This research focuses on analyzing the derivational nominal suffixes found in William Shakespeare’s novel Romeo and Juliet (Wordsworth Classics). The study aims to identify what types of derivational nominal suffixes appear in the novel and to find out which type is the most frequently used. Using a descriptive qualitative method, the researcher collected data by reading the novel carefully and selecting words that contain derivational nominal suffixes. The collected words were then grouped into three categories based on their base forms: nouns formed from verbs, nouns formed from adjectives, and nouns formed from other nouns. The analysis found a total of 161 words with derivational nominal suffixes. The most dominant type is nouns formed from verbs, which appeared 90 times (55.90%), followed by nouns formed from adjectives with 45 occurrences (27.95%), and nouns formed from nouns with 26 occurrences (16.15%). This study helps to better understand how word formation works in English, especially in literary works, and may serve as a helpful reference for students and researchers who are interested in studying English morphology and vocabulary development. Keywords: derivational suffixes, nominal suffixes, word formation, morphology, Romeo and Juliet

This study examines derivational and inflectional suffixes in Time Magazine’s article The End of Cash. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on Sugiyono (2013) and Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams (2010), the analysis identifies the types and frequencies of English suffixes in the text. The findings reveal 94 occurrences: 66 inflectional and 28 derivational suffixes. The most frequent inflectional suffixes are the plural -s and the progressive -ing, while the most common derivational processes include verb-to-noun and adjective-to-adverb transformations. Both of these types are the category of inflection which was found each of them as many as 21 words. While the the most frequent type of derivation is verb to noun and adjective to adverb. It was found each of them in 8 words using derivational suffixes -or, -sion, -ally, -or, -y, -ly, -ment, and-ist. The findings reveal 94 occurrences: 66 inflectional and 28 derivational suffixes. The most frequent inflectional suffixes are the plural -s and the progressive -ing, while the most common derivational processes include verb-to-noun and adjective-to-adverb transformations. These findings contribute to morphological studies by demonstrating how affixation operates in journalistic English and how it supports vocabulary development for EFL learners.

Abstract For various theories of human word recognition, the question of how the recognition of suffixed words is influenced by the morphological root or the surface form of the word is of considerable relevance. According to many theories (e.g., Baayen et al., 1997b), the morphological root predominantly guides the recognition process unless the word is of a (relatively) high frequency of occurrence. We tested this ‘tipping point’ hypothesis by comparing a statistical model based on this hypothesis with two alternative statistical models: one assuming that word recognition is always root-driven and another assuming it is always form-driven. To this end, we modeled response time distributions from two large-scale lexical decision experiments in Dutch – one visual and one auditory – focusing on three suffixes: the plural suffix -en for nouns, the derivational suffix -heid for nominalisations, and -t as the second/third person singular present tense suffix for verbs. Our results indicate that words with the suffixes -t and -heid are retrieved as whole forms in both visual and auditory word recognition. In contrast, words with the suffix -en are best accounted for by both the root-driven and the form-driven models in auditory word recognition, while in visual word recognition, they support the tipping point hypothesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that both root-driven and form-driven principles are relevant for word recognition, while the assumption of a categorical tipping point is less tenable. This study contributes to our understanding of word recognition mechanisms in both localist and distributional-connectionist theoretical frameworks.

Nominal derivational suffixes are important to create new words, making communication more efficient. Nominal derivational suffixes can be found in novel, short story, or even animated movie. Some previous studies have focused only on written media, which limits the exploration of the use of nominal derivational suffixes in spoken language. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the forms and the functions of nominal derivational suffixes found in the Elemental movie. To collect the data, this study applied documentation method and concordance technique. The data collected were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The data then presented using formal and informal methods. The findings highlighted there were thirty words with nine forms of nominal suffixes. This showed how suffixes contribute to word formation, character speech, and meaning, offering insights for future studies or learners.

