Descriptive Perspective Research Articles

Fair design and use of the budgetary process and managerial performance

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the impacts of the fair design and use of the budgetary process, from the perspectives of formal and informal justice, on fairness judgments, on budgetary participation, and on managerial performance. Complementarily, it also analyzes the mediating effect. Research on the impacts of budgetary participation on managerial performance presents conflicting and inconclusive evidence. The studies on organizational justice, in turn, mainly focus on individual perceptions of justice, from a descriptive and perceptual perspective, not considering the normative approach, and treating justice rules and fairness judgments as synonymous. That segregation is relevant as it reinforces the importance of the fair design and use of the budgetary process, going beyond considering individual fairness judgments. The research revealed that the fair design and use of the budgetary process influence managerial performance; however, the individual perception of justice (fairness judgments) did not exert a direct influence. These findings are relevant because they highlight the impacts of justice in terms of the effects that a system generates, not only considering individual perceptions. A survey was conducted with a random sample of 110 managers chosen using the LinkedIn social network. For the data analysis, the structural equations modeling technique was applied. The study contributes to the literature that examines behavioral aspects of the relationship between budgetary participation and managerial performance, by seeking to understand in which conditions budgetary participation results in better performance. In this research, these relationships are analyzed in light of the foundations of justice, from the perspective of justice rules and fairness judgments. The evidence suggests that budgetary participation affects managerial performance when it results from the fair design and use of the budgetary process.

Abstract PS7-48: I'm willing to be that woman: Exploring Black women's decisions to participate in breast cancer clinical trials

Abstract Black women die of breast cancer (BC) at a higher rate than any other racial group. Researchers’ scientific understanding about this racial disparity, as well as the ability to develop targeted BC treatments for this racial group, is hampered by Black women’s well-documented hesitancy to participate in medical research. In this study, we conducted interviews with 14 participants who were Black BC survivors/patients who had participated in a BC clinical trial (CT). In this Integrated Behavioral Model-guided study, we explored participants’ attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency in relation to their decision to participate in a BC CT. Findings about the women’s attitudes revealed that despite their often-demonstrated reluctance to be involved in medical research, Black women’s strong, altruistic desires to serve others and their communities made them prime candidates for CT participation. In other words, their instrumental attitudes reveal a desire to participate as a way to help themselves and are greatly influenced by the need to leave a “legacy” of better treatment for other Black women. At the same time, while a few participants demonstrated some hesitancy to take unknown or new drugs, most expressed experiential attitudes of feeling safe in their choices. Study results concerning norms showed that despite the Black population’s instilled community values, decisions about BC CT participation do not seem to be motivated by a strong injunctive normative influence from friends or family. Most women reported sharing their decision to participate in a CT after the fact. The two strongest normative influences were oncologists and/or their staff members, and patient support groups. From a descriptive normative perspective, most Black women realized their decision to participate in a CT was an unusual one but overestimated how many Black women they believed did participate in BC CTs. These women expressed strong personal agency when they made independent, informed decisions to participate. Most were proactive in seeking out CTs; in cases where they were recruited into a trial by a medical professional, they expressed clear details about how they independently thought through their decision before agreeing to participate, also suggesting perceived control. This study concluded that Black women actively involved in BC support groups, who have developed trusting relationships with their doctors, may feel more motivated and have higher perceived personal agency about participation in a BC CT. Through CT participation, Black women not only potentially help themselves but also demonstrate care about their racial group and the legacy of helping others, suggesting that altruistic messaging may be particularly salient for this group. Finally, these participants, despite their higher education levels and involvement with BC support groups, were quite inaccurate in their reporting of descriptive norms about Black women’s participation in CTs, suggesting that social norms messaging may be one way to alert other Black women about the continuing disparity in CT participation. Future work needs to explore these findings in the context of CT recruitment messaging and continue to involve and include Black women’s voices to improve BC outcomes in research and medicine. Citation Format: Katherine E Ridley-Merriweather, Katharine J Head, Maria Brann, April Ramirez, Anna Maria Storniolo. I'm willing to be that woman: Exploring Black women's decisions to participate in breast cancer clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS7-48.

