Description Of Materials Research Articles

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Tutuyan

This research aims to find out whether the mathematics learning outcomes of students taught using the STAD cooperative learning model are higher than the mathematics learning outcomes of students using the lecture method. This research is quasi-experimental in the form of the nonequivalent posttest-only control group design. The subjects in this research were class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Tutuyan odd semester of the 2022/2023 academic year, where VIII-A, totaling 20 students, was the experimental class and VIII-B, totaling 21 students, was the control class. Data analysis used includes normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests. This research uses a test in the form of multiple choice questions and a description of relationship and function material as the instrument. The research participants consisted of 41 students. Based on hypothesis testing using the t-test statistic, tcount = 2.365 and ttable = 1.685 at a significance level of 0.05. Thus, because tcount > ttable, H0 is rejected. The results of the research concluded that student learning outcomes in the Relationships and Functions material taught using the STAD model were higher than student learning outcomes taught using the lecture method.

Improving Creative Thinking Skills In Marine Ecology In Developing Bioentrepreneurship

This research aims to determine the improvement of creative thinking skills in marine ecology in developing bioentrepreneurship towards sustainable development in prospective biology teacher students. The material in this research is plankton, especially the cultivation of Spirulina sp in the laboratory. The research method used was quasi-experimental with a one-group pretest posttest design. The research sample consisted of 27 students who took a marine ecology course in semester 5 at Central Kalimantan University. The test instruments were multiple choice (PG) reasoned and plankton material description test questions. The research results show that each indicator of creative thinking skills, namely flexibility, originality, and elaboration, is significantly different (p = 0.000). The research results show that plankton material towards sustainable development can improve creative thinking skills in prospective biology teacher students. The contribution of this research can have implications for sustainable development goals point 4, namely quality education, and point 14, namely life underwater.

Applying material and energy flow analysis to assess urban metabolism in the context of the circular economy

AbstractWith the circular economy (CE) gaining more traction worldwide, local authorities are engaging in efforts to develop circular strategies at the urban level. Developing and monitoring such strategies require detailed quantitative information on material and energy flows, which can be obtained through an urban metabolism (UM) analysis. This study demonstrates a bottom‐up approach to analyze UM at the sectoral level based on material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), aiming to examine its utility within the context of the CE. The analysis is performed for Umeå urban area (Sweden) with a 5‐year timeframe (2017–2021). The application of MEFA provides a detailed quantitative description of material and energy flows per sector, indicating the critical sectors in terms of resource consumption and waste generation and the most significant flows. More specifically, it reveals that the construction sector and households are key sectors within Umeå’s UM and that construction materials, food products, fossil fuels, and drinking water are significant metabolic flows. Furthermore, the application of MEFA with a multi‐year timeframe uncovers trends in consumption rates of materials and generation rates of waste and emissions, revealing, for example, the correlation of material consumption and waste generation with the level of construction activity. Overall, by illustrating the potential of MEFA to provide a detailed quantitative analysis of material and energy flows, this study emphasizes its utility in supporting the design and monitoring of circular strategies at the urban level. At the same time, it highlights limitations of the method and suggests areas for future research.

Assessing the Suitability of Fifth Grade Textbooks on 'Ecosystems and Our Environment' in Lebong Elementary Schools

This descriptive-quantitative study examines the eligibility of Grade 5 student textbooks on the theme of ecosystems and the environment at Lebong Regency Elementary School, using survey and observation to collect data and analyze it quantitatively. Lebong District's 93 elementary schools, including 180 fifth-grade teachers, are sampled using regional sampling, a random selection technique taken per sub-district. The study's main data is gathered through a questionnaire and secondary data from sources like textbooks for class IV students on the theme of "Ekosistem dan Lingkungan Sahabat Kita". The results of the research show that the conformity factor of material description with KI and KD is considered quite appropriate with an average percentage of 56.76%. Then, in terms of accuracy, the material was assessed as meeting the requirements with a percentage of 62.92%. Then, in terms of learning support materials, it was also assessed as meeting the requirements with a percentage figure of 64.3%. Finally, Factors for suitability of material descriptions with KI and KD, material accuracy factors, and learning support material factors were also declared to meet the requirements after obtaining a percentage figure of 62.47%. The results of the research concluded that the feasibility of a textbook for fifth-grade students on the theme of ecosystems and the environment of Our Friends at Lebong Regency Elementary School was eligible because it met several criteria such as the suitability of the material with Core Competencies (KI) and Basic Competencies (KD), material accuracy, learning support material, suitability of material descriptions with KI and KD, material accuracy factors and learning support material factors. The study reveals positive aspects of Lebong Regency Elementary School's Grade 5 student textbooks on ecosystems, including conformity with Core Competencies, accuracy, and learning support. However, improvements include aligning with curriculum guidelines, improving content clarity, optimizing learning support materials, and continuous evaluation for better educational impact.