This study analyzed the use of derivational suffixes that transform root nouns into adjectives in the writing of EFL students at Tadulako University. This study aims to identify the types of adjectival suffixes that are difficult to use and the common errors students make. Using quantitative descriptive method, data were collected from the students' writings and analyzed morphologically. The results show that suffixes such as -ful, -ous, -ly, -al, -ic, -able, -less, and -ive are frequently used. However, many errors were found, especially in choosing the wrong suffixes and in spelling. These findings highlight the need for more explicit instruction in morphological rules to help the students form words more accurately.

The article dwells on the semantics domains of affixes in Kemunang’weli dialect of Kisukuma under Lexical morphology and prototype theories. For example, tema ' cut' to n-teng’-w-a can fit in the lexical morphology as in ‘the one who has been cut’ or the one who is lead under the prototype model. The motivation behind the examination was that Many if not most of the Sukuma linguists have investigated tonal transfer, phonology, and verb extensions but less is done in noun affixes and their semantic functions, thus the need for investigation to fulfill this gap. The study used an interpretivism paradigm veiled in a qualitative approach, based on the fact that the data comes from natural settings. The study used a descriptive study design to describe the semantics of affixes in Kemunang’weli dialect of Kisukuma from Sukuma population in Njingani village, Geita rural district, in Mwanza region. Three methods of data collection were used namely, focus group discussion, intuition knowledge, and critical documentary analysis. Ten Sukuma native speakers were selected purposively for the discussion. Sukuma native speakers were selected for the study. The study revealed inflectional and derivational affixes, the former are prefixes as in diminutive {ka, tu}, hugeness {ma, li, mi}, locative {ku, mu, ha}, adjective and deverbal {i, ma, n} while the later are suffixes as in causative {j, ch, sh, y}, passive {w, ng’w, v}, adjective prefix {n, ß} and applied {ɪg, ɪj, eg, a or i}. The prefixes are ordered in three maximally in a single noun while this is true, the derivational suffixes trigger numerous senses. Based on the findings, it was concluded that such semantics of affixes in Kemunang’weli dialect of Kisukum contribute to and strengthen the development of Lexical morphology and prototype theories. The study urges other studies be carried out on other affixes which with no doubt would contribute to the grammar of the language to both this generation and generations yet to come.

This article aimed to study the morphological and derivational composition of nouns and determine the ratio of their inflectional classes, as well as identify the most productive types of word formation and their stylistic correlation in the 1741 written record “Stolp prikhodnoy denezhnoy kazny Pyskorskoy zavodskoy kantory 1741 godu” (Receipt Ledger of Pyskor Plant Treasury for the Year 1741). In addition, the paper focused on the neutralization of the stylistic markedness of a number of derivational suffixes of different origin: markers of grammatical person and abstract nouns, and others. The scientific importance of the study consists in clarifying the chronology of morphological and stylistic changes based on the material of previously unexplored cursive documents of provincial offices. According to the results, the largest number of nouns belongs to the hard-stem types of masculine declension (ending in -o) and feminine declension (ending in -a). Deverbative word-forming models with the zero suffix and suffixes -к(a) and -ни(e) were found to be especially productive. In addition, the research showed a tendency of a number of Church Slavonic suffixes to lose their stylistic markedness, which is evidenced by the widespread use of nouns ending in -ни(e) in the written record under study. Moreover, the suffixes -щик and -к(a) on the one hand and -тель, -ств(o) and even -cтви(e) on the other are used in the same contexts. The process of neutralization within the word-formation system, however, cannot be considered complete since, firstly, no parallel derivatives with different-style suffixes were identified, and, secondly, there remains a correlation between same-style prefixes and suffixes: вы-, рос-/-к(a); ис-, рас-/-ни(e).

