Dermatoglyphic Data Research Articles

The Study Of Dermatoglyphics Pattern In Females With Primary Infertility

Background: Dermatoglyphics, the study of fingerprint ridge patterns, has been recognized for its potential in reflecting genetic and developmental variations. Primary infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse, is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. This study aims to investigate dermatoglyphic patterns in females with primary infertility to explore possible correlations between these patterns and infertility, providing insights for early diagnosis and management. Objective: The primary objective of this protocol is to systematically analyze dermatoglyphic patterns in females with primary infertility and compare them with those of fertile females. The study seeks to identify specific fingerprint characteristics that may serve as non-invasive markers for primary infertility. Methodology: This cross-sectional study will include two groups: females diagnosed with primary infertility and age-matched fertile controls. Dermatoglyphic data will be collected using the ink method, and the following parameters will be analyzed: total ridge count (TRC), patterns of arches, loops, and whorls, and other key qualitative features. Statistical analysis will be performed to evaluate significant differences between the two groups. Expected outcome: The study is expected to reveal distinct dermatoglyphic patterns in females with primary infertility compared to fertile females. Identifying such patterns may provide valuable markers for assessing genetic predispositions and could potentially assist in early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies for infertility. Conclusion: This protocol outlines a method for studying the potential role of dermatoglyphic patterns in primary infertility, proposing a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic approach. Further research may help in establishing dermatoglyphics as a supplementary tool in infertility assessment and managemen.

EVALUATION OF DERMATOGLYPHIC PATTERNS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH SKELETAL MALOCCLUSIONS

Background and Objectives: Dermatoglyphics deals with the study of the epidermal ridges and their congurations on the ngers, palms and soles. Epidermal ridge patterns form early in fetal development and remain unchanged throughout life and play a signicant role in the diagnosis of many disorders with genetic background. As the primary palate, lip and dermal ridges develop during the same period of intrauterine life, the genetic message contained in the genome - normal or abnormal, is deciphered during this period and is also reected by dermatoglyphics. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the different dermatoglyphic patterns and their correlation with skeletal malocclusions. The study was conducted on 90 individuals divided into 3 equal groups- skeletal Methods: class I, II and III. Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using ink method following rolling impression technique. The dermatoglyphic data was assessed for different nger ridge patterns and total ridge count (TRC). On compar Results: ison skeletal class I group showed markedly decreased number of loops and increased total ridge count (TRC). Skeletal class II showed markedly increased number of loops and markedly decreased TRC. Skeletal class III showed markedly decreased number of arches and increased TRC. Loops were found to be the most predominant pattern in skeletal class II and III groups. The mean TRC was found to be increased in skeletal class III group and markedly decreased in skeletal class II group which was statistically signicant. Dermatoglyphics can be used as a screening tool and for early prediction of skeletal mal Conclusion: occlusion at a younger age group. Dermatoglyphics have important practical and clinical implications which can be applied for preventive and interceptive orthodontics among paediatric patients and also for parent counseling.

Dermatoglyphic Assessment in Male Down Syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder which causes intellectual disability. It is mainly because of the presence of extra copy of chromosome number 21. Dermatoglyphic has been well established as a diagnostic aid in number of diseases having hereditary basis. Dermatoglyphic data was obtained by the use of ink and prints on a paper. This cross-sectional, analytical type of study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January 2017 to December 2017 on 40 Down syndrome subjects (age ranged from 6 to 16) selected from Society for the Welfare of the Intellectually Disabled, Bangladesh (SWID, Bangladesh) and Down Syndrome Society of Bangladesh (DSS) and compared with 40 controls for the establishment of comparison between two groups. Dermatoglyphic prints were used to evaluate the difference in „atd‟ „dat‟ „adt‟ angles and pattern intensity between the control and the DS individuals. The results showed that „atd‟ angle was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Down males than the controls. The dactylography study also revealed lower „dat‟ „adt‟ angles (p<0.05) and pattern intensity (p<0.001) in both hands of Down syndrome group. This method is non-invasive and cost effective. The observed changes in the „atd‟ „dat‟ and „adt‟ angles plus the patterns intensity in the dermatoglyphic study proved that this simple technique could be a valuable tool for selecting individuals of DS for cytogenetic analysis.
 CBMJ 2022 July: vol. 11 no. 02 P: 144-151

