Descriptive Statistical Approach Research Articles

Pengaruh Agresivitas Pelaporan Keuangan Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak (Studi Kasus Sub Sektor Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2017-2018)

Inflation that occurs in the mining sector is an unusual thing for companies, which causes companies to manipulate financial reports and taxes issued. The management of this sector is not transparent enough so that the potential revenue for the state is not optimal. This is influenced by tax payments Thisstudy aims to examine how the influence offinancial reporting aggressiveness on taxaggressiveness. In this study, data sourced from thefinancial statements of mining companieslisted in the Indonesian StockExchange for the 2017-2018period are used. Thesample used by researchers was 24 companies. The typeof research used isquantitative research with a descriptive statistical approach. Testing the hypothesis used in the study is simple linear regression.The results of this studyindicate that the aggressiveness offinansial reporting has a partial efect on tax aggressiveness Keywords: Descretionary accruel ; Effective tax rate ; tax aggressiveness ; financial reporting aggressiveness

Bank’s Digitalization and Financial Performance during Pandemic in Indonesia

The pandemic-led recession has made a downturn in the banking industry’s performance. Digitalization is seen as a good strategy to support banks' business operations during the pandemic-led recession. This paper focus on how the banking and financial industry maintained their performance during the covid-19 led recessions through digitalization. I use descriptive statistics approach and regression analysis to analyze how digital transformation help to maintain business performance during a pandemic. In addition, I use regression analysis to estimate the effect of a pandemic on banks’ financial performance and how digital transactions may help to maintain banks’ performance. The regression estimation result shows that pandemic conditions associated with -0.177 points decrease in ROA while digital infrastructure may not have relations with banks’ ROA. Further, the volume of digital transactions is associated with the increase of bank's return on asset (ROA) as much as 10%. These results imply that even though pandemics have negative impacts on banks’ performance, empirical evidence shows that digital transactions have helped the banking industry to maintain its profit during the pandemic.

Examining Technology Acceptance in Learning and Teaching at a Historically Disadvantaged University in South Africa through the Technology Acceptance Model

The exponential growth in the use of technology for learning and teaching in the higher education sector has imposed pressure on academics to embrace technology in their teaching. The present study sought to examine factors underlying technology acceptance in learning and teaching at a historically disadvantaged university in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Premised on the mixed methods approach and undergirded by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), both a pre-coded and an open-ended questionnaire were used to collect data. Data from the pre-coded questionnaire were analysed through the descriptive statistical approach. The qualitative data from the open-ended questionnaire were analysed through content analysis. The study found that most academic staff believe and see the value that ICTs bring in their teaching and learning practices. In addition, they are aware that technology use in education improves learning and teaching, and they are willing to embrace the use of technology to improve their practices. Based on the findings, we recommend intensification of lecturer training in the use of technology for teaching and learning to enable them to embrace it in their teaching practice. Furthermore, the institution needs to put in place support systems for academic staff to empower them to have continuous access to devices and internet connection for technology integration in teaching and learning. We recommend establishment of e-learning communities of practise in the university that will allow lecturers to assist each other as well as share best practices in the use of technology for teaching and learning.

Assessment of Health Follow up and Weight Control for Women with Osteoporosis in Baqubah City

Objective(s): assessment of the health follow up and weight control for women with osteoporosis and find out the relationship between their health follow up and weight control and their socio-demographic characteristics.
 Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on women with osteoporosis for the period of September, 26th 2020 to Jun, 20th 2021. Non- probability (convenient) sample of (70) women with osteoporosis selected from (5) Private Clinics for Joints and Fractures in Baqubah City. A questionnaire was designed though extensive review of literatures and it consists of three parts: the first part includes women’s socio demographic characteristics, the second part includes items on women’s health follow up , and the third part includes items on women’s weight control. Interview technique was used for data collection. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and a panel of (9) experts. The data was analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis approaches.
 Results: The results of the study show that the majority of the study sample are within the age group of (40-49) years , married and housewives, low educated, with low family monthly income, and living in the rural area. most of these women are between fair level and a good level of health follow-up and fair level of weight control.
 Conclusions: The study concluded that women of osteoporosis need to be more complied with health follow up and weight control. Age is the only trait of women's demographic characteristics that has a relationship with their health follow up and weight control.
 Recommendations: The study recommend for the conduction of Health education programs about weight control to presented for women with osteoporosis , and mass media can play an essential role in raising women’s awareness about health follow up and weight control.

