Verbal Derivation Research Articles

KUGINUKI Tōru: Studies on the Derivation and Transformation of Verb in Old Japanese

KUGINUKI Tōru: Studies on the Derivation and Transformation of Verb in Old Japanese

Идиш-славянские языковые параллели (на материале префиксальных глаголов в рассказе Дер Нистера «Shiker» и в его украинском переводе)

The article analyzes derivational and semantic parallels in Yiddish and Ukrainian from the standpoint of the author’s linguistic hybridity theory. It presents the results of a comparative study of prefixed verbs used in the story “Shiker” by the Soviet Yiddish writer Der Nister and its Ukrainian translation “Spyanilo” (by E. Raitsin). Linguistic parallels are shown as Slavic phenomena in the Yiddish prefixed verb derivation and semantics, resulting from the Slavic adstrate influence on Middle High German – the basis language of Yiddish. The German expression plane of the studied Yiddish prefixes and their genetically Slavic or both German and Slavic content plane are discussed in terms of comparative history. The comparative studies shows that more than half of the verbs in the Yiddish source text contain semantically Slavic homonymous prefixes and German-Slavic hybrid polysemous prefixes. In terms of translatology, it is shown that the absolute majority of these verbs are translatable into Ukrainian by simple morphemic and alternative morphemic substitution. In the general theoretical aspect, the terms and concepts “homonymous prefixes” and “hybrid polysemous prefix” are specified. It has been proved that the Yiddish-Slavic parallels between Yiddish source and Ukrainian target language / between Yiddish original and its Ukrainian translation are an additional evidence of the German-Slavic hybridity of Yiddish as a genealogically Germanic language.

ADVERB OF TIME IN ARABIC SIMPLE SENTENCE

This research aims to describe the pattern of Arabic simple sentences attached by adverb of time and the distribution of the adverb of time in Arabic simple sentences. The research data are in the form of a simple sentence, which contains adverb of time from a paper in the book Al-Arabiyah Baina Yadaik Volume 4a by Al-Fauzan, et al. (2014). The data collection was carried out using the observation method. The analysis of adverb of time in Arabic simple sentence was done by a tree diagram with the guidelines proposed by Chomsky (2002). The results showed that the adverb of time is inherent in verbs and was only found in the original verb and not a derivational verb. In addition, the sentence patterns of Arabic simple sentence attached by adverb of time consist of PS, SP, SPO, and PSO. The researchers also found the distribution of adverbs of time inside the predicate, behind the object, in front of the predicate, and behind the subject.

Derivation of verbs attested in the old Lithuanian scripts: infixed and sta-stem anticausatives

The article presents the analysis of infixed and sta-stem verbs opposed to ia-stem verbs attested in the old Lithuanian scripts, investigating the opposition causative/anticausative. The research has shown that this morphosemantic opposition was amply testified in the earliest Lithuanian written sources – 59 correlations of this type were recorded in total. More than 50 percent of the equivalents of the oppositions attested exist in the Latvian language as well. This suggests that the causative/anticausative formation belongs to the Eastern Baltic period, and has been crucial to the productivity of the class of infixed and sta-stem verbs. Although not so abundant, the correspondences of the oppositions found in the Slavic and Germanic languages presuppose an even earlier chronology of decausation. The regularity of the semantics and formal structure of the oppositions allow the relations of the opposites to be treated as derivative. This is particularly true in the case of the abundant reflexes of “complex-root” oppositions such as CeRC/CiRC. The abundance of non-present and prefixed forms of the analysed verbs testifies to the specificity of this flexional class in terms of actionality: inchoative, completive, limitative or punctual meaning realised by corresponding prefixes was important for the development of the morphosemantic uniformity of decausatives and has inspired new patterns of word formation, the durative/terminative opposition and the derivation of the denominatives in particular. The study of the causative/anticausative verbal opposition in the old Lithuanian scripts is significant for the history of Lithuanian infixed and sta-stem verbs and for a typological linguistic research.

Metaphorical Analyses of Russian Verbs of Thinking Activity Meaning

The study of cognitive semantics of verbs is an important topic in contemporary linguistics. Taking Russian metaphorical thinking meaning verbs as the object, this article discusses the cognitive semantics of verbs. First of all, the paper combs out the subconscious thinking activity verbs derived from the metaphors of prototype actions of volitional and non volitional activities, and the autonomous thinking activity verbs from the prototype action metaphor of will activity; then focusing on the cognitive similarity and semantic violation, the article separately analyses the metaphorical semantic derivation of these two kinds of thinking activity, meanwhile, it correspondingly discusses the problem of polysemy of Russian verbs. Relevant research will be helpful to further investigate the metaphorical performance and mechanism of the unique thinking activity verbs, at the same time, it is beneficial to promote the theoretical exploration of semantic derivation of Russian polysemous verbs. The relevant study will be helpful to further investigate the cognitive semantic attributes and operational characteristics of Russian verbs with metaphorical thinking meaning, and it is beneficial to promote the research of lexical semantic theory of Russian language on the cognitive level.

SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF COGNATE WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

This article describes the derivational potential of root word combinations belonging to the noun, adjective and verb groups in the English and Uzbek languages and their grammatical functional features on the basis of comparative-typological, comparative and distributive methods at the lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Structural models of derivation of verbs, nouns and adjectives in the English and Uzbek languages and their features are considered based on component analysis, as well as morphological factors that ensure the completeness of derivation, their distinctive and similar features in both languages, the role and importance in the formation of verbal compounds is analyzed in detail. The article also identifies the factors that ensure the transposition of root verbs, nouns and adjectives in English and Uzbek, and describes their structural-functional and contextual-semantic analysis at the required level. Until today’s period of development of linguistics, many problematic processes related to the language system have been studied and researched. This situation can be observed both in the context of world linguistics and in the context of Uzbek linguistics. Linguistics, like all sciences, is constantly evolving. Due to this, it is natural that there are still problematic processes in this sphere today. The fact that the phenomenon of derivation less researched in the context of root words can be related to such problems, because in both English and Uzbek linguistics the problem of derivation of root words is not studied at the required level. Any new word that exists in a language takes its initial form from speech, and thus the speech dependence of the word formed ends, because the next life of a derived word goes on in a language. That is, the derived word takes its place in the paradigm of its own analogical forms after being tested in social speech activity for a certain period of time. Only derivatives that have fully passed such tests will receive the status of a language unit and, like their other paradigms, will begin to function as a means of enriching the language with new constructions. It is well known that the derivational sequence of linguistic units cannot be fully understood only on the basis of grammatical research, because word formation in its extralinguistic basis is a product of speech activity. Since related words are considered not as a finished product of the language, but as a product of speech, since they are artificial words, in speech they are activated only in the form in which they are adapted for communication. In some places, depending on the need for speech, we can also observe cases where two or more related words are involved in the process of communication or in context. In this article, the works of English and Uzbek writers are selected as a source, as well as the degree of influence of the speech situation of both languages on the choice of words is studied and scientifically substantiated on the examples taken for analysis. As a result of syntactic-semantic analysis of root word combinations in the English language, on the basis of a detailed analysis, it was shown that root words can be combined with other words in speech, forming various models.

PROSES MORFOLOGIS DERIVASI VERBA BAHASA LAMAHOLOT DIALEK TENAWAHANG

The morphological process or word formation in the Indonesian language occurred includes several ways and one of them is by affixation in the form of base into a new form. Through the process of affixation there was a change in the form and meaning of the word is called derivation which is the process of affixation which changes the word class . It is the case also in the Lamaholot language dialect of Tenawahang(BLDT). The research is using the methods of qualitative descriptive. The purpose of this research was to determine : 1).What affixes that included in verb derivation of BLDT. 2). How is the process of verb derivation in BLDT . Verb derivation is a change in word class from verb to another word class. The verb derivation that occurs in BLDT includes the noun deverbal and the adjective deverbal . The verb derivation that change the word class of base verb into noun is called noun deverbal , and change the word class of base verb into adjective is called adjective deverbal . Results of the study showed that process of verb derivation which occur in BLDT is the process of affixation that includes prefix: {be-}; infix:{-en-}; suffixes: {-eng},{-ung}; confix:{ke-…-ng}. The process of verb derivation that occur can be formed and the meaning are generated as a result of verb derivation in BLDT certainly changed in accordance with the base of word. Key words: affixation, verb derivation, Lamaholot language dialect Tenawahang

“KİTABİ – DƏDƏ QORQUD” DASTANINDA FEİL

Key words: a verb, a participle, a verbal adverb, the simple verbs, derivative verbs, difficult verbs, verb inclinations

