Verbal Derivation Research Articles

The Emergence of Verb Patterns in Arabic in Children With Developmental Language Disorder Compared to Children With Typical Development.

The Arabic verb system features a nonlinear root and pattern derivational morphology. Previous studies suggest that young Arabic and Hebrew speakers' early verb use is based on semantic complexity rather than derivational morphological structure. The present study examines the role of morphological and semantic complexity in the emergence of the verb derivational morphology in Arabic speaking children with developmental language disorder (DLD) compared to children with typical language development (TLD). Natural language data were collected from native Arabic-speaking children (40 with DLD; aged 4-6 years and 133 with TLD aged 2;6-6;0 [years;months]) using picture-based elicitation tasks, and verbs were coded morphologically for derivational features and for features of semantic complexity. The results showed that children with DLD demonstrated a more limited production of verb patterns, both in types and in tokens, than age-matched children with TLD. Also, children with DLD age 5;0-6;0 were similar in types and tokens of verb patterns to younger children with TLD at the age of 3;6-4 years. Moreover, while children with TLD at the age of 2;6-3 years used a smaller number of verb patterns than older 4;0-5;0 aged children with DLD, the two groups were not different in verb semantics. Finally, the morphological and semantic diversity demonstrated by the children with DLD was similar to the morphological and semantic diversity shown by children with TLD. Our findings support the conclusion that children with DLD and with TLD acquire the derivational verb system in the same pathway and the quantitative lexical differences between the two groups support a delay rather than a deviation from the typical developmental trajectory.

Nonconcatenative Morphology of MSA as Represented by Deverbal Verbs

The present paper considers how the derivation of deverbal verbs occurs in Arabic, a language with nonconcatenative morphology. As Arabic linguists have carefully investigated Arabic deverbal verbs, English literature lacks such investigations. Demonstrating how a word modifies meaning while explaining the intriguing nonconcatenative morphology of Arabic are reasons for considering deverbal verbs. To illustrate the hierarchical structure of Arabic deverbal verbs efficiently, autosegmental analysis was used. Arabic manuscripts and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) dictionaries, using the Alshamela search engine and the Almaany search engine, were consulted to create a list of deverbal verbs. The manuscripts were utilized to find the initial lists, while the dictionaries were used to filter the list to only include the current deverbal verbs. The author found MSA deverbal verbs are derived through nonconcatenative morphology. The meanings of deverbal verb particles were concluded to belong to an additional autosegmental tier that is distinct from the tier of the root meaning. Notice how the meaning of the deverbal verb تضرّب [taDar:aba] ‘hit oneself’ as an intransitive verb retains the root meaning of ضرب [Daraba] ‘hit’ and adds the deverbal meaning indicating the action happening to oneself. It had been expected that all the verb roots would interact with the deverbal verb templates; however, this was not the case. These morphological gaps were attributed to violations of MSA phonotactics or semantic oddities. Further investigation of the deverbal verbs, considering other languages with nonconcatenative morphology, while investigating the deverbal verb meanings from an Optimality Theory perspective, presents promising plans for future research.

Derivation of Verbs from Loanwords in Arabic According to Arabic Derivational Paradigms