Correlation of dermatoglyphics patterns with skeletal malocclusion

Dermatoglyphic Patterns and Skeletal Malocclusion: Dermatoglyphics is the study of the intricate dermal patterns found on the skin of the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. The term dermatoglyphics means “skin carving.” He has proven to be of predictive value for both genetic and nongenetic diseases in the medical field. It has been noted that the period of embryonic development for oral and dermal tissues overlaps. Thus, any impact on the development of oral tissues during this period may also represent itself in the dermatoglyphic patterns. Aim: Keeping this in mind, the present study was designed to investigate the correlation between malocclusions and representation in dermatoglyphic patterns. Materials and Methodology: A total of 90 subjects were selected for the study. Thirty cases each of Class I, Class II, and Class III skeletal malocclusions were selected from the age group of 13–18 years of age with permanent molars present. Lateral cephalograms were taken and their dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded by rolling impression technique. The dermatoglyphic data were assessed for different finger ridge patterns and total ridge count (TRC). Results: On comparison of dermatoglyphic patterns between skeletal Class I, II, and III, the skeletal Class I group showed a markedly decreased number of loops and increased TRC. In the skeletal Class II group, we found markedly increased number of loops and markedly decreased TRC. In the skeletal Class III group, we observed a markedly decreased number of arches and increased TRC. Loops were found to be the most predominant pattern in the skeletal Class II and III groups. The mean TRC was found to be increased in the skeletal Class III group, followed by the Class I group and markedly decreased in the skeletal Class II group, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: It is concluded that dermatoglyphics can be used as a screening tool and for the early prediction of skeletal malocclusion at a younger age group. Dermatoglyphics have important practical and clinical implications which can be applied for preventive and interceptive orthodontics among pediatric patients and also for parent counseling.

Characterisation of Finger Dermatoglyphics Traits and other Biometric Indices among Health Science Undergraduates of the Osun State University, Nigeria

Background: Finger dermatoglyphics has been useful in diagnosing genetically related diseases and detecting crimes. A cross-sectional study was carried out to establish the relationship between fingerprint traits and biometric indices Methods: Finger dermatoglyphics data were obtained using the ink method among the Health Sciences Students of Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Finger pattern intensity, finger pattern distribution, and finger ridge counts were measured and compared. These were done by counting and classifying ridge patterns and pattern configuration of arches, loops, and whorls and counting their ridge densities. The subject’s height, weight, and colour of the pupil were measured and recorded, respectively Results: The ulnar loops and arches were the most predominant finger patter ns in females, while males showed significantly spiral whorls. The sex differences between these patterns were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Subjects with brown pupils demonstrated higher ulnar loop and elliptical whorl, while those with black pupils possessed significantly well-distributed arches, and were insignificant in pattern width and intensity. Body Mass Index (BMI) polymorphism showed the lowest pattern size (Finger Ridge Counts) demonstrated by significantly reduced total finger ridge count among the subjects with BMI range of 24-26 and predominance of the concentric whorl, radial loop, and arches. However, higher pattern size was observed in subjects with a higher BMI value 27-29 BMI range with corresponding ulanr and spiral whorl respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the prevalent biometrics measure of finger dermatoglyphics traits, in relations to the biometrics distribution of pupillary colour and body mass index among the Health Sciences Students of Osun State University, Osogbo Nigeria

Dermatoglyphics: A Noninvasive Diagnostic Tool in Predicting Class III Skeletal Malocclusion in Children.

