Descriptive Data Analysis Research Articles

Public Xylazine Awareness and Support for Policies and Initiatives to Address the Xylazine Threat among US Adults

Objectives Xylazine, a nonopioid veterinary tranquilizer, is increasingly being added to the illicit opioid supply. When used by humans, xylazine can cause severe skin ulcers and extreme sedation. This study aimed to examine awareness of xylazine and support for policies/initiatives to address the xylazine threat among US adults. Methods An AmeriSpeak survey with US nationally representative adults aged 18 and older was administered in March 2024. Survey questions assessed awareness of xylazine and potential xylazine use, drug/opioid use history, and support for 10 policies/initiatives to address the xylazine threat (including a range of drug checking initiatives, wound care initiatives, punitive policies, harm reduction policies, and xylazine education campaigns). We conducted weighted descriptive and regression analysis of survey data from a nationally representative sample of 1215 US adults. Results Most respondents were not aware of xylazine (88%, n = 1063). Approximately 10% (n = 117) were aware of xylazine but had not used it, and around 2% (n = 23) were aware of xylazine and possibly had used it. On average, participants supported only 1.52 (SD = 2.41) of 10 listed policies/initiatives to address the xylazine threat. The number of policies/initiatives supported varied by xylazine awareness, gender, marital status, and drug use history. Conclusions Among the US public, xylazine awareness and support for policies/initiatives to address the xylazine threat are low. Public xylazine educational campaigns may be warranted to help the public understand the severity of the xylazine threat, garner support for associated policies/initiatives, and reduce xylazine-related harms.

Coding of child abuse and neglect in hospitals in Germany: overview and classification of administrative data

Child maltreatment is asignificant problem in Germany. Hospital data on child maltreatment serve as acrucial foundation for planning effective prevention measures. These data enable an assessment of the extent to which at-risk children and adolescents are identified, supported, and protected. Asystematic evaluation and classification of all hospital data relevant to child maltreatment in Germany is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this article is to gain an overview of the data in this field and thus bridge the gap. Descriptive analyses of (partially) inpatient data on child abuse and neglect (secondary diagnosis in ICD-10: T74.0, T74.1, T74.2, T74.3, T74.8, T74.9) + (procedure OPS: 1‑945.0, 1‑945.1) from the 2019-2023 data collection period. The variables age, gender, and main diagnoses relevant to maltreatment are considered in each case. The data were analyzed via the publicly accessible data browser of the Institute for the Hospital Remuneration System (InEK). The number of diagnosed cases of child maltreatment of (partially) inpatients is detached from prevalence rates in the population; in consequence, there is asignificant underreporting of all forms of maltreatment, with boys and girls being recognized differently for different forms of maltreatment. In addition, the frequent lack of alink between child maltreatment-related diagnoses and procedures performed becomes apparent. In addition to raising awareness, training, and further education of healthcare professionals, there is also aneed for investment in political change.

A quantitative analysis of level of sustainability disclosure in corporate annual reports of Indian companies

The importance of corporate sustainability disclosure is growing because of social and environmental concerns. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in India have caused serious problems with the quality of air and water. This study examines the level of sustainability disclosure in the annual reports of Indian companies, focusing on environmental, social, and economic commitments in line with frameworks like GRI and BRSR-SEBI. The objective of the study was to examine the degree to which businesses in India publish information about their sustainability policies and efforts in their annual reports. A multistage sampling technique was used to sample the top 50 Indian companies covering the 2021–2022 fiscal year from 11 sectors. Descriptive and content data analysis techniques were employed using mean, median, and standard deviation. Findings revealed that the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is the most widely adopted framework, followed by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC). Furthermore, almost all the companies practiced environmental disclosure, particularly greenhouse gas emissions and climate impact and energy usage. The study concluded that sustainability disclosure varies across different sectors and Indian corporations. The study recommended strengthening the adoption of standardized reporting frameworks like GRI, IIRC, and BRSR-SEBI through regulatory incentives or rules that emphasize their benefits. Furthermore, it was recommended that Indian companies should include external certifications and recognitions in their annual reports to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and enhance the credibility and transparency of their sustainability reporting.

Osteoporosis' effects on dental implants osseointegration and survival rate: a systematic review of clinical studies.