Annotated insights into legal reasoning: A dataset of Article 6 ECHR cases

We present a novel annotated dataset of legal cases pertaining to Article 6 – the right to a fair trial – of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This dataset will serve as a useful resource to the research community, to assist in the training and evaluation of AI systems designed to embody the legal reasoning involved in determining the appropriate legal outcome from a description of the case material. The annotations were applied to provide finer-grain classifications of legal cases at the document level. Each classification label was sourced from a domain knowledge model, derived with legal expert guidance and known as an Angelic Domain Model (ADM), such that the classifications correspond to the actual legal rationales used by the Court when determining the outcome of a given case. We discuss our annotation pipeline, including annotator training, inter-annotator reliability evaluation, and the dissemination of the annotation outputs and associated metadata.

Analytic rotation-invariant modelling of anisotropic finite elements

Anisotropic hyperelastic distortion energies are used to solve many problems in fields like computer graphics and engineering with applications in shape analysis, deformation, design, mesh parameterization, biomechanics and more. However, formulating a robust anisotropic energy that is low-order and yet sufficiently non-linear remains a challenging problem for achieving the convergence promised by Newton-type methods in numerical optimization. In this paper, we propose a novel analytic formulation of an anisotropic energy that is smooth everywhere, low-order, rotationally-invariant and at-least twice differentiable. At its core, our approach utilizes implicit rotation factorizations with invariants of the Cauchy-Green tensor that arises from the deformation gradient. The versatility and generality of our analysis is demonstrated through a variety of examples, where we also show that the constitutive law suggested by the anisotropic version of the well-known As-Rigid-As-Possible energy is the foundational parametric description of both passive and active elastic materials. The generality of our approach means that we can systematically derive the force and force-Jacobian expressions for use in implicit and quasistatic numerical optimization schemes, and we can also use our analysis to rewrite, simplify and speedup several existing anisotropic and isotropic distortion energies with guaranteed inversion-safety.

Contact formulations for analysis of micropolar media with finite continuum beam elements

Microscale beam-like structures are standard components of micromechanical systems in many devices. However, the small dimensionality affects their deformation characteristics and leads to misinterpretations of the results. Presenting such size dependency is possible with advanced continuum descriptions via introducing additional variables compared to the classical one. Hence, the problems where contact occurs require the readjustment of boundary conditions considering these extra parameters. That burdens the already challenging task of contact problem calculations and restricts most demonstration examples to two-dimensional problems and geometrical linearity. The resolution of the imposed restrictions within finite element modeling further emphasizes the usage of advanced media in design and facilitates its application to various problems, which is the aim of this paper. The delivery of that task is as follows. Firstly, we present the kinematics and material descriptions for the micropolar media. The authors propose to use a newly developed continuum-based micropolar beam formulation to avoid an overwhelming computational burden and, at the same time, deal with nonlinear stress–strain relations. Secondly, the work develops a contact approach within the micropolar theory from two-dimensional to three-dimensional elasticity, although the contact is considered frictionless. Finally, it compares two existing contact formulations, including the developed one, for the contact beam problems, using the examples of two collinear sliding beams’ bending.