A sample of 186 loanwords with derived verbs in Arabic was collected and analyzed to explore how these verbs are derived from loanwords; part of speech of the derivable source loanwords; which derivational verb patterns are followed; why verbs are derivable from some loanwords but not from others; and the constraints imposed on the derivation of verbs from loanwords. Data analysis revealed that some loan verbs remain as they are when borrowed in Arabic (comment, update). In 41%, the derived verbs in Arabic are an Arabization of the verbs in the doner language. In 59%, Arabic speakers derive a verb from loan nouns for which no derived verbs exist in the doner (source) language. In 12% of the loanwords, two verbs are derived which follow adifferent derivational patterns, with a different meaning and transitivity. The derived verbs in the sample follow nine Arabic derivational patterns regardless of the source language. A root consisting of 3, 4 or 5 consonants is extracted from the loan word, with vowels added in between. 82% follow five quadri-consonantal paradigms and 16% follow three quinque-consonantal paradigms. The most productive paradigm is فعلل /fa؟lal/ CVCCVC (Afghanize > أفغن/?afɣan/ (VT, make Afghani in character or nationality); Amalgamate > ملغم /malɣam/; Americanize > أمرك /?amrak/ (46%). The second most productive paradigm is فعّل /fa؟؟al/ CVCCVC (19%) as in Gypsum> جبّس/dʒabbas/ (VT); hacker> هكر /hakkar/ (VT); hang>هنج /hannag/ (VI); Latinize>لتن /lattan/ (VT). The quinque-consonantal paradigms تفعلل /tafa؟lal/ CVCVCVC is used in 9% of the loanwords as in democratize > دمقرط/damaqraT/ (VT). The tri-consonantal paradigm is the least productive (2%) as in Ekleipsis (Gr) eclipse>كسف /kasafa/ (VI). All derived verbs herein conform to the Arabic phonotactic and morphotactic systems and are frequently used in daily speech. The same strategies for creating augmented verbs are used in all native but many loanwords. Verb derivation from nouns as countries is feasible but not used, and for others, it is not possible and is counter intuitive to extract consonants to form a root. Recommendations for the creation of a loanwords dictionary and a Arabic derivations’ dictionary are given.

The Analysis of Word Formation Processes in CNN News Political Articles

Morphological analysis typically consists of the identification of parts of words or more technically, constituents of words. The purpose of this research is to classify and analyze the process of word formation, especially derivational morphemes in political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform. The researcher used a qualitative research method. Data collecting technique used was observation. The results of the analysis were explained in detail. Results of the analysis was 11 suffixes found that classified as adjective derivation, 15 suffixes were identified as noun derivation, 5 suffixes was classified as verb derivation, and affixes that have function to change the meaning of word was 16 prefixes and 5 suffixes. The highest number of affixes found was affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. It meant that it prefer to use simple and effective words to make the readers easy to understand and more interested in reading another news in CNN News especially political articles.

Analyzing the Derivational Verb of Indonesian Based on the Derivational Morphology

This research delved deep into the complex and intricate world of derivational verbs in the Indonesian language, with a meticulous analysis of their structure and formation using the lens of derivational morphology. The study scrutinized the systematic rules governing the creation of verbs in Indonesian, exploring the prefixes, suffixes, and root words that significantly shaped their meaning and function. Through advanced linguistic methodologies and extensive data collection, this research aimed to unveil the underlying patterns and principles governing the formation of derivational verbs in Indonesian. The study delved into the intricate web of Indonesian derivational verbs, examining how certain affixes or combinations of affixes could change the meaning of the root word and create an entirely new word. The findings showed that (1) Indonesian verb derivation used a wide range of affixes; these affixes came in various forms, including prefixes like {me(N)-}, {ber-}, {ter-}, and suffixes like {-kan}, {-i}; (2) the use of different affixes with root words resulted in significant semantic shifts, and (3) the significance of affixation patterns and semantic shifts in Indonesian verb derivation was highlighted, which could be used to develop a structured theoretical framework for future linguistic inquiries. The findings of this research offered valuable insights into the language's intricate derivational system, shedding light on the nuanced processes that contributed to the rich tapestry of Indonesian vocabulary. It contributed to a better understanding of the language's syntax, grammar, and partial linguistic structure.

Anoniminio katekizmo (1605) Priesaginiai VEIKSMAŽODŽIAI denominatyvai ir deverbatyvai

This article focuses on the suffixed verbs denominatives and deverbatives of the Anonymous Catechism (1605), i.e. the suffixed derivatives of nominals and verbs. All forms of suffixed verbs and their derivatives were extracted from this source. A total of 301 words were collected. Non-recurring suffixed verbs were identified and generalised by removing prefixes. This revealed that the Anonymous Catechism contains 105 non-repeating suffixed verbs. The suffixed verbs found in the Catechism were divided into synchronically non-segmentable and segmentable verbs, and the basis and categories of the latter were then clarified. The ratio of deverbatives to denominatives, the categories of derivation, the frequency and derivability of suffixes were established.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN THE SHORT STORY OF WINTER BREAK BY HILARY MANTEL