Films and Destinations—Towards a Film Destination: A Review

The destination image is a complex construction in which the different sources of information consulted are decisive. Among these information sources, we can find films, which have a relevant function to create destination images. Films are one of the factors that most influences people in their motivation to travel to a destination. The academic literature on film tourism has grown considerably in recent years, but an updated revision is needed. Due to this fact, the main contribution of this paper is the proposal of an updated review of the academic literature focused on film tourism and destinations and their management implications. The general objective of this research is to analyse the existing literature, systematising the relationships that exist between films, film tourism, destination image, and tourist destination. To this end, a systematic review of the literature has been carried out, with two aims: on the one hand, a review of the existing literature from a descriptive perspective, showing the main publications, authors and topics, and on the other hand, a review from a thematic perspective. The results of the latter will be addressed in the discussion and conclusions. The results of the descriptive analysis highlight the significant growth in the literature analysed over the last 45 years, especially between 2005 and 2015. They also underline that the most studied topics are film destinations, marketing and destination image. The results of the thematic analysis highlight the importance of films and series as important information sources on the creation of destination images. The thematic analysis also provides information on the negative and positive aspects of film destination management.

The Contribution of a Model to Estimate Activities in Software Projects Based on Lessons Learned

Purpose – The main objective of this article is to propose the use of a model developed by Matturo and Silva (2010) to capture knowledge in software projects based on the lessons learned.Design/methodology/approach – We carried out a qualitative research from a descriptive perspective through a single case study applied to an Enterprise Information Technology company. The company is a leader in market solutions to support customer experience management. For the data collection process, we used systematic literature review, document analysis and semi-structured interviews.Findings – The results supported project managers to better understand the storage and use of information from lessons learned in dimensioning the use of human resources and to support the estimation of new project activities. In addition, the results showed the organization's disregard for not giving due importance to the information and knowledge generated during the life cycle of a project.Research, Practical & Social implications – The model allows companies to obtain new knowledge or consult existing knowledge throughout the life cycle of projects and to support project managers in the process of estimating activities and preparing budgets with greater precision, using the information from lessons learned as a support. acquired in the completed projects.Originality/value – The lack of information in the initial scope of the project and in the definition of activities in the human resource allocation process hinder the duration of the project's development activities, directly resulting in inaccurate estimates. As a result, this scenario contributes to the increased risk of deviations in terms and / or costs of software projects.

Integration of ethical considerations into HTA reports: an analysis of integration levels using a systematic review.

To describe the type and level of ethical integration in published health technology assessment (HTA) reports and systematically identify the ethical approaches utilized. A literature search was conducted with the Google™ search engine using the keyword "ethic" between 1 January 2015 and 20 August 2019. Only HTA assessment reports with a section on ethics were retained and classified according to their level of ethical integration: no ethical analysis, ethical issues highlighted, assessments according to legal or social norms, and assessments from a moral or axiological perspective-using a qualitative methodology to distinguish such integration. This review yielded 188 reports with a section identified as being on ethics, produced by seventeen HTA agencies in eleven countries. One hundred and thirty-six reports did not develop an ethical analysis, thirty-one highlighted ethical issues, seventeen conducted a norm-based ethical assessment using a descriptive approach grounded in social norms, and four developed an assessment grounded in a moral or axiological perspective. The bioethical "four-principles" framework was used, but mainly for presenting ethical issues and not as a moral framework. The majority of reports featuring a section on ethics mention ethical considerations without ethical analysis. Ethical issues are grouped with legal, social, and organizational issues and treated as contextual considerations that decision makers should be aware of. When reports present systematic norm-based ethical assessments from a descriptive perspective or ethical assessment based on a moral or axiological perspective, there is a tendency to ground these analyses in frameworks created for the purpose and reliant on a concept of ethics supporting them.