Modeling of heat conduction through rate equations

AbstractStarting from a classical thermodynamic approach, we derive rate-type equations to describe the behavior of heat flow in deformable media. Constitutive equations are defined in the material (Lagrangian) description where the standard time derivative satisfies the principle of objectivity. The statement of the Second Law is formulated in the classical form and the thermodynamic restrictions are then developed following a variant of the Coleman-Noll procedure where the entropy production too is given by a non-negative constitutive equation. Both the free energy and the entropy production are assumed to depend on a common set of independent variables involving, in addition to temperature, both temperature gradient and heat-flux vector together with their time derivatives. This approach results in rate-type constitutive function for the heat flux that are intrinsically consistent with the Second Law and easily amenable to analysis. In addition to providing already known models (e.g., Maxwell-Cattaneo-Vernotte’s and Jeffreys-like heat conductors), this scheme allows the formulation of new models of heat transport that are likely to apply also in nanosystems. This is consistent with the fact that higher-order time derivatives of the heat flux are in order when high-rate regimes occur.

Establishing a Material Description Table to Optimize Mandarin Proficiency for Indonesian Learners: An Applied Contrastive Analysis Perspective

Abstract. This study aims to elucidate the most contrasting differences between Mandarin and Indonesian language rules. Based on the analysis results, it is hoped that this can serve as a foundation for creating a learning media, namely a descriptive material table. The study reveals that the most contrasting rule lies in the Indonesian language auxiliary number words, which have no more than 30 auxiliary number words, whereas in Mandarin, or known as 量, there are over 200 such words. Additionally, there is a rule for constructing past tense sentences. In Indonesian, a word meaning “finished” is used to indicate the past, contrasting with Mandarin, which employs the particle “了”, which can also have different meanings according to different rules. Furthermore, there is a Numeral system rule where Indonesian simply translates numbers into letters, while Mandarin has specific and detailed rules; this clearly presents a contrasting difference. There is also a rule on reduplication, or in Mandarin termed 重叠, where the quantity of rules between the two languages is almost balanced, yet the functions of usage are vastly contrasting. Lastly, there is the rule of “离合词”, a Mandarin language rule that has no equivalent in Indonesian. The method employed is a mixed-method approach, along with a narrative elaboration model based on quantitative differences in the amount of data between Mandarin and Indonesian languages, which are then expounded upon qualitatively. The data source used is the Confucius Institute (孔子学院) recommended books: 标准教程 Standard Course HSK (Hanyu Shuping Kaoshi / Chinese Proficiency Tes) 1 - 6 下 (Part 2). Data analysis techniques include identification, classification, and presentation of the results of data analysis. The results of the research and presentation show that there is a big gap between Mandarin and Bahasa Indonesia linguistic tools, with each of the rules that bind it. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a learning media to reduce this gap.Keywords: Material description table, Applied Contrastive Analysis, Mandarin, Indonesian Learners.

Application of material point method in modeling soil-geosynthetics interactions-a literature survey

The material point method (MPM) has garnered significant attention in recent years owing to its advantages in solving soil–water-structure interaction problems involving large deformations in geotechnical engineering. The MPM combines the benefits of point-based and mesh-based approaches (finite element method) with both Eulerian computational mesh and continuum descriptions of materials. The successful integration of MPM in simulated landslides, internal erosion, and excavation has been frequently reported. However, solving the soil–geosynthetic interaction problem with the MPM has not been explored, although such problems often entail large deformations. The goal of this study is to collate studies on the simulation of geosynthetics and their interactions with soil using MPM. This paper first discusses the basics of MPM and the formation of thin membrane materials using MPM. It also includes limited applications of MPM in simulating soil–geosynthetic interactions. The applications demonstrate that the MPM is particularly effective in resolving large deformation problems associated with geosynthetics, including problems of landfill settlement, reinforced-slope stability, and geocontainer dropping.