BackgroundDermatoglyphics is a scientific study that deals with the epidermal ridges and their configurations on certain body parts such as fingers, palms, and soles. In humans, during the intrauterine life (IUL) the primary palate, lip, and dermal ridges are formed during the same period, the genetic code engineered in the genome normal or abnormal is mirrored on these developing structures. Thus making dermatoglyphic a preceding tool in dental diagnosis.Aims and objectivesThe study aimed at evaluating dermatoglyphics as a tool in diagnosing malocclusion by comparing qualitative and quantitative dermal patterns in class I and class III skeletal malocclusion.Materials and methodsSixty subjects fulfilling inclusion-criteria were segregated into two groups, group I (class I skeletal malocclusion) and group II (class III skeletal malocclusion) with 30 subjects in each group. Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using ink method following rolling impression technique on recording sheets. The dermatoglyphic data were assessed for different finger ridge patterns, total finger ridge count, a–b ridge count, and atd angle.ResultsThe data were analyzed using Chi-square and paired t tests. In skeletal class III malocclusion, there was an increase in loop count and a decrease in the count of whorls and arches as compared to class I malocclusion (p = 0.037). However, in relation to total finger ridge count, a–b ridge count, and atd angle, there was no statistically significant difference found between the groups.ConclusionThe end of the study derived that the fingerprint patterns are valuable and ineradicable markers of malocclusion. Thus, the dermatoglyphics can be utilized as a screening tool for early prediction of skeletal class III malocclusion at a younger age-group. Further studies are suggested with the inclusion of other parameters using the inkless biometric method in different populations.How to cite this articleBelludi AC, Sridhara A, Kumar NC, et al. Dermatoglyphics: A Noninvasive Diagnostic Tool in Predicting Class III Skeletal Malocclusion in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):63–69.

STUDY OF ETHNIC AND REGIONAL FEATURES OF DERMATOGLYPHIC PARAMETERS OF HANDS AND FEET (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Abstract. The article outlines the prospects for studying the ethnic and regional features of dermatoglyphic parameters of hands and feet, given the intensification of migration processes both within Ukraine and worldwide, which each year causes a catastrophic increase in the number of people living outside the country or region origin. Refugees, labor and political migrants, migrants due to racial discrimination and other reasons today make up 3% of the world's population. The growing flow of world migration and assimilation creates all the conditions for the disappearance of pure ethnic groups and peoples. Therefore, modern scientists are interested in the availability of anthropometric, anthroposcopic, dermatoglyphic data of different populations to create regional gene pools. In the context of the above issues, the issue related to the study of anthroposcopic, anthropometric, dermatoglyphic parameters of the population of Ukraine, taking into account regional and ethno-territorial affiliation, remains relevant. The article also identifies the advantages of using the dermatoglyphic method, which include ease of use, financial burden and the ability to obtain results in a short time. A thorough analysis of the literature on this issue, based on which the main directions of application of dermatoglyphics. It has been determined that dermatoglyphic has been the subject of research by specialists in various fields of knowledge form overe the century. Based on the results of studying the features of dermatoglyphic, anthropometric and anthroposcopic parameters, scientists have proposed a zoning scheme of the territory of Ukraine.The results obtained by studying the comb pattern of human hands and feet still remain an informative source in medicine, criminology, anthropology and population genetics. Genetic conditionality of dermatoglyphic parameters allows to use dermatoglyphics to solve a number of issues that arise during ethno anthropological and population-genetic studies. Dermatoglyphics is widely used in medicine: clinical (in predicting the likelihood of various pathological conditions) sports (in determining the physical capabilities of the person). In the practice of forensic medicine, dermatoglyphics has until recently been used in the examination of disputed paternity, but in recent decades it has also been actively used in determining family affiliation, analysis of family ties with subsequent use of data to identify unknown persons parameters of relatives. A number of Ukrainian scientists who studied the ethnic features of dermatoglyphic, anthropometric and anthroposcopic parameters, their contribution to Ukrainian ethnodermatoglyphics and outlined prospects for study were identified in the literature analysis. The main key issues considered by scientists from other countries of the world are also identified, the method of studying the ethnic and territorial features of dermatoglyphic, anthropometric and anthroposcopic parameters used by them is evaluated and the results obtained by them are analyzed. Іn the context of the above, it should be noted that the study of ethnological, regional features of dermatoglyphic parameters of the hands and feet is relevant among the world scientific community. However, currently there are too few works by domestic authors devoted to the study of regional and ethno-territorial features of dermatoglyphic parameters, although given the intensification of migration processes, the prospects for its study are outlined.