Vision-Based Human Detection Techniques: A Descriptive Review

Cameras are being used everywhere for the safety and security of citizens in different countries. Using a machine to detect humans in a photo or a video frame is a very complicated and challenging task. Various techniques have been developed for this purpose, which mainly rely on Artificial Intelligence. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the literatures from a descriptive perspective, which is its main differentiator from the existing survey papers in this area. Firstly, the vision-based human detection techniques and classifiers are elucidated in conjunction with the variants of feature extraction techniques. Secondly, various pros and cons of such techniques are discussed. Then, an investigation has been conducted and reported based on the state-of-the-art human detection descriptors (e.g. Log-Average Miss Rate and accuracy). Although techniques such as Viola-Jones and Speeded-Up Robust Features can detect objects in real-time and overcome Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) limitations, they are still sensitive to illuminated conditions. Other techniques such as SIFT, Bag of Words, Orthogonal Moments, and Histogram of oriented Gradients provide other interesting benefits which include insensitivity to occlusion and clutters, simplicity, low-order element construction and invariance to illuminated conditions; nevertheless, they are computationally expensive and sensitive to image rotation. A meticulous review along similar lines revealed that the Deformable Part-based Model performs relatively better due to its ability to deal with particular pose variations and multiple views, occlusion handling (partial) and is application-free while its counterparts focus on only a single aspect. This article highlights and provides a brief description of each available data-sets for human detection research. Various use-cases of human detection systems are also elaborated. Finally, various conclusions are derived based on the conducted review followed by recommendations for future directions and possibilities to further improve the speed and accuracy of human detection systems.

Hybrid Warfare or Hybrid Threat – The Weaponization of Migration as an Example of the Use of Lawfare – Case Study of Poland

This article aims to address the issue of alleged hybrid warfare attacks on Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland. The scope of the article covers the Belarus operations conducted in 2021. Firstly, the author addresses the issue of pushing migrants from a descriptive perspective. Secondly, he debates whether Belarus operation was conducted within the scope of hybrid warfare, hybrid threat, and lawfare? The author concludes that the Republic of Belarus has operated lawfare falling within the hybrid threat spectrum. It means that the situation is not to be classified under the law of armed conflict from the perspective of international and non-international armed conflicts and ius ad bellum violation. Thirdly, the author claims that Belarus has violated international law, so certain legal redress is appropriate and justified. Belarus's actions may result in a court proceeding before the International Court of Justice and before other international institutions.

Concept of Ānanda in Śrīmad Bhāgavad Gītā

The Vedanta is prominent philosophies among Indian philosophical traditions. It announces that every organism lives for ānanda. Whatever the people do in their life is for the sake of happiness, but happiness is not the thing which can be bought by expensed money in the market or can be borrowed from outside. It is the eternal thing which can be obtained only by elevation in human consciousness. It describes the fundamentals of the ānanda in detailed way with fundamental notions. The most popular and much-discussed text Śrīmad Bhāgavad Gītā also elaborates this concept of ānanda in a scattered way. Mostly, Gītā is perceived as a religious and action, motivating text while the other aspects are still hidden and untouched. There is no systematic research found on the elaboration of the ānanda and its acquiring methodology. This research study discusses the concept of ānanda from various perspectives of description acquired by the Sri Krishna while explaining the ultimate truth to the Arjuna. It also investigates the description with their attaining methodologies and practices that can be applicable in day-to-day life.

Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Clinical, Sonography and Pathological Evaluation Risk of Malignancy

Aim: To determined risk of increases Incidence of Thyroid cancer in solitary thyroid nodules so Preoperative distinction between benign and malignant in solitary thyroid nodules is important and helps to avoid unnecessary surgery and its adverse effects, such as hypothyroidism, hypocalcemia, and recurrent nerve injury. Methods: Descriptive perspective analyzed data over a period of 6 years April 2015-April 2021 in Saudi Hospital at Hajjah, Yemen. 226 thyroid operations for 207 patients, 135 patient’s diagnosis as Solitary thyroid nodule and 72 patients as Multi nodular goiter. Patients with a clinically solitary thyroid nodule were included in the study group. Results: 135 cases of clinically detected solitary thyroid nodules, 126 female and 9 male patients, between 14 - 65 years age, median 41 years and mean 39.76 years, (94, 41) patients respectively Right side thyroid effect more than Left side, Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was (61%, 72%, 64%) respectively. Postoperative histopathology reported 100 (74%) patients as having benign thyroid nodules and 35 patients (26%) as having malignant thyroid nodules. Postoperative transient hypocalcemia was observed in 9 patients (7%), and temporary hoarseness was observed in 3 patients (2%). Conclusion: The incidence of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodules is high. Rapid growth by history and hard fixed nodule by examination and hypoechoic, micro calcification and cervical lymphadenopathy on Thyroid Ultrasound frequently in malignant nodules. Male risk factors for thyroid cancer but age, number and size of nodules not included as risk factor. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is more helpful for diagnosing if aspiration under Ultrasound guidance and reading by experience histopathologists. The type of surgery depends on preoperative evaluation, including history, examination, ultrasound, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) result, and intraoperative assessment of the nodule. There are fewer complications of thyroid surgery by experienced surgeons.

