Derivational Morphemes Research Articles

Nubian Verb Extensions and Some Nyima Correspondences

Having a historical-comparative approach this paper is concerned with the reconstruction of some Proto-Nubian derivational morphemes comprising two causatives, two applicatives, and two suffixes deriving verbal plural stems, as well as a now defunct causative prefix. When discussing applicatives in the Nile Nubian languages, it is argued that they involve converbs, i.e., dependent verbs, which in Old Nubian and Nobiin are marked by the suffix -a. This verbal suffix is considered to be distinct from the homophonous predicate marker -a which occurs as a clitic on various other hosts. The paper also points out that some of the Nubian verb extensions correspond to Nyima (mostly Ama) extensions, thus providing strong evidence of the genetic relationship between Nubian and Nyima. Perhaps the most striking evidence of Nubian–Ama relations and the coherence of the Nilo-Saharan phylum as a whole is provided by the archaic Nilo-Saharan *ɪ-. The reflexes of this prefix in Nubian and Ama, along with the archaic Nubian prefix *m-, which serves as verbal negation marker, supports Dimmendaal’s hypothesis that these languages have undergone a restructuring process from originally prexing to predominantly suxing languages.

A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Derivational Morphemes Across ENL, ESL, EFL Learners Through ICNALE

This corpus-based comparative study was about morphemic derivational patterns in grammatical categories: adjective, noun and verbs in different varieties: English as native language (ENL), English as second language (ESL), and English as foreign language (EFL). This study was done on data collected from ICNALE in which learners’ data from three different varieties of English was compared. The data was tagged through CLAWS tagger and analyzed through AntConc software. In result of analysis, the frequency-based differences in the morphemic derivational patterns were observed after normalizing the data. Such differences across varieties in morphemic patterns were realized through the existence and absence of derivational morphemes. The results showed that the native speakers have higher ability of using a greater number of morphemic patterns than second and foreign language speakers of English. Due to their native like competence, they are more competent is the usage of morphemic derivational patterns. Those distinctive patterns should also be taken as pedagogical implication for second and foreign language learners of English. It can also be helpful for second and foreign language learners in achieving native like ability to use English language.

Adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic Origin in Judezmo and Yiddish

Abstract Jewish languages contain a component derived from Hebrew and Aramaic, the earliest languages Jews used. We offer a historical comparative analysis of the structure and use of adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin in the diverse spoken and written registers of Judezmo (Ladino, Judeo-Spanish) and Yiddish, the two major Jewish languages of the Sephardim and Ashkenazim of Europe. Attention is paid both to adjectives whose forms are entirely of Hebrew or Aramaic origin, as well as those constructed of bases of Hebrew and Aramaic origin, and derivational morphemes of Hispanic and Turkish origin (Judezmo), and Germanic and Slavic origin (Yiddish). The incorporation of the adjectives within the syntactic and semantic systems of Judezmo and Yiddish is examined, and comparisons made between the relative quantity and function of the adjectives in the two languages. It is meant as a model for the comparative study of the linguistic structures of Jewish languages.

Challenges Encountered in Turkish Natural Language Processing Studies

Natural language processing is a branch of computer science that combines artificial intelligence with linguistics. It aims to analyze a language element such as writing or speaking with software and convert it into information. Considering that each language has its own grammatical rules and vocabulary diversity, the complexity of the studies in this field is somewhat understandable. For instance, Turkish is a very interesting language in many ways. Examples of this are agglutinative word structure, consonant/vowel harmony, a large number of productive derivational morphemes (practically infinite vocabulary), derivation and syntactic relations, a complex emphasis on vocabulary and phonological rules. In this study, the interesting features of Turkish in terms of natural language processing are mentioned. In addition, summary info about natural language processing techniques, systems and various sources developed for Turkish are given.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Base Truncation in English Word-Formation

This study deals with an issue of base-final rime truncation observed in word formation process in English. The base truncation occurs only when a vowel-initial derivational morpheme is affixed to a preceding base. The examples are divided into two major groups: bases ending in a vowel and bases ending in a consonant. The second group of data is also sub-divided into four, depending on the structure and the compositions of the base-final syllable. We argue that the base-final rime deletion is motivated by avoiding a sequence of hetero-syllabic vowels across the morpheme boundary, the final two syllables of a derived word with the identical onsets, the neutralization of a back-formed or prominent vowel, the three or more stressless syllables, and the concatenation of certain derivational suffixes in a derived word. Even though the base-final rime truncation was triggered by various reasons, their goal is to achieve a better syllabic, prosodic, metrical, or morphological structure in newly formed words in English and this study provides a constraint-based analysis which employs constraints, reflecting all those motivations of the base-final rime truncation.