Innovative methods in forensic science: the science of forensic dermatoglyphics

Forensic dermatoglyphics describes the study of the features and characteristics of the prints and volar surfaces of the hands and feet, as well as the flexors, functional folds, and skin of the person as a whole. It also studies the traces of them found on various items during investigative and search activities in order to determine the character features and body specifics using genetic, national, and geographical traits. Serving as a background for this paper is the fact that in 2016 dermatoglyphics was deemed a pseudoscience. Due to this, it was decided to study the current problems of dermatoglyphics, particularly forensic dermatoglyphics, using proven methods of scientific research as the basis. These include the necessary differentiation of scientific knowledge in combination with its necessary integration with other sciences. At the same time, the method of deduction allowed us to draw conclusions about the unfoundedness of forensic dermatoglyphics as a field of science, at least in its current state. This paper relied on data obtained by various authors. However, forensic dermatoglyphic research is currently being carried out in small groups of test subjects which cannot be a reliable base for scientific statistics; it was concluded that further research focused on developing ways of using dermatoglyphic data in court and investigative practices can only be carried out on a significant empirical basis by creative teams which are made up of representatives of anthropology, doctors of various specialties, primarily, dermatologists, and criminal lawyers. Only this approach will help solve the question in the future about whether or not forensic dermatoglyphics can become a field of science.

Quantitative anthropometric and dermatoglyphic variation of the major ethnic populations in Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Anthropometry is one of the oldest and widely used measures of human variation. Dermatoglyphics is a valuable technique in human population studies by virtue of its uniqueness, genetic determination, and less vulnerability to selection than other genetic markers. AIMS: The study aims (1) to elucidate the traditional ethnic identities in Nigeria which are increasingly facing disintegration due to improved means of communication and urbanization and reduced inbreeding and (2) to describe ethnic characteristics that may be valuable for forensic application and future studies of effects on human diversity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We obtained quantitative anthropometric and dermatoglyphic data from 560 volunteers of both sexes, of Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa origin. The sampling fraction used to attain target sample size for random selection of eligible volunteers was based on the national population figure. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Univariate analysis of variance was used to determine patterns variations, while multivariate analysis was used to determine discrimination among ethnic populations. RESULTS: The anthropometric and dermatoglyphic variables revealed a discrimination that is consistent with ethnohistorical affiliations. Multiple discriminant analysis of the anthropometrics showed higher discrimination power than the dermatoglyphic variables. The derived ethnic classifying equations from anthropometric parameters classified volunteers as Yoruba 78.2%, Hausa 82.4%, Igbo 91.4%; the dermatoglyphic parameters classified volunteers as Yoruba 66.8%, Hausa 57.4%, Igbo 65.3%. The canonical discriminant function of the anthropometric and dermatoglyphic variables showed clustering of the ethnic populations around each ethnic centroid. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide ethnohistorical insights into the structure of the ethnic populations and demonstrate the relationship of the gene flow in the ethnic groups through their exhibited phenotypic characteristics.