Ukrainian Fishing Vocabulary in the Foreign Language Space

The article studies Ukrainianisms in the fishing vocabulary of other languages. The topicality of research is determined by the importance of the analysis of names that reflect the centuries-old process of interethnic contacts, the long-term gradual development of the fishing experience of the Ukrainians. Data from etymological and dialect dictionaries and scientific research testify to the significant influence of the Ukrainian language on other languages in the process of their interaction in different historical periods, including in the field of fishing nominations. At the same time, linguists urge not to simplify the one-sidedness of linguistic influence, emphasizing that lexical borrowing is an integral part of the dynamic development of lexical-semantic systems of interacting languages. Therefore, it is worth talking not so much about a common foreign language element for them, but about the existence of a centuries-old language cauldron with various manifestations of Ukrainian-Romanian, Ukrainian-Turkic and other components. The findings of etymologists mainly correlate with archaeological data, such as those that testified to the spread in the late VI-V millennium B.C. of agricultural and pastoral economy of the Balkans on the territories between the rivers Bug and the Dniester and, accordingly, the Slavic vector of linguistic influence, comp.: * kotьсь ‘shelter for animalsʼ ˃ Serbian. кòтац , Maced. котец , Bulg. dial. ко́це ʻfishing tackleʼ ˃ Carpathian Ukr. кути́ц ‘ts’. ˃ Mold. kótec, Rom. cot ʹ et , Hung. kεtrec ʻts.ʼ Thus, the Ukrainian vector of the origin of fishing names in a foreign language space is evidenced by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In particular, the originally reconstructed Ukrainian fishing verb derivatives, are worthy of attention, comp.: Proto-Slavic * kojiti ʻcalm downʼ ˃ Ukr. dial. коте́ць `reed fence for fishing', куті́ць 'cage, fence for pigs, sheep', Old Polish kociec ˃ kojec ʻbird cage or animal fenceʼ; Old Ukr. чаѩти ʻчекатиʼ ˃ Ukr. seagull `boat of Zaporozhian Cossacksʼ, Turk. çayka ʻboatʼ ˃ Serbo-Croatian шâjка , Bulg. ша́йка , Maced. (arch.) шаjка ʻboatʼ; psl. * s ě di ̯ ā ‘fishing tackle’ ˃ Ukr. сіжа ʻts.ʼ (from sit) >Hung. szégye ʻts.ʼ etc. The analyzed material convinces of the need for further scientific studies on this issue.

Representation of subjectively-evaluative derivates realization in modern Russian: verbal evaluatives

A verb, as one of the basic parts of speech, is the primary concern of derivation process-oriented studies. However, verb-based subjectively-evaluative derivatives have not been the object of research yet. The article discusses potential capacities of verbs to form subjectivelyevaluative derivatives on the level of derivation in modern Russian. To avoid terminological confusion and to distinguish axiological vs. derivational evaluation the latter is represented by the term evaluative. The study argues an unjustified idea that the suffix -ану- is an evaluative of subjective evaluation. These verbs are referred to the derivatives of objective evaluation. We have provided a set of factors for the classification of subjectively-evaluative verbal derivatives, according to which they were classified. The analysis of language and speech material has allowed us to find the ways evaluative verbs are formed and the register of word forming affixes as a means of representing category of evaluation in the morpheme and word forming structure of the word.

Implementation of word-formative potential of the lexemes in social and economic activities

The subject of the research is word-formative and semantic processes in the vocabulary of socio-economic sector. The aim of the study. To analyze the socio-political vocabulary and to determine the word-formative and semantic potential of these linguistic items. Research methods. The material of the research is a body of lexical items, selected from the language of all-Ukrainian and regional mass media. The descriptive research method and observation method were used as main in this scientific research. At different stages of the research the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic load of lexical items. The comparative analysis of individual lexical positions, which are in different styles of Ukrainian literary language, was done by using a comparative method. Results of work. The article analyzes the word-formative potential of socio-political vocabulary, it distinguishes derivative and non-derivative verbs and presents formations. Application of the results. The results of the research can be used in teaching activities in the course “Scientific and Technical Terminology”, “Business Ukrainian” and others. Conclusions. Ukrainian and foreign-language verbs of the socio-economic sector have formed a great word-formative potential in the internal verbal word-formation, above all, the prefixal and postfixal. Ukrainian verbs are combined with most of the prefixes of the Ukrainian language, foreign-languages verbs – primarily with genetically homogeneous word-formative formats and some Ukrainian ones, in particular.