The article summarizes hypotheses of the origin of place names and the primary semantics of toponyms of the current Semigallia (Lat. Zemgale) – one of the historical ethnographic regions of Latvia. The short history of Semigallian cities and the possible etymology of names are introduced: city names such as Auce are discussed (mentioned in historical documents in 1426, place name of Baltic/Lithuanian origin), Bauska (mentioned in 1443, a city name possibly of Baltic/Latvian origin), Dobele (mentioned in 1254, toponym of Baltic/Latvian origin), Jelgava//Mītava (mentioned in 1265, place name of hypothetical – Livonian? Latvian? origin), Kalnciems (mentioned in 16th c., a place name of clear Latvian origin), Tukums (mentioned in 1253, a place name of very obscure – possibly Livonian, or Latvian – origin). Names of the largest rivers in Latvian Semigallia are also analyzed – Lielupe, Mūsa, Mēmele, as well as the names of some tributaries (Kaucīte, Īslīce, Svitene, Sesava, Platone, Svēte, etc.). Particularly distinctive is the derivative suffix -aine: Cērpaine, Svēpaine, Skujaine, Svētaine, Krievaine, Govaine, etc.The article also briefly discusses the oikonyms and microtoponyms of Semigallia, among which there are a number of borrowings. The main attention is paid to Lithuanianisms, which are most abundant on the Lithuanian-Latvian border: river names Ģirupe, Žare, Žurele, meadow name Ežerelis, home-stead names Karvišķe, Veršūns. Possible Lithuanianisms are evidenced by both the phonetics of names (homestead names Ķišķi, Žinduls) and morphology (Adžūni, Gaidžūni, Juknišķi).The phonetic feature of the Semigallian dialect – anaptyxis (insertion of a short vocal sound after tautosyllabic r/l) – is recorded in the Semigallian placenames: Zirega dzelme, Stirenu pļavele, Karepu dīķis. Semigallian toponyms (especially microtoponyms) stand out with a characteristic suffix -ene: oikonyms Blīdene, Spārnene, Zebrene, Dobele < * Dobelene, Tērvete < *Tērvetene, meadow names Cepurene, Griķene, Puķene, Talcene, Līdzumene, Mazā dakterene and many others.

This research focuses on the use of derivational suffixes in the novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett. This study aims to identify the types of derivational suffixes and explain how derivational suffixes found influence the class-changing transformations in the novel A Little Princess. Data were collected through documentation method and note-taking technique. In analyzing the data, this research using descriptive qualitative methods. The analysis refers to Plag's (2003) and Bauer's (1983) theories. A total of 161 derivational suffixes were found in the novel. The suffixes include four types: nominal, verbal, adjective, and adverbial suffixes. The most frequently used adverbial suffix is -ly, which appears 64 data. This suffix generally functions to describe the way or attitude in an action or situation. The results also show two types of derivational effects: class-maintaining and class-changing derivation. Class-changing derivation are dominant, with 158 data, while class-maintaining derivation only occurs 3 data. These results highlight the important role of derivational suffixes in enriching vocabulary and forming grammatical structures in literary texts.

This research explores how derivational suffixes alter the meaning and grammatical category of words. The study analyzed derivational suffixes found in CNN News: Entertainment Edition, focusing on their types and functions. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, which involved reading the articles multiple times, selecting words with suffixes, and applying note-taking techniques to organize the data. Plag's (2002) theory was used to classify the derivational suffixes identified. CNN News was selected due to its up-to-date content and its status as a globally popular media outlet, widely read by diverse audiences. The analysis revealed a total of 233 derivational suffixes, categorized into four types: 4 instances of verb suffixes, 88 instances of adverb suffixes, 79 instances of nominal suffixes, and 62 instances of adjective suffixes. The results showed that adverb suffixes were the most prevalent in CNN News: Entertainment Edition. This finding suggested that adverbial modification played a significant role in the language of entertainment news. The study underscored the importance of understanding suffixes in analyzing contemporary media language.