Features of quantitative indicators of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in males and females with ichthyosis

Heterogeneity by types of genodermatoses inheritance from the group of ichthyosis, which include virtually all possible variants, is the basis for the application of one of the genetic methods of human study - the method of dermatoglyphics. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of the quantitative indexes of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in men and women with ichthyosis. Dermatological examination was performed in 49 patients with ichthyosis and 136 dermatologically healthy persons. The sample of patients was conducted randomly. All persons received informed consent for conducting observations. Fingerprint and palm prints are obtained by scanning fingerprints on paper by the Futronic's FS8 USB2.0 Fingerprint Scanner using the ftrScanApiEx.exe program, and then transferring data to a personal computer. Processing of dermatoglyphics data was carried out according to the method of Cummins H. and Midlo Ch. (1961). The quantitative indices of both finger and palmar dermatoglifics were determined. The calculation of the received results was carried out in the licensed software package “Statistica 5.5”. The average sample values (M) and dispersion (σ) were determined in the groups of the subjects surveyed. Using the Mann-Whitney U-test determined the probability of differences in the results obtained for individual groups. A certain complex of quantitative signs of palmar dermatoglyphics is revealed, which is characteristic for men suffering from ichthyosis, which includes indexes of the intensity of the comb formations, the value of the length of the segment c-t, the value of the palm corners and the Cummins index. In women suffering from ichthyosis, such a complex includes, as in men, indicators of the intensity of the combs and the length of the segment c-t, except for which - also the value of palm comb accounts. Given the specific lamellar form of ichthyosis, the dermatoglyphic picture (monomorphism of established signs on both hands: the presence of a single 4-finger flexural fold, a pattern in the III interdigital gap, low localization of the carpal angle atd, and the presence of the ulnar loop, complicated by the internal pattern on the III finger of the left and the IV the finger of the right hand brushes), the authors concluded that the study of ichthyosis should be carried out necessarily for each form of ichthyosis separately, which significantly increases the resolution of the method of dermatoglyphics.

Neural networks and perspectives of their use in forensic medicine

This paper presents the trends and tendencies of modern computer processing data obtained during forensic investigations. Examined the system of artificial neural networks, principles and characteristics of their work. Prospects using artificial neural networks when dermatoglyphics data processing research.

Comparison of Dermatoglyphic Pattern among Cleft and Noncleft Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background Oral clefts are among the common congenital birth defects with a broad phenotypic gamut. Since the epidermal ridges of the fingers and palms as well as the facial structures like lip, alveolus, and palate are formed from the same embryonic tissues during the same embryonic period, the genetic and environmental factors responsible for causing cleft lip and palate might also affect dermatoglyphic patterns.Aim Thus, study was undertaken to compare the dermato-glyphic pattern of children with orofacial clefts and normal children and to determine the correlation of dermatoglyphics with orofacial clefts.Materials and methods Total study sample consisted of 120 children in the age group of 3 to 16 years being divided into study and control groups. Dermatoglyphic data obtained from both control and study groups were then subjected to statistical analysis.Results Statistically no significant difference was found in the dermatoglyphic pattern and atd angle for both the groups.Conclusion It was observed that dermatoglyphics in orofacial clefts may not be distinctive. Further, large-scale studies are recommended to confirm the same.How to cite this article Mayall SS, Chaudhary S, Kaur H, Manuja N, Ravishankar T, Sinha AA. Comparison of Derma-toglyphic Pattern among Cleft and Noncleft Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):245-249.

FREQUENCY OF ANAEROBIC POWER AMONG BRAZILIANS BASED ON DERMATOGLYPHICS AND R577X POLYMORPHISM OF THE ACTN3 PROTEIN

Dermatoglyphics and analysis of the Alpha-Actinin-3 gene are evaluative instruments frequently used to identify the sportive and general population profile associated with physical performance. This research aimed to determine, based on dermatoglyphic characteristics and the R577X polymorphism of Alpha-Actinin-3, the percentage of people in the State of Paraiba/Brazil, with unfavorable characteristics to excelling in sports that require anaerobic power. A descriptive study of profiles, with ex post facto typology, was performed. The dermatoglyphic fingerprint characteristics of 309 people (149 males and 160 females) were identified, and ACTN3 genotype was analyzed in 96 people (40 males and 56 females). The dermatoglyphic data indicated that 5.8% of the study population fit the classification of anaerobic muscle power predisposition, while 94.2% did not fit on it. The genetic frequency analysis indicated that 19.8% of subjects in the sample had the XX mutant genotype. These results represent a substantial error reduction in the search for and selection of athletes with the potential for high performance, especially in those sports that require AMP.