The goal of this systematic review was to critically appraise the existing evidence evaluating osteoporosis' effects on dental implant osseointegration and survival rate. A search was conducted in two databases, PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, until October 2024, using the keywords 'osteoporosis,' 'osteopenia,' 'osseointegration,' and 'dental implants'. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies that evaluated the implant placement, complications, and osseointegration results in patients with osteoporosis; literature reviews and clinical studies addressing the outcome were considered; and articles written in English and published since 2000. Descriptive data analysis included author, year of publication, study design, number of patients, osteoporosis assessment, follow-up, and main findings. JBI quality assessment was performed. 24 articles were included with a total of 2,102 patients; 5954 dental implants were considered and evaluated. Most studies evaluated bone density for osteoporosis by dual-energy x-ray technology. The follow-up ranged from 1 month to 25 years. Four studies evaluated implants with over 10 years of follow-up. All studies' survival rate was higher than 90%, even for osteoporotic patients. Most studies indicated no differences between osteoporotic and healthy patients regarding marginal bone loss (MBL), bone-to-implant contact, cytokine levels, and mineral bone density. A prospective cohort study found a small MBL (-0.34 mm) in osteoporotic female patients, but there was insufficient evidence to prove any causal relationship between MBL and osteoporosis. Another study showed no clinical differences between implants placed in osteoporotic and healthy individuals. In contrast, other studies showed lower stability scores for implants placed in osteoporotic sites and a higher risk of failure for implant placement. Osteoporosis status was not a risk factor for dental implant failure, which was also confirmed by histological studies. Three studies had a medium risk of bias and 21 a low risk. Osteoporosis is not a contraindication for dental implant placement. Osseointegration in patients with osteoporosis is feasible; however, planning must be cautious and personalized for the installation of dental implants.

A study of Taiwanese early childhood pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) growth mindset, English pedagogical competence, and readiness for integrated English curriculum

ABSTRACT Early childhood teacher education programmes are responsible for developing pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) growth mindset and pedagogical competence. This study addresses the limited research on growth mindset and pedagogical competence among early childhood PSTs in the context of teaching English. The study used a questionnaire consisting of four parts with 37 questions along with follow-up interviews to explore 283 Taiwanese early childhood PSTs’ readiness for teaching an integrated English curriculum including their growth mindset, English pedagogical competence, and attitude towards early childhood English teacher education programmes. The descriptive and inferential analysis of the questionnaire data and thematic analysis of the interview reached the following major findings. First, participants had a strong growth mindset and confidence in their English pedagogical competence. Second, participants had a higher growth mindset on pedagogical competence and lesson designs, but not classroom practice. Third, significant effects were found, indicating that training and teaching experiences are crucial for PSTs’ readiness for integrated English curriculum. Based on the findings of this study, suggestions were provided for early childhood teacher educators, language teacher educators, and policymakers on the designs of early childhood English teacher education programs, such as enhancing practical classroom experience and tailored training in teacher education programs.

Diet Quality, Healthy Dietary Restrictions, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Food Deserts Among the Elderly in Spain

Background/Objectives: Food deserts are areas characterized by limited access to affordable and healthy food, often due to significant distances from supermarkets—exceeding 1.6 km in urban areas and 16 km in rural settings. These spatial limitations exacerbate health and socioeconomic disparities. This study aimed to assess diet quality and explore the barriers influencing dietary behaviors among individuals aged 60 and older residing in food deserts in Aragón, Spain. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted, complemented by descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, assessed through the PREDIMED questionnaire. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a focus group with residents of food deserts. Results: Half of the participants showed high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, while the other half had moderate adherence. Despite the lack of access to supermarkets and higher food costs, many participants perceived their diet quality positively. Challenges, such as long distances to stores, limited public transport, and economic constraints, were mitigated through strategies like home gardening, hunting, and traditional cooking, which often reduced reliance on processed foods. However, participants also reported increased alcohol consumption as a means of socializing. Conclusions: Diet quality in Aragón’s food deserts reflects a balance between significant access barriers and community-driven resources. While participants leveraged local strategies to maintain diet quality, systemic issues remain. Public policies should focus on improving transportation, enhancing local food systems, and fostering community-based initiatives to reduce inequalities in food access and promote healthier dietary habits in rural areas.

The burden of lymphedema on quality of life.