This paper aimed to explore derivational affixes, more specifically the types of derivational affixes and the functions of the derivational affixes in the story of Winter Break, which was written by Hilary Mantel. The exploration of the affixes is important to conduct because it would assist learners of English in enriching their vocabulary items. This study was quantitative descriptive. The researchers collected complex words from the story and analyzed their derivational affixes. Results showed that there existed 54 occurrences of words containing derivational affixes. 3 of the 54 words contained 3 types of prefixes, namely in-, un-, pre-, and the remaining 51 words contained 20 suffixes such as -er, -ed, -y, -ly, -ion, -hood, -ment, -al, -ing, -tion, -ish, -ness, -ous, -ity, -ful, -ary, -age, -cal, -less, -able. Four functions of derivational affixes were identified in the short story of Winter Break, namely, noun formation with 16 occurrences (29.6%), adjective formation with 24 occurrences (44.4%), adverb formation with 13 occurrences (24.1) and verb formation with only 1 occurrence (1.9%). Because the Winter Break narrative uses a lot of noun descriptions, which means that adjectives are employed to modify nouns, the adjective construction occurred the most frequently. The verb formation is the least common as the majority of the verbs in the Winter Break story are past tense; as a result, these verbs are categorized as inflectional affixes rather than derivational verbs, which is beyond the purview of this study.

Subjunctives in Romanian Languages: Micro-Parametric Variation in Complement CPs and the Periphrastic Future

This paper aims to (i) establish the micro-parametric variation in the development of the subjunctive CP in Romanian languages (Daco-Romanian/DR; Aromanian/AR; Megleno-Romanian/MR; Istro-Romanian/IR) and (ii) account for derivations in which the subjunctive is integrated into the formation of the periphrastic future in these languages. Briefly, the analysis points out that the subjunctive CP in Romanian languages can display a split Fin (unlike in other Balkan languages) and that the remerging of the split Fin finds itself at different stages: complete in DR, but incomplete at different degrees in AR, MR, and IR. The compatibility of the subjunctive morphology with the derivation of the periphrastic future follows from the semantic bleaching and grammaticization of the volitional ‘will’ and ‘have’ verbs, together with the Balkan Sprachbund subjunctive mood marking, which combine in a monoclausal construction via a serial verb derivation to compositionally check a Fin marked [+finite, modal].

Derivational peculiarities of the high style vocabulary in the lyrics of I.A. Brodsky and A.A. Tarkovsky

The article is devoted to the word-formation features of high style vocabulary on the material of I.A. Brodsky’s and A.A. Tarkovsky poetry. The author shows the continuity of the poetic language of Brodsky and Tarkovsky with the heritage of Pushkin, and links lexical resources used by these poets with the corpus of Slavic words in the Russian literary language. The productivity of book word-formation type of nominative and objectifical names with abstract feature with suffixes -ость/- есть, -ство/-ество, lexical apophathisms, formed by prefix-suffixal method with prefixes без- and не-; the productivity of book-poetic verbal nouns with suffixes --ениj-/-ниj-, verbal derivatives of nouns with the suffix -тель; poets’ active use of participial forms. The conclusion is made about the commonality in the representation of stylistic synthesis by I.A. Brodsky and A.A. Tarkovsky. Along with the widely represented book vocabulary, their poetry reflects common and expressive vocabulary of colloquial style. Style synthesis testifies to the syncretism of the author’s perception of reality: subjective experience is combined with collective, value beginning.

How things become red in Mandarin Chinese? A case study of deadjectival change of state predicates

This paper provides an HPSG analysis for the morphosyntax and the semantics of deadjectival change of state (CoS) verbs in Mandarin Chinese. We first show that adjectives are a distinct word class from verbs in Mandarin Chinese and argue for the derivation of CoS verbs from property concept adjectives. We then model this derivation with a lexical rule. Finally, since CoS verbs can be combined with another verb to form a resultative verb compound (RVC) to express caused CoS, we also propose a lexical rule to account for RVCs.