Geometrically exact 3D beam theory with embedded strong discontinuities for modeling of localized failure in bending

In this work, we propose the elastoplastic model of a three-dimensional (3D) geometrically exact beam, which can capture localized bending deformation leading to a plastic hinge. This is a follow-up work to Tojaga et al. (2023), where we only studied the fracture of fiber-like beam structures that break in mode I or mode II, here extended to handle beam-like behavior with bending failure and the main difficulty of the non-vectorial character of large 3D rotations. The Reissner model is chosen for representing the large elastic and large plastic deformations of such a beam model, which leads to the multiplicative decomposition of the rotation tensor. We shown how to replace this with the corresponding additive decomposition of the rotation vector derivatives, to be performed in the material description in the tangent space of SO(3) manifold in the initial configuration. The plasticity model for which we give a more detailed implementation employs a Rankin-like multi-surface plasticity criteria, where each moment vector component (i.e. torsion or bending) is considered separately. The non-local variational formulation is proposed to deal with the softening phenomena characteristic of localized bending failure, where the fracture energy is introduced as the main parameter for softening. The discrete approximation is built in terms of the embedded-discontinuity finite element method (ED-FEM), which introduces a jump in rotation vector that can be handled at the level of a particular beam element. This kind of approach builds upon the best approximation property of the FEM discrete approximation in the energy norm and provides the best-approximation property for the dissipated energy computations, and thus optimal computational accuracy if the quantity of interest is inelastic dissipation. The computations are carried out by the operator split method, which separates the computations of global state variables (displacements and moments) from local (plastic curvature) variables. Several illustrative examples are provided to confirm an excellent performance of the proposed methodology.

Natural Death and Teleology in Aristotle’s Science of Living Beings

Abstract According to most interpreters, Aristotle explains death as the result of material processes of the body going against the nature of the living being. Yet, this description is incomplete, for it does not clarify the relationship between the process of decay and the teleological system in which it occurs: this makes it impossible to distinguish between natural and violent death. In this paper, I try to fill this gap by looking at his so-called ‘biological works’ and mainly at the De Juventute. I first introduce the specific concept of life at play in this treatise and prove its complementarity with the framework of the De Anima. Then, I illustrate in detail the process of dying and the reasons why a merely material description is insufficient to account for the distinction between natural and violent death. Finally, I show that for Aristotle natural death is a by-product of teleologically directed life activities: only against the background of this teleological structure is natural death fully explained in terms of essence and causes. To support this claim, I compare death to two analogous cases in Aristotle’s biology, namely dreams and the features of GA V.

Radiographic identification of challenging gastrointestinal tract foreign bodies: a descriptive study of how appearance varies in air versus water to aid interpretation.

To provide veterinarians with updated radiographic descriptions of select radiolucent foreign material in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. 368 veterinarian respondents from the US. An online survey was administered between June 18, 2023, and July 2, 2023, through a private veterinarian-based social media group. Representative commonly ingested foreign bodies were radiographed surrounded by air and water to simulate being within the gastrointestinal tract. Two examiners evaluated and qualified the opacity of the objects for each environment. The private social media group had a total of 3,900 members including veterinarians from all disciplines. A total of 362 small animal veterinarians (9.3% of the group) responded to the study reporting a total of 123 foreign objects that were not causing mechanical obstruction at the time of initial presentation. Sixty-eight foreign bodies were reported greater than or equal to 5 times and grouped as balls (n = 4), food (9), fabric (14), wood (3), soft plastic (14), hard plastic (18), or other (6). Most (98.5% [67/68]) objects were easily identifiable in air. In water, 23.5% (16/68) of the objects were obscured, and 39.7% (27/68) had inversion of the major opacity when compared to the opacity in air. The opacity of some ingested radiolucent material can invert relative to air or fluid, which may reflect substantial differences in detection following repositioning. When known dietary indiscretion occurs, radiographing a sample of the material in air and water will improve the accuracy of assessment.

Recent Trends of Bioanalytical Sensors with Smart Health Monitoring Systems: From Materials to Applications.