Background: Due to a lack of validated methodologies, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) among individuals affected by lymphedema and to compare them with the general population and common diseases. Patients and methods: Patients were recruited from October 2023 till March 2024. The SF-36 and LYMQOL questionnaires were administered. The Robert Koch Institute provided data from the survey for secondary evaluations of the DEGS1 study. Descriptive analysis of the patient's data was conducted, followed by an analysis of risk factors, a comparison with common diseases and a pairs matched analyses with the general population based on the parameters sex, age and Body Mass Index (BMI). A p-value below 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 273 patients, 18 had primary lymphedema and 255 had secondary lymphedema due to cancer history. Staging revealed 28 patients in stage I, 137 in stage II, and 75 in stage III. The majority of patients (83%) were female and mostly the lower extremity was affected. Age, International Society of Lymphology (ISL)-stage, and BMI were significantly correlated with reduced QoL in seven, six, and eleven out of thirteen subscales of the respective scores. The LYMQOL analysis revealed, that patients with upper limb lymphedema (ULL) demonstrated higher QoL compared to those with lower limb lymphedema (LLL). When compared to the general population, individuals with ULL exhibited reduced QoL in five out of eight SF-36 domains (p<0.05). Conversely, LLL patients showed decreased QoL across all eight SF-36 subscales (p<0.01). In comparison to diseases like myocardial infarction or malignant diseases, patients with lymphedema experience a significant, diminished QoL. Conclusions: By 2024, lymphedema patients continue to experience significantly lower QoL compared to the general population or common diseases in Germany. LLL patients exhibit a reduced QoL compared to individuals with ULL.

Interests and Preferences in Programs to Improve Health Among Men With or at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups, 2019.

Men in racial and ethnic minority groups are less likely than non-Hispanic White men to participate in programs designed to improve health, despite having a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes. We sought to understand 1) the interests and preferences of racial and ethnic minority men, with or at risk for type 2 diabetes, in programs designed to improve health and 2) factors that influence participation and health practices. We designed a 43-question web-based survey on facilitators and barriers to participation in a healthy living program. The survey was administered from August 27, 2019, through September 3, 2019. Our analytic sample consisted of 1,506 men at risk for or diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in racial and ethnic minority groups. We conducted descriptive and regression analyses of survey data. Most men (59%) were interested in participating in a healthy living program and/or program elements such as incentives (67%), male-specific health topics (57%), and the inclusion of family (63%). Flexibility was important, since "exercising when it is convenient for me" was the most frequently selected facilitator of physical activity and "the hours were inconvenient" was identified as a challenge in previous programs. Men in this survey were significantly more likely to be interested in participating in a health improvement program for several reasons, including if they were physically active 150 minutes or more per week (vs not) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.0) and had previously been in a healthy living program (vs not) (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1). Our findings can be useful for recruiting and retaining racial and ethnic minority men with or at risk for type 2 diabetes in programs designed to improve health and ultimately reduce disparities in the prevalence of diabetes.

Analysis of Tourism Area Development in Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra

This study aims to analyze the development of the Bukit Lawang tourism area. The research employs descriptive and qualitative data analysis, focusing on a problem-solving approach that is based on descriptions rather than numerical data. The purpose of using a qualitative research method is to facilitate a better understanding of information from the sources used as data, providing an effective comprehension of the ecotourism development strategy being studied. The qualitative analysis involves data collection through interviews, observations, documentation, and other methods. The research findings indicate that income from the development of the Bukit Lawang tourism sector has not significantly impacted the local revenue (PAD) of Langkat Regency as a whole. This is because Bukit Lawang tourism has not been fully implemented and managed effectively by the government. Tourism and conservation activities in Bukit Lawang have yet to be supported by proper tourism area planning, which is essential for sustainable tourism. The land division by the government is currently limited to conservation areas, plantations, and community-owned lands. Sustainable tourism land use planning would make Bukit Lawang a more responsive area. Achieving a sustainable tourism area in Bukit Lawang requires the involvement of both the government and local communities.