This research focused on analyzing class-changing derivational suffixes found in the article of BBC News: Earth Edition. In this research, class-changing derivational suffixes from BBC News: Earth Edition stories were analyzed using a qualitative method. The note-taking method applied in collecting data for this research. The data collection involved reading five selected articles from the BBC News: Earth Edition website, noting relevant information, and classifying the functions of derivational suffixes. This study applied the theory proposed by McCarthy (2002) in analyzing the morphological function of derivational suffixes in each word. By highlights how different suffixes modify the root word and how these modifications fit into broader morphological patterns, it helps in identifying systematic relationships between suffixes and the meanings they produce. Formal and informal methods were applied in this study in presenting the data. This study identified four functions of class-changing derivational suffixes, namely adverb derived from adjective (32%), adjective derived from noun (11%), verb derived from noun (0%), noun derived from verb (57%). The findings indicated that nouns derived from verbs were more frequently found in the online news stories of BBC News: Earth Edition.

The aims of this research is focusing to identify of the function of the derivational suffixes found in the BBC News: “War in Gaza”. Descriptive qualitative methods were used to identify the explanation about the function of derivational suffixes that found. The theories from Katamba (1994) and McCarthy (2002) were used to analyze the data. The news from BBC News: “War in Gaza” were used. Based on the analysis, this study found 202 data of suffixes that categorized as class changing and class maintaining. The suffixes that changing the word class found in this study were found 120 (62%) data of noun derived from verb, 11 (6%) data of adjective derived from verb, 20 (10%) data of adjective derived from noun, 9 (5%) data of noun derived from adjective and 33 (17%) data of adverb derived from adjective. It was found many nouns derived from verb suffix in the class changing because based on McCarthy, suffix -er is the most common way to form the noun. Meanwhile the suffix that maintaining the word class, it was found 9 (4%) data. It was only from noun derived from noun because the suffixes are commonly used in the news.

The purpose of this study is to describe the roles of the suffixes in English and to identify similarities and contrasts in the semantic functions of suffixes in the English language. Descriptive qualitative research and linguistic approach were the methods employed in this study. The findings of this study show that: (1) English suffixes follow the stem and create a new derivative in a different part of speech or word by altering the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word; and (2) There are four different kinds of suffixes in English: nominal, verbal, adjective, and adverbial.

This research analyzed the types of noun-forming derivational suffixes found in football news articles. The document method is used to collect data, qualitative analysis to identify the dominant types of suffixes and their context of use, while quantitative analysis to determine the frequency of suffix usage. These methods provide a comprehensive understanding of noun-forming suffixes, taking into account meaning and accurate data. This research used the theory proposed by Hamawand (2011) and the supporting theory from Lieber (2009). A total of 221 data of noun-forming suffixes were found, with 156 (70%) verbal root data, 46 (21%) adjective root data, and 19 (8%) nominal base data. The analysis shows that verbal root suffix is the most common type of noun-forming suffix found in football news. The dominance is because of the use of verbs that describe an activity or action in the match involving the team or players in the match. Although verbal root only has five suffixes, but it dominates in football news texts.

This article examines the formation of feminitives from nomina agen tis with the suffixes -τήρ, -τωρ, -της in Ancient Greek with the derivational suffixes -τειρα, -τρια, -τρίς, -τορίς and -τις. The research material is collected during work with the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) corpus, as well as with dictionar ies of Ancient Greek. During the collection of material we use the continuous sam pling method and carry out the contextual, morphological and semantic field analysis of lexemes. The first part of the study provides a brief description of the features of the formation of nomina agentis with the suffixes -τήρ, -τωρ, -της, the second part of the article is devoted to the feminine suffixes -τειρα and -τρια, derived from the Indo-European formant –yă, the third part examines the suffixes -τρίς,— τορίς and -τις, included in the group of formants with the consonant -d-. In addition to the analysis of the formation of feminine lexemes in the Ancient Greek, we give a brief outline of changes in the productivity of the feminine suffixes in diachrony. In conclusion, we draw the inference that the initial word-formation models have changed due to the features of a particular dialect, and also as a result of a decrease in the productivity of such masculine suffixes as -τηρ, -τωρ and feminine suffixes -τειρα, -τρίς, -τορίς and -τις in Hellenistic koine.

