that the information remains accessible and usable for decision-makers. Perhaps even more critical, yet rarely discussed or implemented in most of the current food system dashboard initiatives, is the imperative of co-constructing these initiatives with local stakeholders. The case presented in this study puts participation at the center of the design and construction of a food systems’ monitoring dashboard. Using a replicable yet rigorous methodology, we demonstrate the feasibility of co-creating food system dashboards that integrate comprehensive and multi-sectoral inputs from national stakeholders while ensuring these dashboards are functional, evidence-based, and reflective of the country’s specific features. The approach is illustrated with the empirical cases of three pilot countries within the low-and middle-income countries group (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Honduras), where the methodology was tested between 2021 and 2022. We conclude by succinctly examining the ongoing challenges in constructing actionable food system dashboards.

Uncertain vibration response of vehicles passing through barricades based on approximate models

In vibration analysis, a vehicle system encounters dimensionality issues due to its high-dimensional uncertain parameters. An approximate model offers a viable solution for analyzing such uncertain responses. This study introduces an efficient approximate model, called PCE-HDMR, which is founded on the Legendre Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) and High-Dimensional Model Representation (HDMR). Specifically, the Legendre PCE in interval space is employed to delineate the lower and upper bounds of uncertain responses. At the same time, the HDMR is harnessed to develop a high-dimensional uncertainty model that approximates the dynamic response. To demonstrate the application of PCE-HDMR, a model for a vehicle with interval parameters was constructed using a 9-DOF dynamics model for testing. In this framework, all stiffness and damping parameters are treated as interval uncertainty parameters. The numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method for high-dimensional uncertain parameters, demonstrating that PCE-HDMR outperforms Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) in terms of efficiency. This study advances an effective interval uncertainty analysis approach for assessing vehicle performance, particularly when dealing with high-dimensional interval uncertainty parameters. The proposed method serves as a viable alternative for interval analysis and subsequent optimization design for complex vehicle systems characterized by high-dimensional uncertain parameters.

Virtual Reality Application for the Safety Improvement of Intralogistics Systems

Immersive technologies from the spectrum of Industry 4.0, such as Virtual Reality (VR), are increasingly used in research and safety analysis in industrial and intralogistics systems, including distribution warehouses and production plants. Safety in intralogistics systems is influenced by design and management processes, human behavior, and device performance. In all these areas, VR can serve as a supportive technology for visualization, testing, and employee training. However, this requires the development of principles for integrating VR into standard procedures for the design, modernization, and analysis of intralogistics and production systems. This article discusses the use of VR to analyze the occupational and functional safety of intralogistics systems. It reviews the literature and VR implementations aimed at examining and improving safety in industrial systems. The article explores the integration of VR into the design and analysis procedures for intralogistics and production systems. The authors present a five-dimensional decision space for assessing the use of VR, including identifying subjects of safety analysis, threats and hazards specific to intralogistics, countermeasures for these threats, factors affecting safety, and mechanisms by which VR can improve safety in intralogistics systems. As a subsequent step, the authors discuss using universal simulation environments that support VR technology to study and enhance safety in intralogistics systems, providing a framework example based on the FlexSim (2023 update 2) environment. Finally, this article addresses the threats and limitations of VR technology, along with the challenges and future prospects of VR in the context of Industry 4.0. The article concludes that VR can be an essential tool for increasing safety in the future, albeit with some reservations about certain features of this technology.

Durability and Functionality of Conventional Polymeric Packaging Materials in Reusable Packaging Systems

Reusable packaging is increasingly recognised as a sustainable solution to address issues related to increasing packaging waste generation and harmful environmental impacts. The packaging sector consumes a significant portion of Europe’s plastic production, which is mostly single-use packaging. There is a sense of urgency to develop sustainable reusable alternatives. Unlike single-use packaging, the longevity of reusable plastic packaging is paramount, necessitating material durability and functionality. This study examines the durability of conventional polymeric packaging materials (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, high-density polyethylene) and investigates the effectiveness of scratch resistance additives. A specialised test set-up was created to evaluate the performance of various polymers in reusable takeaway food packaging scenarios. The research included scratch testing, wear analysis and wash cycles to assess the reuse potential of these materials. Qualitative measures were employed to compare material characteristics. Results indicated that polymer type significantly affects hardness and scratch performance, while additives had minimal impact on hardness and modulus. Although current scratch resistance additives do not effectively mitigate wear in reusable packaging in the experimental scenarios, tailored additives could present potential in increasing the durability and longevity of reusable packaging. PET demonstrated notable recovery post-washing, suggesting that washing conditions could influence material resilience. This study emphasises the need for further research to optimise scratch resistance additives and understand the impact of washing conditions on different polymers, aiming to enhance the design and longevity of reusable packaging systems.