Integrating Real-Life Contexts in The Development of Teaching Materials for Arabic Listening Skills

Teaching materials are a crucial component in the learning process. Their availability can significantly impact the achievement of learning objectives and students' understanding of the material. This study aims to develop audio teaching materials based on a contextual approach for maharah istima’ expecially at MTsN 6 Ponorogo, as well as to describe how the integration of the contextual approach is implemented in the developed teaching materials. The research method used is a research and development method following the Borg and Gall development model. The data collection techniques employed include interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are Milles and Huberman's qualitative data analysis and descriptive quantitative data analysis. The results indicate that the development of teaching materials in this study is based on four student needs related to Arabic language learning. These four needs have been realized into audio-based teaching materials, complemented by a workbook to support maharah istima’ learning. Furthermore, aspects of real-life context in these teaching materials are integrated into four areas: media that align with the current context of technological development, materials and exercises that relate to students' real-life contexts, and learning activities that align with the seven principles of the contextual approach.

Views and Experiences of Nurses Receiving Care as Inpatients: An Empirical Qualitative Study From Ankara.

To determine the views and experiences of inpatient nurses receiving care. Switching from the care provider role to being a patient allows nurses to realise patients' real care expectations and to test their colleagues' care practices. Nurses' experience as inpatients is essential for understanding patients' care-related expectations and improving care quality by reflecting on their practices. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenological design. Data were collected from nine volunteer nurses between July 2018 and June 2020 in Ankara, Türkiye, through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and audio recordings. The research data were analysed by following the descriptive phenomenological data analysis steps. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research [COREQ] checklist was used to report study findings. Three themes emerged from the views and experiences of nurses receiving inpatient care: care-receiving experiences, components of good nursing care and change in perception of care. It is important to reveal the opinions and experiences of hospitalised nurses regarding care to understand the expectations of the care recipients and to increase the quality of the care provided. The study revealed that the experiences of nurses receiving inpatient care improved their professional sensitivity and this was reflected in the quality of the nursing care they provided. Nurses can provide higher quality and humanistic care by combining their professional knowledge and skills with the increased awareness of the inpatient experience of nurses. No patient or public contribution.

MEDIATING EFFECT OF BEHAVIORAL INTENTION ON THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED VALUE, ATTITUDE, AND SUBJECTIVE NORM ON VISIT DECISION

Theory of planned behavior is believed to be a theory that can influence visit decisions. Similarly, the dimension of perceived value becomes a determining factor in tourists' decisions to visit. Aims to study analyze the effect of the Theory of Planned Behavior and perceived value on tourists' visit decisions to Alamendah Tourism Village. Data collection using a purposive sample technique, 100 respondents who had visited Alamendah Tourism Village were given questionnaires to complete in order to collect data.. The research method in this study is a quantitative approach, employing descriptive and verificative data analysis techniques with PLS SEM techniques. The data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS version 4.0. The results of this study are: 1) perceived value, attitude, and perceived behavioral control affect behavioral intention; 2) subjective norm does not affect behavioral intention; and 3) behavioral intention influences actual behavior.

Handling Community Social Conflict Through Restorative Justice in East Bintan Police Station

The purpose of this study was to determine the Handling of Social Conflict in the Community Through Restorative Justice (Restorative Justice) at the East Bintan Police. In this study, the sample consisted of 3 police officers from the East Bintan Police and 5 people from East Bintan who had undergone Restorative Justice. The sample in this study was 5 people. The data analysis technique used in this study was a qualitative descriptive data analysis technique. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Handling of Social Conflict in the Community Through Restorative Justice at the East Bintan Police has been running well, this can be seen from the police conducting investigations to collect evidence and information related to the reported cases, bringing in witnesses, listening to both parties. The police of course seek the best solution, especially in social cases that exist in the community. There are at least three focuses of restorative justice. First, repairing losses caused by crime by involving victims. Second, seeing the perpetrator's accountability. Finally, preventing similar losses in the future. Then there is a deliberation, Actually Restorative Justice is a method, not a form of decision on crimes as a resolution to solving problems by improving the situation or losses for victims. The principle of Restorative Justice is to restore good relations between the perpetrator and the victim, by paying attention to the victim's suffering.