Assessment of Nurses’ knowledge about Enteral Feeding at Critical Care Units in Hospitals of Al-Anbar Governorate

Objectives of the study: The present study aims to evaluate nurses’ knowledge about enteral feeding in critical care units.
 Methodology
 A descriptive study design was carried out in the critical care units at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital and Al-Fallujah Teaching Hospital of Al-Anbar Governorate for the period 6th of December 2020 to 5th of January 2021. A non-probability (purposive sample) consists of 32 nurses was selected based on the study criteria. The instrument consist of, the reliability of instrument was = 0.87.
 The instrument consist of 30 items of knowledge about enteral feeding, the first part, included the study sample's socio-demographic characteristics of age, gender, level of education, years of experience in nursing field, years of experience in critical care unit, and training course on enteral feeding, second part is a questionnaire to assess nurses’ knowledge about care provided to patients undergoing enteral feeding.
 Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis approaches were used for data analysis.
 Results: The findings of the study indicated that most of the nurses had fair level of knowledge about enteral feeding.
 Conclusions: The study concluded that most of critical care nurses did not have a good knowledge about enteral feeding and this can lead to inadequacy of calorie intake in critically ill patients.
 Recommendations: The study recommends developing and improving the nurses’ knowledge about the correct method of enteral feeding through education program and participation in training course programs about safe administration of enteral feeding.

The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth and Social Development in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Purpose: Based on available detailed data, the primary objective of this study is to assess the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth & social development in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, then accord relevant recommendations to prompt economic growth and social development. Methodology: This study’s methodological approach is based on data analysis from 2007 to 2020, which was performed using a descriptive statistical approach, regression, and correlation analysis (i.e. the Pearson correlation). Findings: Findings reveal a significant relationship between financial inclusion and both economic growth and social development, implying that increasing financial inclusion may lead to an increase in economic growth and social development. In addition, that the Central Bank of Jordan and financial institutions have to continue their work on developing appropriate financial products and services for all segments of society, as well as on enhancing financial literacy, which can benefit in two ways: making more informed financial decisions and using the financial products and services responsibly. Practical implications: According to the findings of the study, encouraging more people to use financial products and services and expanding formal financial access can boost Jordan’s economic growth and social development. The Jordanian policy makers should continue down the same path of prioritizing financial inclusion because they have already engaged all key stakeholders in the financial system. Originality/value: The study demonstrates the link between financial inclusion and financial development in Jordan and emphasizes the importance of policymakers and financial institutions in designing and implementing projects and initiatives to increase access to financial services.

Analisis pasar expanded perlite Indonesia

The availability of perlite is always associated with volcanic activities, so perlite has a huge potential in Indonesia. The use of perlite abroad has developed for various applications, but is still limited in Indonesia. One of the perlite development efforts in Indonesia is an analysis to seek market of the expanded perlite. The purpose of this market analysis is to find out the characteristics and opportunities of the expanded perlite market both domestically and export. Methods of data collection were carried out through direct survey and non-survey, while the processing model and technical analysis used descriptive statistical approaches, trend analysis, and economic analysis models. Expanded perlite is most widely used as a construction raw material, filler, and filter. Domestic market opportunities include insulation or heat in cryogenic tanks, cement in drilling, lightweight brick, mortar, refractory aggregate, plaster, and planting media. The results of this study are expected to be use as an input for the government and stakeholders in formulating their policies so that the potential of perlite can be developed on a prospective basis.