In this article we present a first description of the verb stem in the understudied Thɔnkɔ /t̪ɔ́ŋkɔ́/ dialect of Limba, a Niger-Congo language of Sierra Leone. In successive sections, we describe the phonological and morphological structure of the verb stem, which appears in two forms, stem1 and stem2, where the former is basic and the latter is required in progressive aspect and the imperative. Besides the root and the inflectional ending of stem2, Thɔnkɔ distinguishes eleven derivational suffixes (“extensions”) of which up to four can cooccur in a fixed order. Particular attention is paid to the sometimes elusive tonal properties of roots, extensions and inflected forms.

The distribution of infinitive suffix variants in North Mansi The article examines the distribution of infinitive suffix variants in North Mansi and the factors driving this morphophonological variation. The re- search is based on a dataset of 1,790 infinitive forms and follows a data- driven, classificatory morphophonological approach. North Mansi infinitives exhibit three suffix variants: /-ŋkwe/, /-aŋkwe/, and /-uŋkwe/. The consonant- initial /-ŋkwe/ variant occurs with irregular verbs. However, the alternation between /-aŋkwe/ and /-uŋkwe/ has not been thoroughly described before. The data reveal that this variation is a complex phenomenon influenced by two primary factors: the number of syllables in the base stem and the final derivational suffix in a derived stem. Keywords: Mansi (Vogul) language, morphophonology, infinitives, verb derivations

This research aims to analyze the realization of derivational affixes in eleventh-grade students’ writing assignments in the specialization class, which is literature class at State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Karanganyar. Plag, Carstairs and McCarthy, and Haspelmath and Sims were the theories used in this research. These theories are related to the characteristics of derivational affixes, the kinds of word class changes in derivational affixes, and the categories of derivational affixes. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with the document analysis technique to gather data from eleventh-grade students’ writings. The researcher found 285 words formed through the derivational affixes process. While derivational infixes were not found in the study, the findings show that derivational suffixes are more widely used than derivational prefixes. In short, students applied derivational affixes grammatically correctly in their writings.

This research looks at the morphological elements of Katy Perry's Prism album lyrics, focusing on derivational and inflectional morphemes. Morphology is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the role of morphemes in language and examines the structure, meaning, and creation of words. With 33 occurrences, the most common derivational suffix, according to the data, is -ing. -ly (8 instances), un- (4), -y (3), and -er (2) come after it. Less frequent suffixes, such -ary, -ity, and others, only occur once each. The most frequent prefix is un-, which appears six times, while in-(2) and uni-(1) are less frequent. The most frequent inflectional morphemes are plural forms and past participles, which occur 18 times each, showing how important they are in showing multiplicity and completed actions. Comparative degrees appear 6 times, and the past tense is used 7 times, further indicating the richness of grammatical forms that the album expresses. The results reveal the linguistic diversity of PRISM's song lyrics, which deliver the messages of relationships, self-determination, and living in the present through a harmony of derivational and inflectional processes. This research contributes to our understanding of how morphological elements enhance the literary works and promote vocabulary acquisition through song lyrics.

This paper compares the semantic profile of a single multifunctional derivational suffix derived from data obtained in two general digital corpora of Croatian. The primary motivation is to explore whether our verdicts about the semantics of affixes may depend on the corpus selected as the source of empirical material. The issue is of vital importance, especially for those studying word formation from a usage-based perspective. If grammar is construed as the cognitive organization of our experience with language (Bybee 2006) and if we turn to large, general digital corpora for evidence of this experience, we must be aware that examining different corpora may lead to different hypotheses about users’ internalized grammar. The here-presented semantic analysis of the Croatian nominal suffix -ar(a) in the more controlled Croatian National Corpus v3.0 and the liberal web-based corpus hrWaC v2.2 yielded conspicuously different results about its dominant function. This does not mean that similar discrepancies would necessarily be observed with other affixes, and it most certainly does not negate the value of corpora in studying word formation. However, such results do caution us against generalizing corpus-relative findings into some general “truth” about the affixes studied.