Traffic Policy towards the Current of Refugees and Subscribers Movement in Reforming State Sovereignty

Countries like Indonesia that have immigration routes will look at every foreigner’s problem from an immigration point of view. Foreigners who enter Indonesia without travel documents are considered illegal. When referring to concrete cases, generally refugees or asylum seekers may not have complete travel documents. Because it is impossible for them to be forced to leave their country, by first obtaining a visa, passport, or other correspondence. In most cases that occur, refugees or asylum seekers do not have complete travel documents. So, in order to maintain sovereignty in the authority of immigration supervision, it is very important to research related Immigration traffic. The problem raised in this paper is how the monitoring mechanism of immigration traffic, in order to reinforce the concept of sovereignty. In writing this journal the author uses a statutory approach, a case approach, and a sociological approach. The method used in this paper is a normative juridical method so that answers will be found in the form of a descriptive perspective. The conclusion in this paper is that the policy on the flow of refugee movements into Indonesia is not in accordance with the concept of sovereignty, where the regulation of the flow of refugee movements is very vulnerable to the aspects of crime (trafficking in persons, narcotics, prostitution, etc.), in fact the sovereignty of the state become a protector for refugees who come to Indonesia, from international and national crime systems, and that is often misunderstood. So, the suggestion from this research is that immigration should be given space in the framework of supervision for Refugees and Asylum Seekers, which have been under the authority of the Immigration Detention Center (RUDENIM).

Schrödinger–Pauli theory of electrons: New perspectives

AbstractThe Schrödinger–Pauli (SP) theory of electrons in an electromagnetic field explicitly accounts for the electron spin moment. The many‐electron theory is complemented via a new descriptive perspective namely, that of the individual electron via its equation of motion or “Quantal Newtonian” first law. The law is in terms of ‘classical’ fields whose sources are quantum mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the system wave function. The law states that each electron experiences an external and an internal field, the sum of which vanish. The external field is the sum of the binding electrostatic and a Lorentz field. The internal field is a sum of fields representative respectively of electron correlations due to the Pauli principle and Coulomb repulsion; the electron density; kinetic effects; and an internal magnetic field. The energy can be expressed in integral virial form in terms of these fields. The law is elucidated by application to the 23S state of a quantum dot in a magnetic field. It is proved that the Hamiltonian is an exactly known and universal functional of the wave function. This generalizes the SP equation, and reveals that its eigenfunctions and eigenvalues may be determined self‐consistently. A quantal density functional theory (QDFT) of the SP system is developed whereby additional properties are determined. A physical interpretation of Spin‐DFT based on the QDFT mapping is provided. Further generalizations of the present work to the temporal case, and relativistic Dirac theory, are proposed.

Methods That Religious Culture And Moral Knowledge Teachers’ Preferred in Concept Teaching Process