Determining Effective Factors in Cloud Computing Acceptance Using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Model and Davis’ Technology Adoption Model (A Case of Financial Institution)

Background and Objectives: Determining effective factors in cloud computing adoption on employees of Noor credit institution in South Khorasan province, Iran, is the purpose of the present study. A practical oriented method is applied regarding the research objective and a descriptive-survey method is used for collecting field data. Employees of Noor credit institution of South Khorasan province (50 people) are selected as the research sample.Methods: Accurate questionnaires are analyzed. Two researcher-made questionnaires are conducted as research tools. These questionnaires consist of effective factors in cloud computing adoption (12 factors including 47 items) and cloud computing adoption intention (3 items). The reliability of the research is evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient which is obtained α=0.54% for the questionnaire of effective factors in cloud computing adoption and has various values for the questionnaire of the cloud computing adoption intention. Also, the descriptive statistics approach is used to define variables, and confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis are applied in the inferential section. Structural equation modeling using Smart-PLS software is used to determine the effective factors in cloud computing adoptionResults: All 12 determined factors in cloud computing adoption are considered as dependent variables and cloud computing adoption intention is considered as an independent variable. 12 effective factors in cloud computing adoption on Noor credit institution of South Khorasan in Iran are determined and examined.Conclusion: It can be concluded that all factors (except the support of the top manager) have a positive and significant effect on cloud computing adoption intention, nonetheless, the value of statistic t for path analysis of the support of the top manager on cloud computing adoption intention is less than 1.96. This shows that the support of the top manager does not have a significant effect on cloud computing adoption intention.

Contribution of Employee’s Job Satisfaction on Organization Performance: A Case Study of Mkombozi Bank, Dar es Salaam

In recent times, the issue of employee job satisfaction has been crucial for developing and achieving the aims and goals of organizations. This study examines contribution of employee’s job satisfaction on organization performance with particular reference to Mkombozi Bank in Dar es Salaam. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the impact of talent development, to determine how reward influences employee job satisfaction and lastly the study examined how career promotion of employees affected Mkombozi Bank performance. Descriptive research study was carried out, the research used a sample size of 30 workers. The data for the study is largely obtained via semi-structured questionnaires. The study employed analytical descriptive statistical approaches for analyzing the relationship between the indicators of employees’ job satisfaction and organization performance. Inferential statistics, particularly correlation matrix and multi-regression were the statistical instruments employed for the study analysis. Findings of the study document a weak or no relationship between employee job satisfaction and organization performance. These findings might contravene by other background variables like age of employees, gender, experience, type of jobs, education, etc.) or measurement methods. Depending on the outcomes of this study, the management need to understand that, there is a connection between employee job satisfaction and organization performance. Even though the link has been found to be weak here, it was simply contravened by other variables and measurement methods employed. The management is advised to look at these findings as an eye opener for it to reflect and work on the employee job satisfaction factors in the efforts of improving organizational performance.

Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of parenting that affects mathematics learning outcomes and to determine the criteria for mathematics learning outcomes for class XI students of Public Vocational Secondary School 3 Mataram in the 2019/2020 school year. This type of research is ex post facto research with descriptive and quantitative statistical approaches. Determination of the sample is done by proportionate purposive sampling technique by taking representatives of each class to be sampled, after taking 20% ​​of the population, a sample of 131 students is obtained. The type of parenting that is applied by parents is determined based on the highest score on the parenting questionnaire for each whole item statement for each parenting. Based on the results of data analysis using descriptive statistical techniques, there are 12 students with authoritarian parenting types, 44 students with permissive parenting types, and 75 students with authoritative parenting. Student mathematics learning outcomes for each parenting are mostly in the very low category. Based on the results of the hypothesis test, the value of t calculated for each parenting, obtained from authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting respectively 0.83, -1.16, and 3.63, with a value of t_table is 2.02, 2.23, and 1.99. Thus, it can be seen that parenting patterns that affect the learning outcomes of students of class XI in SMK Negeri 3 Mataram are authoritative parenting, because the calculated value is greater than the value of t table, which is 3,63 > 1.99, with the influence of 15.32%.