Dermatoglyphics from All Chinese Ethnic Groups Reveal Geographic Patterning

Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.

Dermatoglyphic traits of six Chibcha-speaking Amerindians of Costa Rica, and an assessment of the genetic affinities among populations

Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to evaluate population structure and microdifferentiation in several populations. For Chibcha-speaking groups of Lower Central America there are few dermatoglyphic studies, but extensive linguistic, anthropological and genetic data support their historical, cultural and biological relationships. The main objectives of this study were to describe new dermatoglyphic data for six Chibcha- speaking Amerindians of Costa Rica, and to assess the relationships between these and other Amerindian and Eskimo groups, at different levels of population differentiation by means of multivariate analyses of quantitative traits. Sexual (χ 2 =27.22, df=3, p<0.01), and bimanual (χ 2 =54.45, df=3, p<0.01) differences were both significant for the overall population, as has been reported previously. Remarkably, higher frequencies of arches, lower frequencies of whorls and lower means of total ridge counts were observed in the tribes analyzed compared with other American indians. At the lowest level of population differentiation, two Cabecar subpopulations (Atlantic and Chirripo) were compared and no significant differences were found (F=0.001, p=0.72), suggesting that dermatoglyphic variation might not reflect known genetic divergence at this level of association. Comparisons within the Chibchan dataset using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) placed the Huetar and the Cabecar in close proximity, and separated the Guatuso and the Guaymi. Additionally, the Chibchan tribes, although showing nearer proximity to Non-Andean South American groups, can be separated from other Amerindian and Eskimo populations, confirming previous results based on extensive genetic surveys and linguistic analyses that have demonstrated the existence of a Chibchan cluster within a larger South American phylogenetic group. The results obtained support the use of dermatoglyphics to assess interpopulation affinities, even at the level of tribes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 357-369. Epub 2009 November 30.

A dermatoglyphic study of the Amis aboriginal population of Taiwan

Amis is the largest aboriginal population in Taiwan. The previous dermatoglyphic studies of the Amis only reported limited data. In this study, we collected and analyzed the dermatoglyphs of 200 Amis individuals, and we reported a wide range of dermatoglyphic variables including total finger ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, axial triradius percent distance, and frequencies of fingerprint pattern, palmar thenar pattern, palmar interdigital pattern, and simian line. This study is the first comprehensive dermatoglyphic research of Amis since 1960s, and its dermatoglyphic data will be useful for future research in anthropology, genetics and medicine.

Dermatoglyph Groups Kinh Vietnamese to Mon-Khmer

Kinh is the largest population in Vietnam. It belongs to Mon-Khmer linguistically, but there is no last word for its origin. There are three hypotheses for the homeland of Kinh. The formation of Kinh population is also hypothesized to have occurred by one of two different modes. One is demic diffusion of Mon-Khmer, the other is Daic population assimilated by Mon-Khmer. Population studies such as dermatoglyphics can be used to determine the relevant mode. Fingerprints, palm prints, and sole prints of 135 individuals from Kinh populations all over Vietnam were collected in this project. Principle component analysis and dendrogram analysis were done based on the dermatoglyphic data of populations from south China and Vietnam. Kinh Vietnamese was found to be quite close to Deang and Blang, which belong to the Mon-Khmer group, but are not closely related to the Daic populations. This study supports the demic diffusion mode of the formation of the Kinh population. The interaction with the Daic population was never a significant course in the formation of Kinh.