Öz Bu makale, Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi öğretmenlerinin, kavram öğretimi faaliyetlerinde tercih ettikleri yöntemlerin neler olduğu sorusu ekseninde kurgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı Din kültürü ve ahlak bilgisi öğretmenleri tarafından kavram öğretimi sürecinde tercih edilen yöntemlerin neliğini ve niteliğini betimsel bir bakış açısıyla ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum desenli çalışma tercih edilmiş; çalışma grubu, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi ile belirlenen 20 DKAB öğretmeninden oluşmuştur. Çalışmada öğretmenlerin görüşlerine odaklanıldığı için veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için, çalışmanın problematiği bağlamında önceden belirlenen tema ve başlıklara göre kodlanmasını öngören betimsel analiz yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, öğretmenlerin kavram öğretimi sürecinde, tanımdan hareket ederek tümdengelimi, bunun yanı sıra öğrenciler ile birlikte tanıma ulaşma çabaları olarak tümevarımı, ayrıca hikâye ve oyun gibi destekleyici yöntemleri tercih ettikleri görülmüştür. Ayrıca, öğretmenlerin kavram öğretimi sürecini zenginleştirmeye ve sürecin niteliğini artırmaya yönelik girişimleri yanında, kavram öğretimi yöntem ve tekniklerine yönelik bilgi ve becerilerinin yeterli düzeyde olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

The Possibilities of Gamifying the Mathematical Curriculum in the Early Childhood Education Stage

The addition of gamification to the classroom as a methodological tool means that the teacher’s opinion about this has become an inflection point that can affect its use or not in the classroom. In this sense, the main objective of the present article is to explore the opinion of future Early Childhood education teachers on the use of this resource for the development of the mathematics curriculum at this education stage and to obtain an explanatory model that explains it. The design of the study utilized a descriptive perspective and a cross-sectional quantitative focus through a quantitative exploratory study. For data collection, an ad hoc questionnaire was utilized, which was administered to a sample of 232 teachers-in-training. The main result obtained was that the future early childhood education professionals considered that gamification could be a resource for the learning of specific mathematics contents, and this was shaped around a model of two elements. On one hand, the development of mathematical thinking, and on the other, the establishment of relationships between mathematical concepts. Lastly, we can conclude that elements such as age or gender do not determine the perception of the use of gamification in the early childhood education classroom.

Código de Trabajo con respecto al Despido Ineficaz

La investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el Código de Trabajo con respecto al Despido Ineficaz en el Cantón Santo Domingo – Ecuador. Se generó desde una perspectiva descriptiva con diseño no experimental. Ante un caso de “Despido Ineficaz” o de otra índole legal, existen dos personas, que son empleado y empleador, los que pueden acudir a la justicia buscando una resolución legal ante el descontento de lo actuado por una de los firmantes del contrato laboral. El 83% de los que buscan esta clase de resolución son los empleados, pero también existe el 17% de empleadores que se acercan a buscar la mediación de los jueces. El “Despido Ineficaz” no protege a los discapacitados fuera de esa protección, debido a que según la Ley Orgánica de Discapacidades solo les otorga la indemnización y no la readmisión laboral, dejando en evidencia una estabilidad laboral relativa para este grupo de trabajadores.

Aspects regarding extracurricular sport activities in schools from Bihor County, Romania

Background: ‪Participation in various extra-curricular sports activities is an important component of the professional activity of physical education teachers, regardless of whether we bring into discussion the organisation of such activities or training school teams in order to participate in these sports events. Material and methods: On the one hand, the present paper approaches the way in which teachers are involved in extracurricular sports activities from a descriptive perspective. On the other hand, the paper captures physical education teachers’ opinions on the way these sports competitions are organised and brings to attention some aspects that would need to be improved in this regard. Data were collected by a questionnaire addressed to physical education teachers from primary and secondary schools in Bihor County, Romania. Results: ‪Our results show the availability of physical education teachers to be involved in other extracurricular sports activities and to guide talented students toward various sports clubs. Conclusions: ‪Our research emphasises the need to improve certain aspects when organising local and regional sports competitions addressed to school teams as well as the importance to involve the public and private sector in these events.

A descriptive perspective of intergenerational persistence in education and the influence of family lineage descent systems in the Democratic Republic of Congo

This study investigates how family lineage descent groups influence the intergenerational transmission of education for the cohorts of 1940-1989 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study applies both transition matrix and intergenerational persistence (IGP) methods, using the father's years of schooling as a proxy for parental education. The findings suggest a pronounced steady persistence in education for the estimated mean regression coefficient over a period of 49 years. Moreover, results by gender indicate that intergenerational persistence in education has significantly decreased for males in recent cohorts but slightly increased for females. Furthermore, findings suggest that intergenerational persistence has been decreasing in matrilineal descent groups in recent cohorts, while increasing for the patrilineal descent groups. The study gives a good sense of the relationship between family lineage descent and intergenerational transmission of education in DRC. In addition, it indicates that there is both substantial upward and downward intergenerational education mobility in the country.