Asset Price Channel of Monetary Policy in Pakistan

This study has used Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR)model approach to analyze the Asset Price Channel of Monetary Transmission (APCMT) regarding Pakistan. Study use the date period of 34 years from 1980 to 2 14. Major findings of the study are; stock prices have bi-directional causality with industrial price index and money rte. Granger causality test was employed to check multi-directional causality between stock prices and industrial product index, money supply, money market rate,and consumer price index, whereas stock prices do not have significant causality with money supply and consumer price in ex.Descriptive statistics are used to check the normality of the data,and mean, median, standard deviation, Jerq-Berra, maximum and minimum values were calculated through descriptive statistics approach. For policy designing, this study has some important implications, and it gives emphasis on financial prices instead of credit to achieve the objective of the monetary policy of Pakistan.

Nursing Students’ Knowledge towards Caring for Children with Idiopathic Nephritic Syndrome

Background: Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a kidney disorder that causes children body as well as adult. Nursing students need to develop their knowledge about caring for children with nephrotic through applying the comprehensive nursing syllabus in most nursing schools in order to promote their knowledge and skills to provide optimum nursing care for these children. Aims of the study: Assess nursing students’ knowledge towards Caring for Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome and to find out the relationship between nursing students’ knowledge and their demographic data (age, gender, and educational level). Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at University of Baghdad / Collage of Nursing. A purposive "non-probability" sample of (142) undergraduate nursing students (males and females) were selected in this study. A questionnaire was adapted of reviewing previous literatures and studies focused for the purpose of the study. The study instrument comprised of two parts, part one was demographic data. The second part assessed nursing students’ knowledge towards Caring for Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome and contained of 27 items which were rated to three Likert scale and scored the follows: Yes (3), Not sure (2), and No (1). Data were collected through using of the questionnaire and the process of the self-administrative report via internet of the period 1st of November 2019 to 1st of January 2020. Data were analyzed through the application of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, mean of scores) and inferential statistical data analysis approach (Pearson correlation coefficient and chi-square). Results: The findings of the study indicated that nursing students have a fair level of knowledge towards caring for children with nephrotic syndrome, there was no significant association between nursing students’ knowledge and their age and gender, and there was a significant association between nursing students’ knowledge with their scholastic stage at p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of nursing students' knowledge was acceptable towards caring for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Recommendations: The study recommended that there is need to provide additional education programs are important to improve nursing students' knowledge towards caring for children with nephrotic syndrome

Prevalence of Alcohol use among Secondary-School Students in Al-Diwaniya City

Background: Recently, the phenomenon of alcohol abuse has spread among school students, and this is a dangerous indicator that drew the attention of official authorities. It was important to conduct a scientific study to assess the extent of this unusual habit. Aims of the study: This study aims to identify the prevalence of alcohol use among secondary school students. Methodology: A descriptive study design using a convenience random sample of (N=423) students conducted for the periods from 27 / February / 2021 to 8 / April / 2021. This sample is distributed throughout AL-Diwaniya Teaching Directorate. Data were collected through the use of an online questionnaire; and analyzed through the descriptive and inferential statistical approach. Results: Results show that only 11.65 of students drinking alcohol once time per month; 4% of them are drinking more than 6 serving at a time for 2-4 times per month. Conclusion: Findings indicate that alcohol use is low prevalent among secondary school students. Recommendations: The Ministry of Health should prioritize the alcohol use in public health by educating the parents and adolescents the health hazards of alcohol use through health programs and social media

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING THE GAP LEVEL OF INFORMATION SYSTEM USER SATISFACTION IN THE WORLD OF EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY: ELECTRONIC SERVICE QUALITY MODEL

Education is an important thing in life in order to develop human potential and increase the quality of Human Resources and Human Resources are needed by educational institutions in order to gain success and achieve goals. Servqual in services in the academic field by using the e-servqual method (electronic - service quality). The University is one of the higher education institutions that participate in educating the nation's life and the quality of service has a significant effect on user satisfaction and there is still an academic information system used by the University that is still not optimal.
 This research is a quantitative study with a descriptive statistical approach with 200 students as respondents. The measurement method uses the E-Servqual model. The results of the study based on calculations in measuring the gap show user satisfaction using the electronic service quality method that the Academic Information System has not provided services that have not been maximized in the form of fulfillment and efficiency because the perception is still below expectations while measuring the level of user satisfaction gap as a whole by using the CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index) value is 79% and shows that the quality of the University's academic information system services is good.