Smart biosensors attract significant interest due to real-time monitoring of user health status, where bioanalytical electronic devices designed to detect various activities and biomarkers in the human body have potential applications in physical sign monitoring and health care. Bioelectronics can be well integrated by output signals with wireless communication modules for transferring data to portable devices used as smart biosensors in performing real-time diagnosis and analysis. In this review, the scientific keys of biosensing devices and the current trends in the field of smart biosensors, (functional materials, technological approaches, sensing mechanisms, main roles, potential applications and challenges in health monitoring)will be summarized. Recent advances in the design and manufacturing of bioanalytical sensors with smarter capabilities and enhanced reliability indicate a forthcoming expansion of these smart devices from laboratory to clinical analysis. Therefore, a general description of functional materials and technological approaches used in bioelectronics will be presented after the sections of scientific keys to bioanalytical sensors. A careful introduction to the established systems of smart monitoring and prediction analysis using bioelectronics, regarding the integration of machine-learning-based basic algorithms, will be discussed. Afterward, applications and challenges in development using these smart bioelectronics in biological, clinical, and medical diagnostics will also be analyzed. Finally, the review will conclude with outlooks of smart biosensing devices assisted by machine learning algorithms, wireless communications, or smartphone-based systems on current trends and challenges for future works in wearable health monitoring.

Exploring Biochemical Changes and Nutritional Composition in Mungbean Genotypes

During the Rabi season of 2018-19, an experiment was undertaken at the C.S.A University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur's pulse research farm kalyanpur to investigate the biochemical investigation of several promising genotypesof mung bean [Vigna radiata (L)]. The nutritional quality flour and characteristics such as the overall range of variability of number of pods per plant, maturity period, yield in gram per plant, moisture content, methionine and tryptophan content were found to be 18-27, 60-70 percent, 2.90-5.94g/plant, 0.38 to 5.68, 0.35-0.72g/16gN, and 1.30 to 1.80g/16gN in mung bean (use either genotype or variety based on the historical description of the mung bean materials used in your research), respectively. The genotypes IPM-02-3, KM-2268, KM-2328, KM-2364, KM-2260, KM-2362 of the varietal trail were found to have the highest number of pods per plant, lowest moisture percentage, lowest maturity period, yield in gram per plant, and greater nutritional contents (don’t such an abrevatted terms in the abstract which might creat confusion for readers) methionine and tryptophan content.

Developing paremiological competence of international students within the framework of a Russian-Korean lexicographic project

The article examines the current issues of developing Korean students’ paremiological competence in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article shows the possibilities of implementing this task within the framework of a student lexicographic project. The participants in the project were Korean students of Russian and Russian-speaking students studying the Korean language and culture. The project activity was aimed at creating a bilingual (Russian-Korean) dictionary of proverbs. We describe the progress of the project and its results. In addition to the dictionary of proverbs published in Korea, the students developed precise interpretations of Russian proverbs, selected Korean equivalents of these proverbs and identified their ethnocultural specifics. Based on authoritative sources, linguocultural comments on proverbs of both languages were developed and included in the dictionary entries. This is how we realized the cross-cultural aspect of the paremiological material description. In the course of working on the project, the students developed the following parameters of paremiological competence: skills of disclosing the meaning, skills of establishing equivalence and providing a linguocultural commentary on proverbs. The final control section confirmed an increase in the students’ development level of these parameters, which allowed us to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the project work as a means of developing the international students’ paremiological competence. The article makes a conclusion about the possibility of using research materials in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language and in compiling educational paremiological dictionaries.

An indirect training approach for implicit constitutive modelling using recurrent neural networks and the virtual fields method

Accurate material description is crucial to achieve high-quality results in computational analysis software. Phenomenological constitutive laws generalize the material behaviour observed in simple mechanical tests. The resulting empirical expressions contain parameters that need to be calibrated through an inverse optimization process. Advancements in Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques have enabled the extraction of non-uniform multi-axial displacement fields, facilitating the development of heterogeneous mechanical specimens and unlocking access to richer material behaviour data. Despite these advancements, constitutive models are still limited by mathematical formulations and biases due to simplifying assumptions. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), as universal function approximators, could potentially drive a paradigm shift in the field. ANNs do not require explicit pre-formulations, hence avoiding the need for identifying unknown parameters. Moreover, ANNs are able to implicitly learn patterns purely from data, allowing to circumvent the biases induced by the simplifying assumptions of first-order principles. However, the training of ANNs for implicit constitutive modelling is not straightforward, given the impossibility of obtaining direct measurements of stress. This paper explores the integration of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with the Virtual Fields Method (VFM) for material modelling. This approach uses global force and displacement data to indirectly train the neural network, with the equilibrium being evaluated globally through the VFM loss function. The proposed method is (i) computationally efficient by not requiring Finite Element Analysis (FEA), (ii) compatible with both full-field measurements and numerically generated data, and (iii) able to handle experimental boundary conditions.