Health-care resource use and costs associated with inflammatory bowel disease in northwest London: a retrospective linked database study

Abstract Background With 20–40% of patients who have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) not responding to therapy, resource use and costs can be high. We performed a descriptive analysis of health-care data for IBD management in the National Health Service to explore potential areas for improvement. Methods In this exploratory study, we analysed real-world data from the Discover dataset for adults with a diagnosis of incident IBD recorded in northwest London, UK, between 31 March, 2016, and 31 March, 2020. We compared mean visit numbers and primary and secondary care costs per patient to examine resource use and costs for active disease versus remission. Results We included 7,733 patients (5,872 with ulcerative colitis [UC], 1,427 with Crohn’s disease [CD], and 434 with codes for both [termed IBD-undefined in this study]). Remission was recorded in 19,218 (82%) of 23,488 observations for UC, 4,686 (82%) of 5,708 for CD, and 1,122 (65%) for IBD-undefined observations. Health-care resource use was significantly higher with active disease in all settings except primary care for UC. Total health-care costs were greater with active disease than remission for all diagnoses (all p &lt; 0.0001). The main driver of costs was inpatient hospital care among those with active disease; elective inpatient costs were high among patients with UC and IBD-undefined in remission. Conclusions Higher health-care resource use and costs were observed with active disease, which underscores the importance of early induction and maintenance of remission in UC and CD. Updated strategies that incorporate treat to target may offer cost benefits by the offsetting of biologic drug costs with a reduction in costly inpatient hospital stays. Trial registration This trial was not registered as it used pseudonymised retrospective data.

EFFECT OF ORAL TRIPEPTIDE-COLLAGEN ON MICROCIRCULATION (NAIL FOLDS) AND SKIN WRINKLES

Background: Accelerated aging is associated with increased exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to lower collagen and elastin levels in the body. This reduction reduces microvascular activity, causing microcirculatory disorders and skin wrinkles. Administering collagen tripeptides can help improve the microcirculation system. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of collagen tripeptide on improving microcirculation, reducing skin wrinkles, and lowering excessive ROS toxicity. Method: The research method used is experimental with a pre-post study approach without using a control group and descriptive quantitative data analysis. We measured microcirculation using a microscope, quantified ROS levels with the QYM-DI microscope, and assessed nasolabial fold depth with an acupuncture needle. Results: The study results indicate that collagen tripeptide significantly improves microcirculation, reduces skin wrinkles, and decreases excessive ROS toxicity. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test results are as follows: (1) there is a significant difference before and after collagen tripeptide consumption in terms of microcirculation improvement (p = 0.000), reduction of skin wrinkles on the nasolabial folds (p = 0.008), and reduction of ROS (p = 0.000). This improves microcirculation, which in turn reduces skin wrinkles on the nasolabial folds. Conclusion: Consuming collagen tripeptide for three months can improve microcirculation, reduce skin wrinkles on the nasolabial folds, and reduces ROS.

Implementasi Metode talaqqi dalam Proses Pembelajaran Hafalan Al-Qur’an Siswa SD Al-Qur’an Wahdah Islamiyah Polewali

The purpose of this research is to find out how the talaqqi method is implemented in the Al-Qur'an memorization learning process for students at Wahdah Islamiyah Polewali Al-Qur'an Elementary School and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the talaqqi method in the Al-Qur memorization learning process. 'an student at SD Al-Qur'an Wahdah Islamiyah Polewali. This type of research is a type of qualitative descriptive research, which is a descriptive analysis of data obtained in the form of words, images or behavior and provides an overview of the conditions studied in the form of a narrative description. The implementation of the talaqqi method in schools is going well with the steps for implementing it, namely: the ustadzah explains, then gives an example of the verse to be memorized with clear articulation and mouth movements, then students imitate the ustadzah's reading. Supporting factors include: Islamic elementary schools, appropriate leaders, qualified teachers, collaboration between teachers, understanding and application of Tajwid rules, mastery of methods, as well as students as objects and their readiness to memorize. Inhibiting factors are teacher indiscipline, less than optimal application of methods, lack of teacher concern for student memorization, student difficulty in pronouncing letters, student indiscipline and less conducive space.

Framework to Action: Developing and Implementing a Statewide Network to Expand Opioid Treatment Access Using SHIFT-Evidence in Texas