Analysis of Factors Affecting to The Competitiveness of The Logistics Enterprises in Mekong Delta, Vietnam under The Integration of Descriptive Statistics and Fuzzy-ISM Approach

This paper analyzes the influence of the factors belonging to the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) on the competitiveness of Logistics Enterprises (LEs) in the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam. The input factors will be selected from a rigorous document review process combined with an in-depth survey of leading experts in the logistics field. Since then, an integrated approach including Improved Descriptive Statistics (IDS) combined with Fuzzy Interpretive Structure Modeling (FISM) has been structured to achieve this purpose. Specifically, the factors that have the closest relationship with competitiveness will be determined from the results of an improved descriptive statistical method, then the results will be developed using the FISM method under trapezoidal fuzzy number format to realize the importance of factors contributing to improving the competitiveness of logistics companies. The results have shown the impact of 16 sub-factors, which belong in the 4 main factors of Reputation (REP); Timeliness (TIM); Customs (CUS); and Ease of arranging shipments (EAS), on the competitiveness of logistics enterprises in the region analyzed in 4 clusters (Dependency, Association, Autonomy and independence). In which, 6 out of 16 factors have a significant impact on competitiveness that logistics enterprises need to pay more attention to in their operations. These factors will be ranked as REP4, REP 5, REP3, REP1, REP2, EAS1, respectively.

Analisis Dampak Pelaksanaan Webinar Terhadap Literasi Keuangan Pada Peserta Webinar Nasional Investasi Saham

The capital market has been known as an alternative financing and investment in various countries with the presence of the Stock Exchange, but the initial findings from the study show that knowledge of alternative financing and investment (known as Financial Literacy) in developed and developing countries still shows significant differences. The role of Financial Literacy in creating economic growth in a nation is currently being observed by a number of academics, where it is clearly seen that countries with better levels of financial literacy will tend to develop more than countries with lower levels of financial literacy. Indonesia's financial literacy level which is still lower than neighboring countries such as Australia, Malaysia and Singapore in 2014 indicates the need for a number of ways that must be done, one of which is through the role of universities and organizational bodies under them to carry out this educational function. This research was conducted to determine the impact of the implementation of one of the webinars conducted by the Investment Gallery, Riau University with the theme "Getting Profit Equal, Losing Equal Losing: Creating an Investment Literate Generation" which was attended by 340 participants. The research sample used a convenience sampling technique approach and the sample size used King's auxiliary table in order to obtain a sample size of 151 people. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical approach (percentage and cross tabulation analysis). The results showed that there was an increase in understanding among participants as a result of the holding of the National Stock Webinar, however, there were still participants who did not increase their understanding optimally, so it is advisable to provide further understanding through a series of stock webinar held by the Investment Gallery, Riau University. This study also has limited analysis using Descriptive Statistics techniques which cannot be generalized directly to other populations and it is hoped that this can be the basis for further research through modeling that can be applied directly to other populations

Impact of Pregnant Adolescents’ Knowledge about Preventive Health Behaviors during Pregnancy upon Pregnancy Outcomes in AL- Diwaniyah City