Lithological and geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environments of the Cambrian high-carbon deposits in the east of the Siberian platform (Kyulenke river basin)

Relevance. The need to study high-carbon deposits as potential sources of hydrocarbons and ore minerals that can significantly increase the mineral resource of Russia. In addition, the analysis of lithological and geochemical features and the reconstruction of the sedimentation conditions of the Kuonamka Formation make it possible to more accurately judge the nature of the Lower and Middle Cambrian paleobasin in the east of the Siberian Platform. Aim. To identify lithological and geochemical features of the composition and determine the sedimentation environment of the Kuonamka Formation. Object. High-carbon deposits of the Kuonamka Formation uncovered by exploration wells on the eastern margin of the Mun arch of the Siberian platform in the Kulenke river basin. Methods. Lithological description of core material; mineralogical and petrographic analysis; X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and microelement analysis; determination of the content of sulfur and iron forms by wet chemistry; scanning electron microscopy using X-ray spectral microprobe; analysis of petrochemical modules. Results. It was established that the Kuonamka Formation in the studied sections has a consistent structure of four well-defined lithological-stratigraphic horizons. The composition of the deposits is predominantly mixed and is determined by variations in three main mineral groups: clay, carbonate and siliceous, in addition organic matter. The paper demonstrates different forms of organic matter confirming the mixed algal-bacterial genesis of the biocenosis of the Kuonamka basin. The revealed lithological features and lithochemical data indicate the accumulation of high-carbon deposits at a considerable distance from the drift sources in the depression zone of the open sea basin with weak circulation of bottom waters in anoxic conditions. The geochemical euxinic environment was dominant in carbonate-siliceous muds. Sedimentation occurred during one major transgressive-regressive sedimentation cycle being a typical sequence of filling a uncompensated deep depression.

The Development of Online Teaching Materials for Indonesia Foreign Speaker Level 5

Indonesian Language Learning for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) is increasingly in demand, especially BIPA learning, which is carried out online. However, in online BIPA learning, there are still obstacles. The obstacle is the availability of BIPA online teaching materials. This research aims to produce BIPA online teaching materials that are feasible for BIPA 5 students. This study uses the ADDIE development model to Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The resulting teaching materials are adapted to SKL BIPA 5 and consist of seven lessons that can be used for online BIPA learning. The seven units of material are natural disasters, historical places, Indonesian cuisine, short stories, let us discuss, creative poetry, and the hero. The presentation structure for each unit consists of learning objectives, pre-activity, material descriptions, practice questions, grammar notes, new vocabulary tables, and Indonesian insights. The material in each unit is designed to train the four language skills. Based on the due diligence on content, language, graphics and organization, presentation, and cultural elements in teaching materials, BIPA 5 online teaching materials are suitable for use by BIPA 5 students.

Continuous and Non-Invasive Lactate Monitoring Techniques in Critical Care Patients.

Lactate, once merely regarded as an indicator of tissue hypoxia and muscular fatigue, has now gained prominence as a pivotal biomarker across various medical disciplines. Recent research has unveiled its critical role as a high-value prognostic marker in critical care medicine. The current practice of lactate detection involves periodic blood sampling. This approach is invasive and confined to measurements at six-hour intervals, leading to resource expenditure, time consumption, and patient discomfort. This review addresses non-invasive sensors that enable continuous monitoring of lactate in critical care patients. After the introduction, it discusses the iontophoresis system, followed by a description of the structural materials that are universally employed to create an interface between the integumentary system and the sensor. Subsequently, each method is detailed according to its physical principle, outlining its advantages, limitations, and pertinent aspects. The study concludes with a discussion and conclusions, aiming at the design of an intelligent sensor (Internet of Medical Things or IoMT) to facilitate continuous lactate monitoring and enhance the clinical decision-making support system in critical care medicine.