On the distribution and history of Saami verbal derivatives in -š-

The article presents a comparative-historical survey on Saami verbal derivatives with a suffixal *-š- (or *-šš-), based on extensive dictionary data from all Saami languages. The derivatives are divided into several subtypes using structural and functional criteria, and the distribution of each subtype as well as shared derivatives between Saami languages are investigated in order to illuminate the background of each subtype and their interrelations. It is argued that the essive verbs in *-āše̮- (South Saami vealkasjidh ‘appear white’) and denominal verbs in *-uše̮- (North Saami jallošit ‘play the fool’) as well as the diverse *-(e̮)še̮- verbs in the more peripheral languages descend from a single Proto-Saami *-še̮- derivative suffix with a general verbalizer function. The model of this type has probably also contributed to the emergence of the weak-grade *-Všše̮- type, which mainly consists of borrowings adapted from Finnic *-icce- verbs, such as North Saami dárbbašit (~ Finnish tarvitse-) ‘need’. Kokkuvõte. Juha Kuokkala, Eino Koponen: Saami -š-verbituletiste esinemisest ja ajaloost. Artiklis esitatakse võrdlev-ajalooline uurimus saami *-š- või *-šš- sufiksiga verbituletistest. Uurimus põhineb laialdasel sõnaraamatuainestikul kõigist saami keeltest. Tuletised jaotatakse strukturaalsete ja funktionaalsete kriteeriumide järgi alltüüpideks, ning iga alltüübi esinemist ja mitmele keelele ühiseid tuletisi vaadeldakse alltüupide tausta ja nende suhete selgitamiseks. Selle põhjal järeldame, et essiivsete *-āše̮ -verbide (lõunasaami vealkasjidh ‘paistma valgena’) ja denominaalsete *-še̮ -verbide (põhjasaami jallošit ‘veiderdama’) ning perifeersemate keelte erinevate funktsioonidega *-(e̮)še̮ -verbide taust peitub ühes ühises algsaami *-še̮-tuletusliites, mis algselt kandnud üldse verbistaja ja frekventatiivsufiksi funktsioone. Selle tüübi eeskuju on tõenäoliselt mõjutanud ka nõrgaastmelise *-Všše̮-tüübi tekkimist, mis peamiselt koosneb läänemeresoome *-icce-verbidest mugandatud laenudest, nagu põhjasaami dárbbašit (~ soome tarvitse-) ‘vajama’.

Verb Borrowing: The Integration of English Loan Verbs in Yemeni Arabic

This study aims to examine the extent to which English loan verbs are incorporated in Yemeni Arabic (YA) and how they are integrated into the morphosyntactic system of the dialect. About seventy borrowed verbs were collected from different oral and written sources including local TV series and plays, YouTube videos, and followers’ comments on social media. The data analysis drew on Wohlgemuth’s (2009) model of verbal borrowing typology. It was found that YA employs three main strategies in accommodating English loan verbs: 1) direct insertion with root reduction, 2) light verb strategy, and 3) derivative loan verbs. Direct insertion without root reduction is rarely used. While loan verb derivatives represented a non-patterned strategy in Wohlgemuth’s framework, light verb strategy was the most frequent, occurring in 50% of the data. The findings serve as evidence that foreign verbs can be directly borrowed in YA, and the recent verbs borrowed from the IT domain provide much more insight into the various strategies of loan verb integration in the dialect. Keywords: Loan Verbs, Integration Strategies, Verbal Borrowing, Yemeni Arabic, English

Colloquial Persian: Towards a New Rise of Simple Verbs?1

AbstractFor the formation of new verbs, Persian very productively employs complex predicates, while the derivation of simple verbs has been held to be marginal or even inexistent. We use data from internet fora, blogs, and messaging services to argue that the derivation of simple verbs from nominals is a productive process at least among speakers of colloquial Persian who actively use online media. Two acceptability tests of seven verbs and two ‘placebo verbs’ conducted among 58 participants produced more than 7,000 gradings. They show that such verbs are surprisingly well accepted, with statistically significant differences depending on age, gender, region, TAM form, and the individual verbs. Some of these results seem quite straightforward (e.g., acceptance declining with age), others rather not (for instance, the present and past progressive is very well accepted). The results run counter to the assumption that a gradual substitution of synthetic structures (simple verbs) by analytical ones (complex predicates) is a unidirectional process.