Objective(s): The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of pregnant adolescents’ knowledge aboutpreventive health behaviors during pregnancy upon their pregnancy outcomes .Methodology: A quasi-experimental design, using the evaluation approach for the determinationthe impact of pregnant adolescents’ knowledge about preventive behaviors during pregnancy uponpregnancy outcomes in Al-Diwaniyah city from the period 17th January 2020 to 1st June 2021.Non- probability, purposive sample of (35) adolescent pregnant are selected from those who visitAl-Diwanyiah Maternity and Pediatric Teaching Hospital. Data are collected through the use of thestudy instruments (questionnaire) in a form of Google format and through video calls as means of datacollection. Data were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical data analysis approach andinferential statistical data analysis approach.Results: Results of this study indicate that most of the pregnant are between (16-19) year old (57.1%),(34.3%) are primary school graduates, (71.4%) are housewives, (77.1%) are living in rural area and(80%) are earning an income of (300-600) thousands ID. The overall evaluation of pregnant adolescents’have a lack of knowledge about preventive health behaviors during pregnancy without significantrelationship between pregnant adolescents’ knowledge and their demographic characteristics. As wellas, pregnant adolescents’ knowledge about preventive behaviors during pregnancy does not impose anyeffect upon their pregnancy outcome.Conclusions: The study’s unique finding is that pregnant adolescents have a lack of knowledge aboutpreventive health behaviors during pregnancy, and this knowledge does not have any effect on theirpregnancy outcome.Recommendations: Improving pregnant adolescents’ health literacy is the responsibility of healthcaresystems and healthcare professionals through emphasis by the Ministry of Health role through theantenatal care units to take a part and dissemination of education about the preventive health behaviorsamong pregnant adolescents especially primigravida, and particularly with each specific trimester.

PENGARUH PENGUASAAN STRUKTUR KALIMAT TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS EKSPOSISI PADA MURID KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR INPRES TAMABONGONG

THE EFFECT OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE MASTERING ON EXPOSITION WRITING ABILITY IN CLASS V ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TAMABONGONG INPRESThe purpose of the study was the effect of mastery of sentence structure on the ability to write exposition in fifth grade students of Inpres Tamabongong Elementary School. This type of research is quasi-experimental because in this study no specific treatment was given, but only revealed the symptoms that had existed when this research was conducted, so there was no direct control over the independent variables. The sample in quantitative research is part of the population in a study. The number of samples in this study were 15 students. Data collection methods used are learning outcomes tests and documentation. The data analysis technique used is the first by using a descriptive statistical approach and linear regression. The results showed that 1) The mastery of sentence structure was based on the results of the categorization of mastery of sentence structure in students, it was found that they were still in the category of scores of 14-20, scores of 26-30, and at scores of 14-20 whose mastery of sentence structure had not increased like the others. While in the posttest, 14 people were found to be moderate and there was 1 person whose mastery of sentence structure got better who was in the high category. 2) The results of data analysis obtained a probability value (p-value) of 0.042. Because the probability value (p-value) is less than 0.050, it means that the regression model in this study can be said that X (mastery of sentence structure) is dependent on Y (ability to write expository essays).

Theory and Practice of the Post-Audit of Capital Projects

This paper reports on the post-audit practices of organisations in the Czech Republic. Much of the earlier published empirical research has been conducted in Australia, Canada, the USA, and Western Europe. Only recently, attention has been given to emerging markets, including Eastern European accession/transition countries. This exploratory study's main objective is to identify CZ companies' post-audit practices and obtain opinions on various post-audit issues. It also seeks to assess if these practices mirror those adopted by more developed economies. The research adopts interview, questionnaire, and descriptive statistical analysis approaches. The results present some interesting findings which are of value to both academics and practitioners. Although at the fringe of the general understanding of logistics, project management is a vital part. The authors believe that this is one of the first papers to focus on CZ post-audit practices and fills an important gap in the applied logistics literature.

The Use of Digital Book Media to Improve Writing Skills of Explanatory Text

The purpose of this study is to examine the usage of digital book media in the development of explanatory texts for students in the sixth grade of primary school. The experimental design employed in this study was a one-group pretest-posttest design. Test in command questions is used to collect data, which is then used to produce explanatory texts utilizing digital book media. The paired sample t-test on the SPSS Version 22 system is used for this normality test, and the results are presented in the following table. The results of the study revealed that the pre-test mean was 66.11. In contrast, the post-test mean was 82.78, indicating that the post-test score was more dominant than the pre-test based on descriptive statistical analysis approaches. H0 is rejected, while H1 is approved, indicating an effect of utilizing digital book media on writing skills in the sixth grade of elementary school, according to the findings of the study.