Scalable and efficient digital twins for model-based design of cyber-physical systems

ABSTRACT The optimised design, operation and management of complex, large-size Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) – like modern manufacturing and logistic assets – calls for Digital Twins (DTs) in which dynamic modelling and simulation play a relevant role. In such simulation-based DTs computational efficiency is crucial. According to the present state of the art, the said efficiency is hindered by the way the Cyber part of a CPS is represented, which in the manufacturing case practically corresponds to representing digital controls. This paper proposes a modelling framework for an efficient and scalable representation of the Cyber part in a DT of a CPS. The presented solution is based on Object-Oriented Modelling (OOM) and IEC industrial standards. Motivating and explanatory examples are provided, and a proof-of-concept case study is discussed to support the framework potential and industrial viability.

Hybrid PVP/Battery/Fuel Cell Wireless Charging Stations Using High-Frequency Optimized Inverter Technology for Electric Vehicles

The design and integration of intelligent energy management systems in hybrid electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, leveraging industry 4.0 and renewable energy sources, is crucial for advancing sustainability, efficiency, and technological development. The innovative hybrid EV charging station described in this study uses a combination of fuel cells, batteries, and solar panels that run at 14 amps a piece at 240 volts. The system consists of five essential components that work together to transfer power wirelessly: an EV battery bank, a boost converter, an HF inverter, transfer coils, and a power supply. Two crucial phases make up the optimization process. In phase 1, the boost converter’s maximum power point is tracked and optimized to generate the most power possible by varying the duty cycle between 10% and 90%. In phase 2, the HF uses a class ϕ2 inverter at 30 MHz to synchronize with the resonant frequency of wireless power transfer coils. Zero-voltage switching is used by a digital signal processor card to carry out control for effective operations. By utilizing hybrid sources to optimize power transmission, this design improves the sustainability of EV charging options.

Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts as macroscopic soft scaffolds.

In the design of photoharvesting and photoresponsive supramolecular systems in aqueous medium, the fabrication of amphiphilic photoswitches enables a noninvasive functional response through photoirradiation. Although most aqueous supramolecular assemblies are driven by high-energy and biodamaging UV light, we have previously reported a design of amphiphilic donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) controlled by white light. Herein, we present a series of DASA amphiphiles (DAs) with minor structural modifications on the alkyl linker chain length connecting the DASA motif with the hydrophilic moiety. The excellent photoswitchability in organic medium and the photoresponsiveness in aqueous medium, driven by visible light, were investigated by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The assembled supramolecular nanostructures were confirmed by electron microscopy, while the supramolecular packing was revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Upon visible-light irradiation, significant transformations of the DA geometry enabled transformations of the supramolecular assemblies on a microscopic scale, subsequently disassembling macroscopic soft scaffolds of DAs. The current work shows promising use for the fabrication of visible-light-controlled macroscopic scaffolds, offering the next generation of biomedical materials with visible-light-controlled microenvironments and future soft-robotic systems.

A Design Tool for Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on the Physical–Electrochemical Degradation Battery Model BaSiS

A design toolbox has been developed for hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) that employ both batteries and supercapacitors, primarily focusing on optimizing the system sizing/cost and mitigating battery aging. The toolbox incorporates the BaSiS model, a non-empirical physical–electrochemical degradation model for lithium-ion batteries that enables accurate simulations of battery performance and degradation under realistic operating conditions. The paper presents a detailed description of the parameterization, and validation process for the battery model, emphasizing the high accuracy and strong reliability of the battery aging prediction. The HESS design toolbox can be used to investigate the impact of various battery/supercapacitor configurations and energy management algorithms on the design, battery degradation, and system investment cost of the hybrid storage system. To illustrate the effectiveness of the design toolbox, a case study on Dynamic Moderation frequency support in the UK grid was conducted. For this use case, the application of hybrid storage energy systems is well suited due to the highly dynamic power regulation requirements in island grids with low inertia. By utilizing the fast response of supercapacitors, the stress on the battery caused by short-term high-power peaks can be significantly alleviated. In this way, the hybrid storage system effectively reduces either the battery size or the battery aging rate. In summary, this research highlights the crucial role of a comprehensive analysis in the design of hybrid energy storage systems, addressing both battery aging and overall system costs. The design toolbox can provide transparency regarding the design space and assist in determining the most suitable HESS configuration for a given application.