The Turkic middle voice system: deponency and paradigm reorganization

Abstract The goal of this paper is to recharacterize the distribution of two suffixes in Common Turkic, the reflexive -(I)n and the reciprocal -(I)š. Despite having quite distinct sources (the former as a suffix employed in the derivation of intransitive verbs, the latter a plural marker), these two suffixes have fallen into a somewhat overlapping distribution in the modern Turkic languages. They share a range of middle-like functions, and so they are characterized here as a bipartite middle voice system. Many of these functions have become peripheral, however, and the system increasingly consists of a class of verbs with deponent paradigms.

Приставочные глаголы движения в русском языке: видовая коррелятивность и видообразование

ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of a corpus and Runet study of the imperfectivability and aspectual correlation of Russian prefixed verbs which are derivatives of verbs of motion (VoM), a group of Russian verb lexicon with special properties. Since this group is a subset of prefixed verbs, the imperfectivability of VoM is compared with the general ability of prefixed verbs to form imperfectives. Various theoretical models for describing the aspectual correlativeness of VoM derivatives, as well as morphological mechanisms of their formation, are also discussed. One of the issues under scrutiny is whether imperfectives of the type uchoditʹ Imprf are formed by adding a prefix to simplicia of the type choditʹ Imprf (assuming an Imprf ← Imprf prefixation model) or by suffixal imperfectivization from prefixed perfectives like ujti Prf (involving, besides stem suppletion, the postulation of the stressed -i- as a new imperfectivization suffix). The paper argues for the first option. It also describes two types of aspectual correlation between prefixed VoM formed from simplicia that differ in (not)unidirectionality (idti Imprf – choditʹ Imprf, katitʹ Imprf – katatʹ Imprf): the model specific for the VoM: prijti Prf– prichoditʹ Imprf, and the model of suffixal imperfectivization common with other prefixed verbs: dokatatʹ Prf (and dokatitʹ Prf) – dokat-yva-tʹ Imprf.

The Conjugation of Pashto Compound Verbs

Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of verbs – Transitive verb, intransitive verb and Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most of the verbs has two roots (present and Past). According to structure, we have three types of verbs: simple verbs (as, root+suffix: ʣ+əm à ʣəm, χwr+əm à χwrəm à zə ɖoɖə́i χwrəm.) derivative verbs (as, article+root+suffix: rɑ+ʁ+əià rɑ́ʁəi à ahmád rɑ́ʁəi), and compound verbs (as, root+root+suffix: χpor + kedə́là [after changes of conjugation] χpəredə́l à wraʣpə́ɳa χpará ʃwa.). As well as, there are four categories of auxiliary verbs, as follow: “کېدل/kedə́l/”, “شول/ʃwəl/”, “ول/wəl/, کول/kawə́l/” and “کړل/kɽəl/”. Hereby, conjugation of verb in Pashto varies according to Number, Gender and Person. Meanwhile, both parts of compound verbs conjugate in which only one-part conjugates. Generally, the end of compound verbs is conjugated by the suffix according to the mentioned categories.