TWO KINDS OF ACQUITTALS – DIFFERENT KINDS OF DOUBTS

In most countries that follow the Anglo-American legal system, the criminal process is based on the existence of only two possible alternative legal outcomes – “guilty” and “not guilty” – at the end of a criminal proceeding. That is, a person is acquitted unless the court finds him to be guilty. In contrast, a small number of legal systems, such as those of Scotland, Italy, and Israel, maintain an additional form of acquittal, situated between the two stated polar options. In this paper we review the criminal systems that have adopted more than one type of acquittal while delving specifically into the case of Israel. From a descriptive perspective, we summarize the history of their acquittal options as well as describe the additional option’s characteristics when compared to full acquittal as well as the epistemic circumstances in which such an outcome is reached. From a normative perspective, we reject incorporation of this additional type of acquittal due to differences in its expressive implications from full acquittal. We articulate our doubts regarding its necessity and constitutionality, which we do while also addressing the difficulties that this type of verdict engenders. Our main contention is that recognition of this type of acquittal, alongside full acquittal, erodes the fundamental premises of criminal law, contradicts its position regarding the defendant’s innocence at the heart of the criminal proceeding, and therefore undermines this proceeding’s normative and moral commitment to the defendant’s basic rights.

Espacios artísticos para vivir las ciencias en Educación Infantil

Este trabajo presenta el diseño, planificación, implementación en el aula y análisis de una secuencia de ocho sesiones de instalación artística que posibilitan el aprendizaje de contenidos científicos en el alumnado de Educación Infantil (EI). Se analiza desde una perspectiva descriptiva cómo las actividades les permiten experimentar con los objetos que configuran cada instalación para descubrir los procesos científicos que implican sus acciones, verbalizarlos, pensar en lo que ocurre y conocer de este modo la ciencia que hay a nuestro alrededor.

A proposal of an ethnographic translation for MALINCHE: Describing Mesoamerican deities

Este trabalho consiste em comentar a experiência tradutória de descrição das deidades cultuadas por povos pré-hispânicos do território mesoamericano antes da invasão castelhana no século XVI que estão presentes em MALINCHE (2006), obra literária da escritora mexicana Laura Esquivel. Os comentários fundamentam-se na perspectiva etnográfica descritiva de François Laplantine, na qual a tarefa de traduzir é abordada não como um mecanismo de substituições e correspondências entre palavras, mas como um espaço oportuno para um encontro e interação de culturas e línguas. Assim, foi necessário refletir sobre as modificações que devem sofrer o olhar do sujeito-tradutor sobre si mesmo, com o propósito de não encarar o outro como desvio ou espanto. A tarefa exige da tradução da referida obra literária um propósito que seja capaz de olhar de que maneira serão plasmados os valores espirituais pré-hispânicos na língua da tradução a fim de situar o “outro” pertencente um locus cultural distinto. Neste sentido, propõe-se apresentar a descrição como um recurso válido de tradução uma vez que ela promove os olhares mútuos entre culturas distintas. A tradução-descritiva torna-se o objeto de observação da observação, fazendo ver os limites e também as grandes extensões que permite um tradutor alcançar em seu caráter performático.

Virtual education in the Colombian context: teaching practices in public and private education

As a result of the global pandemic, Colombian education is facing great challenges in the virtual world. Currently, social, economic and cultural gaps are widening, especially between public and private universities in Colombia. It is therefore necessary to investigate teaching practices in the virtual world under different social conditions. This article aims to describe and analyze experiences, which constitute a baseline for the projection of didactic and pedagogical strategies for the teaching of disciplinary knowledge in the human and exact sciences. This research is of a qualitative nature and is developed under a descriptive perspective of experiences with interdisciplinary contributions from the human and exact sciences. Among the experiences, the gamification and reasonable adjustments needed to universalize learning in the classroom stand out.
 Keywords: Virtuality. Methodological innovation. Colombian university. Public university. Private university.