Background: In Texas, the expansion of access to effective treatments for opioid use disorder remains a significant public health challenge. This study aimed to demonstrate the application of the Successful Healthcare Improvement from Translating Evidence in Complex Systems (SHIFT-Evidence) framework in developing and implementing a statewide network for office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) to underserved populations. Methods: We identified systemic gaps in access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) across Texas, using a targeted needs assessment of barriers and facilitators to buprenorphine prescribing. Findings were integrated into a planning template based on SHIFT-Evidence, which guided the identification of additional barriers across the health care system and iterative selection of strategies to address implementation barriers at multiple health care system levels, drawing on the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change taxonomy. Strategies were prioritized based on feasibility and impact. To evaluate the program’s effectiveness in expanding access to MOUD, we conducted a descriptive analysis of data from the Texas Department of State Health Services’ Clinical Management for Behavioral Health Services data system to assess geographic reach and clients served within the program. Results: Applying SHIFT-Evidence provided a structured process for identifying key barriers occurring at multiple levels (patient, prescriber, and prescriber organization) and selecting tailored strategies to address each. This approach supported the successful development and expansion of an OBOT provider network, increasing access to treatment services from 6 provider organizations (10 locations) serving 52 clients in fiscal year 2019 to 23 provider organizations (48 locations) serving 1311 clients in fiscal year 2023. Conclusions: The comprehensive, multilevel approach supported by the application of SHIFT-Evidence effectively facilitated prioritization and planning to address systemic gaps across multiple health care system levels. The successful enhancement of treatment access highlights the framework’s utility in supporting improvements within complex health care systems.

Nilai Religius dalam Novel Assalamu’alaikum Baitullah Karya Asma Nadia

This research is motivated by shifts in increasingly complex religious values. The widespread news regarding the phenomenon of excessive selfies during the Umrah pilgrimage illustrates a shift in religious values. This research aims to describe the religious values ​​contained in the novel Assalamu'alaikum Baitullah by Asma Nadia. The method used is qualitative with descriptive data analysis techniques. This research uses two data collection techniques, namely observation techniques and literature study techniques. Primary data was obtained from the novel Assalamu'alaikum Baitullah by Asma Nadia and secondary data was obtained from various relevant sources. The theory used is the Atmosuwito religious value theory. The results of the research show that there are six aspects of religious values ​​in the novel Assalamu'alaikum Baitullah by Asma Nadia, namely; 1) surrender, submission, and obedience, 2) a life full of glory, 3) inner feelings of connection with God, 4) feelings of sin, 5) feelings of fear, and 6) recognizing the greatness of God. Novels that contain religious values, if studied, can influence someone to apply religious values ​​in everyday life. This research will be recommended as module type printed teaching material for second semester high school students in class XII.

Police Policy in Combating Narcotics Crime (Study at Medan Police Headquarters)

This study aims to analyze the policies of the Indonesian National Police (Polri) in combating narcotics crimes (study at Polrestabes Medan). Medan City is one of the areas most affected by narcotics trafficking, both from local syndicates and international networks. Polri policies include law enforcement, prevention through education and socialization, and rehabilitation for narcotics users. Based on this, the focus of the problems in this study are First, how is the Polri policy in combating narcotics crimes (Study at Polrestabes Medan) Second, What are the obstacles faced by Polri in combating narcotics crimes (Study at Polrestabes Medan). This study uses normative-empirical juridical research with descriptive data analysis. The results of the study show that although Polri has carried out various significant law enforcement operations and prevention programs, challenges such as the involvement of certain officers, high demand for narcotics among the community, limited rehabilitation facilities, and the complexity of international narcotics networks are still major obstacles. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve internal supervision, increase international cooperation, and increase the capacity of community-based rehabilitation and prevention programs.

Analysis Of The Implementation Of Social Entrepreneurship Management For The Sustainability Of Orphanages

A child care home is defined as a non-profit social organization with the responsibility of caring for, nurturing, and educating abandoned and orphaned children, funded by incidental community donations. The orphanage needs a certain amount of funds to meet the needs of the children and its operating costs, which rely on donations not enough. The most suitable solution is to run social entrepreneurship management to earn income. This research is considered in analyzing the implementation of social entrepreneurship management for the sustainability of orphanages, in terms of benefits and challenges, strategies to overcome challenges, and its relationship with the SDGs and ISO 26,000. The object of the research is ownership in the Abhimata Orphanage and the Santa Maria Ganjuran Orphanage. This research is qualitative descriptive, inspiring data collection techniques, content analysis and triangulation for data amatization, with descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative data analysis. The results show that the management implemented in the social entrepreneurship of orphanages has had a positive impact on orphanages, even though the income earned does not fully meet their needs. In addition, the social entrepreneurship of orphanages has contributed to the national goal of creating community welfare, as stated in the SDGs and ISO 26,000.