ПОХІДНІ ДІЄСЛОВА – АКТИВНІ ЛЕКСИЧНІ ОДИНИЦІ ДЛЯ ЗВ’ЯЗНОСТІ ТЕКСТУ

The article analyzes the semantics of derivatives of verbs with an indefinite prefix ver- in a literary text, because the derivative word has the ability to display or describe a situation with the required degree of completeness, accuracy and detail. Derivatives in formal and semantic structure of text provide semantic compression, which lies in their ability to express semantics, commensurate with the value of syntactic units, as well as grammatical re-categorization of sign values, which provides for them new communicative functions. A derivative word, in comparison with simple, underived, introduces more information because of its motivation, because of presence in it of additional component that carries this information. The complex character of meaning of word-building units, semantic and functional correlation of most derivative words with the corresponding syntactic structures, predetermines the possibility and need for the use of secondary names. Continuous replenishment of vocabulary of a given language with derivative words serves as a very suitable material to study the ways of language functioning, its connection with the development of society. A particularly broad perspective opens the study of semantic structure in the context of a new derivative word, which can capture the direct act of word formation, as well as interpret the use of neologisms in it. Any text displays the sequence of nominative units, including derivative words. In the text, the word-forming unit receives an incentive to disclose its derivative possibilities, since the text is the environment in which the word is born, it is in it that it is possible to define the stages of the natural process of formation of derivatives. The property of the derivative verb by means of one token to convey information that is equivalent to the semantics of the syntactic construction, can become decisive in the content organization of the text.

Структурно-семантическая характеристика производных глаголов движения в немецком языке

The aim of the research is to identify and describe the structural, semantic and functional features of derivative verbs of motion with derivational suffixes of the directional meaning in the German language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a holistic approach to the study of the ways of dynamic relations explication. Carrying out a component analysis, the paper is the first to identify the semantic features of functioning of the German derivative units belonging to the lexico-semantic group ‘Motion’ in syntagmatic structures based on the correlation of ‘verbs of motion with the verbal components-particles of prepositional and adverbial character of the directional semantics + a prepositional/non-prepositional construction’ with the causators of the initial, intermediate and final points of motion. The research findings have shown that the nominative field of spatial-directional relations consists of 12 propositional models and word-formation categories, the constitutive components of which are word-formation types (series of word-formation types) with a certain degree of productivity, as well as a connotative and collocational potential. In addition, German verbal particles of directional semantics demonstrate nominative independence and, as a result, affect the processes of text generation. It has been found that the influence of the studied suffixes on the content structure of the motivating word forms two types of word-formation meanings: the modifying meaning, which includes the modifying-amplifying one, and the mutational meaning, which includes the neutralizing one.

VERB WORD-FORMING DERIVATION AS A PROCESS OF CREATION OF THE SECONDARY NOMINATIVE SIGNS WITH A WORD STATUS

The article characterizes the mechanism of the secondary marking of verbal derivation, establishes the boundaries of semantically derived units in the nominative-derivative processes of the Old Ukrainian language in the written records of the 14th – 17th centuries. The suffixed word-formation of the verbal nominatives should be considered not only within the limits of semantics, but also in the onomasiological aspect of language and its connections with the structure of consciousness: thinking, mental functions, internalization of reality and feeling of the world, as well as in the mechanism of reflecting referents in the mentality and marking them in language system. Nominative processes determine the mechanism of interaction of reality, thinking and language inherent in a certain ethnic group. The suggested combined approach to research, in particular onomasiological with elements of the field and ideographic, which makes evident the two-vector analysis, from a thought to a word and from a word to a thought, in the research of the word-forming subsystem of the Old Ukrainian language in the linguistic conceptualization of the world, clarify the cognitive-discursive approach in the emergence of new nominative derivatives, which outline the relevance and the perspective of the research.

Synonyms as the Semantic Component of Conversion

Conversion is very common in modern English. The main condition for the formation of a new language unit through conversion is the change of the syntactic function of the word, which is observed by the change of meaning. It is sometimes necessary to change the basic syntactic environment that is needed for conversion. A word formed by the conversion takes all the inflectional forms of the part of the language to which it belongs. Conversion, as a means of forming verbs and nouns, has become one of the characteristic features of the English language since the XIII century. The conversion formed as a result of the collapse of the inflectional system at the beginning of the Central Asian period. From 1150, a number of derivative verbs formed by conversion from adjectives appeared, and from the 13th-15th centuries, verbs derived from adverbs and participles appeared. In the Middle English period, until about the 15th century, the formation of verbs from nouns and adjectives significantly decreased due to the emergence of a large number of nouns and verbs borrowed from French. The grammatical homonymy of many English verbs and nouns resulting from the loss of inflection was only one of the prerequisites for the emergence of conversion as a new way of word formation.