Labeling without Weak Heads

AbstractChomsky's extension of his Problems of Projection proposal retains the labeling algorithm and deduces EPP and ECP effects from labeling. However, the notion of weak heads, the crucial assumption in this extended proposal, is problematic both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, the framework threatens to complicate Minimal Search, which ought to be simple, as an instance of the “third factor” in language design. Empirically, the framework cannot explain the derivation of English infinitival clauses, nor can it explain labeling in languages like Japanese. I resolve these problems by eliminating the notion of weak heads. In exploring syntax without weak heads, I reconsider Feature Inheritance. Given that a central argument for obligatory Feature Inheritance (involving simultaneity of feature valuation and Transfer) is invalid on Chomsky's approach, I propose that Feature Inheritance is an optional operation. Then, I revise a proposal that External Pair Merge of heads is involved in the derivation of verbs with a CP complement and in the passive construction. I pose two problems for this proposal, one involving theta roles and one involving the derivation of the passive of verbs with a CP complement. My framework derives not only instances deemed problematic under the External Pair Merge proposal but also the unergative and ergative constructions, whose derivations are otherwise unclear.

Problemy opisu staropolskiej derywacji czasownikowej

PROBLEMS IN THE DESCRIPTION OF OLD POLISH VERBAL DERIVATION
 The article discusses the problems associated with the description of verbal derivation in the earliest period of the Polish language. The type of linguistic material that was preserved, the slight amount of attestations, the lack of clarity of the context, are all responsible for the appearance of difficulties associated with the word-formative description of verbs already at the level of the separation of linguistic facts, the establishment of the formant that we are dealing with. Even greater problems are associated with the establishment of the semantic value of derivatives, and with the indication of motivation relations. The author considers the extent to which the methodology that was developed upon contemporary material may be used in research of this kind. She also points out the scholarly ‘neglected’ areas of verbal word-formation of this period.

Reflexive and Reciprocal as Valency Decrease: A Morpho-syntax Study in Sasak

This research is a descriptive study that examines the constructions of reflexive and reciprocal of valency decrease using linguistic typological theory proposed by Dixon (2012). The results of data analysis revealed that in Sasak Kuto-Kute dialect, reflexive constructions can be formed through two techniques; namely verb derivation and combination techniques. The verb derivation technique involved the addition of a nasal prefix (N) to the verb functioning as reflexive marker (REF), whilst, the combination technique employed the addition of confix n- -in followed by the pronoun diriqnya ‘him/herself’. The formation of reciprocal construction is carried out through three techniques: the use of reciprocal verbs, verb derivation and the use of reciprocal adverbs. The reciprocal verb used in the data is tempur 'meet'. Meanwhile, for verb derivation the addition of confix meng- -an on the verb kaol 'hug' makes the verb’s meaning reciprocal. In the technique of using adverbs, the sentences that bear reciprocal meaning are formed by adding the word saling ‘each other’ appearing before the bases (affixless), verbs with suffix -in and confix ke- -n. From the overall data, it was found that the verb derivation techniques for reflexive is more preferred, while for reciprocals, the technique of using adverbs is more often used compared to the other two.

Модель «ver- + английская основа» в системе современного немецкого словообразования

The article examines realization of the prefixal word-formative model “ ver- + English stem ” in the modern German language. The contextual analysis of such derivatives is conducted; groups of semantically similar verbal derivatives with the prefix ver- are identified. The paper shows productivity of this model in the modern German language, reveals peculiarities of word-formative integration of the English borrowings participating in realization of the prefixal model “ ver- + English stem ”.

The phenomenon of syntagmatic motivation in prefix verb derivation in the Russian language

The subject of this research is the syntagmatic motivational linkages in prefix verb derivation of the Russian language, observed in the aspect of synchronic dynamics. The author examines such aspects of the topic as syntagma (combination of two verbal-cogitative components connected by hierarchical relations of the principal and explanatory) and syntagmatic motivation (substantiated by syntactic models). Special attention is given to the fact that the motivated verb derivative structure can correlate with the motivating components in either syntagmatic sphere or paradigmatic sphere. The scientific novelty is associated with determination of peculiarities of syntagmatic motivation of derived verbs, role of the verbal prefixes in syntagmatic motivation, stages of “derivational history” and varieties of syntagmatic motivation of prefix verbs. The following conclusions were made: 1) full structural-semantic syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and prepositional-nominal constructs, in which preposition is materially and semantically analogous to prefix; 2) semi syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and adverb or combination of noun with preposition, consonant with prefix semantically, but not formally.