The Frequency of Fingerprint Type in Parents of Children with Trisomy 21 in Japan

Analysis of the frequency data of each fingerprint type (arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, and whorl) of the parents of children with Trisomy 21 (Fathers: 71; Mothers: 128) born between 1965 and 1970 obtained from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital was carried out. Japanese controls were taken from dermatoglyphics data in Japan. We conducted the Friedman test on each type of fingerprint between Japanese controls and parents of Trisomy 21 children. Results from a statistical analysis based on the above data showed significant differences, more arches (p < 0.0001) and fewer whorls (p < 0.05) in mothers of children with Trisomy 21. Among fathers of Trisomy 21 children, a significant difference was found in there being fewer whorls (p < 0.05) and ulnar loops (p = 0.06). Considering the mothers' fingerprints, we suspected that females with a higher frequency of arches and a lower frequency of whorls had a stronger possibility of bearing Trisomy 21 babies. On the other hand, in fathers of Trisomy 21 children, we considered that there would be a possibility of significant differences if cases in the sample were increased.

Ethnic Anthropology of the Former East Germany (before 1945): Geographical Differentiations and Feature Correlations

Using metric, morphognostic and dermatoglyphic data of 14-year old children of families displaced after WW II, recorded during a large survey in Westphalia by Schwidetzky and Walter (1967), the anthropological structure of former East Germany (before 1945) is reconstructed. A principal component analysis for 14 features yields the following 5 principal components which together explain 50% of the total variance: 1st a breadth component with high values in the South-East, 2nd an East-Europid component (oblique eye openings and prominent cheekbones) with high values in the Northeast (East and West Prussia), 3rd a pigmentation component with high values in the South, 4th a brain-case component (i.e. cephalic index and the morphognostic shape of the back of the head) and 5th a face profile with deep position of the eyeballs and prominent chin. The 4th and 5th PC show a similar geographical frequency distribution as the 1st PC with a North-West to South-East gradient. The discussion considers the conformities and contradictions to the traditional types. The 2nd PC substantially corresponds to the feature pattern of the East-Europid type described by Egon von Eickstedt and originates in the Slavic and Baltic population substrate from the time before the German settlement in the Middle Ages. The remaining four principal components show relations to the typological Nordic-Alpine contrast. The representation of feature complexes, such as pigmentation and facial profile, in separate principal components rests on the methodical aspects of the principal component analysis (orthogonality) and common genetic or anatomic bases. The comparison between the correlation matrixes of the East German school children and the native Westphalians shows noticeable differences. The correlation between oblique eye openings and prominent cheekbones, which is 0.44 among the East Germans (i.e. the highest value), is only 0.07 among the Westphalians - which is not significantly different from zero. Instead, the Westphalians show several correlations between the facial index and physiognomic features some of which are opposed to those of the East German children and correspond to the traditional feature pattern of the Falic type. With respect to ethnic differentiations, especially the physiognomic features of the face yield a great deal of information. This suggests not to discard types and not to regard them as homogenous and discrete entities but as clusters within the multivariate continuum. In this manner, the dominant present single-sided population concept which excludes feature correlations can be corrected, supplemented by a quite natural element of human groups.

Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with oral clefts

In humans, the development of the primary palate and the lip is completed by the 7th week of intra uterine life and that of secondary palate by 12th week. The dermal ridges develop in relation to the volar pads, which are formed by the 6th week of gestation and reach maximum size between 12th and 13th weeks. This means that the genetic message contained in the genome--normal or abnormal is deciphered during this period and is also reflected by dermatoglyphics. Hence this study was done in order to observe the differences in dermatoglyphic patterns between the children with oral clefts and normal children and to determine the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in studying the genetic etiology of oral clefts. Dermatoglyphic data from 50 oral cleft children and 50 normal children were collected using the ink method and comparison was done between them. In the present study, we found an increase in the ulnar loop patterns on the distal phalanges of the ten fingers, an increase in the atd angle and an increase in the fluctuating asymmetry of the atd angle in the oral cleft children which indicates the degree of developmental instability of the oral cleft individual.