The route to the derivational verb family in Hebrew: A psycholinguistic study of acquisition and development

A main challenge for language users is forging reliable relationships between words with shared components so that morphology as a system emerges from usage. For native Hebrew acquisition this means that learners acquire verbs as lexical entities, which form into a system based on Semitic roots and binyan conjugations. The Hebrew verb system is consequently organized by derivational families, where verbs in different binyan conjugations share the same root. This is illustrated by the k-t-b-based family containing katav ‘write’, nixtav ‘be written’, hixtiv ‘dictate’, huxtav ‘be dictated’, kitev ‘carbon copy [cc]’, kutav ‘be cc’ed’, and hitkatev ‘correspond’. The current study offers a systematic account of how Hebrew verb families and their components—verb lemmas, roots and binyan patterns—emerge and develop in structural and semantic terms, covering the long route from infancy to adulthood. The study is grounded in a large database (485,908 word tokens) compiled of the spoken and written productions of Hebrew-speaking toddlers, children, adolescents and adults. The study is presented in two parts. Part I describes the general characteristics of the study database with regards to the distributions of verbs, roots and binyan verb conjugations, focusing on developmental changes as indicators of the growth and consolidation of the verb lexicon. Part II presents the development of root-based verb derivational families in terms of family frequency, family size, family composition and the semantic coherence of families. Based on the empirical evidence in this paper, our main claim is that roots, binyan conjugations and derivational verb families are all emergent properties of the verb system as it develops in variegated communicative contexts.

A study on the category differentiation of "들이-+X"

이 글은 ‘들이-+X’의 범주 분화를 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. ‘V1+V2’ 는 접속 구문, 연속 동사 구성, 본용언-보조용언 구성, 합성 동사, 파생어 등 형태 ․ 통사 ․ 의미에 따라 다층적 관계를 형성한다. 이에 따라 ‘V+V2’ 구성 중 하나인 ‘들이-+X’도 크게 2가지 범주로 분화된다. ‘들이-+X’ 의 ‘들이-’는 서술성을 가지고 후행하는 용언 어근을 수식하고 있으며, 결합할 수 있는 ‘X’의 수도 많기 때문에 합성 동사와 파생어의 대응 관계를 면밀히 살펴볼 수가 있다. 합성어의 구성 요소로서 ‘들이-’는 ‘밖에서 안으로’라는 의미로 후행 어근을 수식하지만, 파생 접사로서의 ‘들이-’는 ‘마구, 함부로’ 등의 의미로 후행 어근을 강조한다. 이들 관계는 문법화로 설명할 수 있기 때문에 ‘들이-+X’에 대해 다양한 관점으로 접근하는 것이 필요하다.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the categorization of 들이-+X based on the multi-layered relationship with verb linking constructions V1+V2 . Verb linking constructions forms multi-layered relationship according to morphological, syntactic and semantic relationships. V1 may be the root of a compound verb. However, V1 can undergo grammaticalization and then turn into a derivative affix. Since the root and derived affix of syntactic verbs is closely related this derived affix implies the lexical meaning of the root. One of the V1+V2 constructions, 들이-+X is divided into several categories. In particular, the relationship between 들이-+X compound verbs and 들이-+X derivative verbs can be explained by grammaticalization. Therefore, we should study 들이-+X from multiple points of view.

Анализ речевых ошибок персоговорящих студентов при переводе русских производных глаголов

The article examines the Iranian student’s errors while translating derivative verbs. The analysis revealed typical speech errors, the prevention of which is considered an important task of each teacher, as well as anyone who is engaged in translation from Russian into Persian. The article includes 5 separate bits of speech errors and their causes. Also in each cate-gory, several sentences from the Russian language and their equivalents to the Persian language are given as an example. These examples are selected from the written tests of Persian-speaking students during the academic term. The purpose of the article is to consider errors that students may encounter in the process of studying the Russian derivative verb, as well as to offer some recommendations to avoid these common errors.

Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of Verbal Derivatives of Onomasiological Categories

During the last century, the development of word-forming issues has been investigated so intensely that today it is possible to state the existance of a number of approaches and its versatile study both in synchrony and diachrony. Some linguists have studied the issues of word formation within etymology, while others have considered the problems of word formation in the context of grammar, focusing on structural analysis. Representatives of the lexical study described predominantly semantic relations between different structural units. Confirmation of the theory of interaction of different linguistic levels was the study of structural and semantic relations in oppositional pairs of "forming lexical unit – derivative". The main task of historical and onomasiological research, which is the basis of our research is to reveal the nature of the semantic structure of the concept; to trace the basic tendencies of the historical development of the prefixal way of word formation in English, the change of its semantic boundaries and the basic structures from epoch to epoch. The linguistic form of content is a word in general and a derivative in particular. The article presents an attempt to investigate the dynamics of efficiency of structural and semantic patterns of verbal prefixal derivatives within onomasiological categories during four periods of the English language development.