Classification of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in song lyric of Ariana Grande’s album Thank U, Next.

Morphology is the study of word and sub-discipline of linguistics that study of word, structure and form which has component such as morpheme, base, prefix and suffix. This process can reduce ambiguity during the process of correcting the words in sentences. This study investigated about the classification of derivational and inflectional morphemes in the song lyrics of Ariana Grande’s album Thank U, Next. This study used qualitative method. Process of collecting data used to identify lyric that has derivational and inflectional morpheme. The result of this research is to indicate that the words recorded in song lyrics can be further analyzed about the process of forming words by words and the meaning of the word in it have different meaning from the literal meaning.

An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Selected News From Tempo.Co

The objectives of this research are to know the derivational and inflectional morphemes and to know the functions of morpheme in the selected news from Tempo.co. This research uses qualitative method. The analysis shows that the derivational and inflectional morphemes found in Tempo.co as 357 words. Derivational shows 97 data (27.17 %) and inflectional shows 260 data (72.83 %). Derivational changes the grammatical categories of words which consists of suffix and prefix, for example, noun-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to nouns in the suffix –ion, -ment, -ist, -ship and –er. Adjective-forming suffix changes the words/ morphemes to adjectives in the suffix –able, -al, -ful, -ic, -cal, and –ous. Adverb-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to an adverb in the suffix –ly. While, verb-forming prefix changes adjective to new adjective or form verb to new verb in the prefix un- and mis-. The inflectional does not change the grammatical categories of words which consists of “-s, -‘s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and –en”. The suffix –s means plural. The suffix -‘s, -s’ means possessive. The suffix –er means comparative. The suffix –est means superlative. The suffix –ed means past. The suffix –ing means Ving (continuous). The suffix –en means participle.

Derivational Morphology of Assamese Lexical Word Categories

Word formation by derivation is very productive in Assamese. A significant amount of words in Assamese owe their origin to derivation. The analysis in this paper takes into account the derivational processes related with lexical word categories, and, numerous bound morphemes that are used in the derivational process in the language. This analysis helps us to understand some of the important aspects of Assamese morphology. These aspects are - role of class maintaining and class changing morphemes, derivation of word from synonyms, productivity of derivational morphemes, morphophonemic changes in root as a result of affixation of derivational morphemes, presence of allomorphs of various bound morphemes, ability of a morpheme to derive words from different word categories. The significance of this papers lies in the fact that these word formation processes could help develop morphological rules that can be used for developing computational morphological tools like- stemmer, spell checker, tagger etc.

An Analysis on the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher Zain’s “Forgive Me” Album

The primary thing to be learned in mastery a language is word. Word is dealing with morphology, because morphology influences spelling, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. In the way of understanding the meaning of vocabulary, language users need to learned morphology, especially derivational and inflectional morphemes. This study was designed to identify the derivational and inflectional morphemes and the functions of each derivational and inflectional morphemes are used on Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album. The result of this study are; (1) There were 13 derivational morphemes and 76 inflectional morphemes, and (2) The functions of every morphemes used on Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album, consist of function as adjective, plural, verb, noun, and adverb.

Morphosyntactic Analysis of Political News on Online Tempo

<p><em>Morphology and Syntax are very important studies in learning English. Morphology learns about how the words are structured and how they are put together from smaller part. It can be considered as the grammar of words. Meanwhile, Syntax discusses how the sentence is structured. The objectives of the research are to find out inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes, and the patterns of clause structure which are found in political news on online Tempo in January 2019. This research used qualitative design and content analysis design where the source of data was article political news on Online Tempo in January, 2019. The major instrument of this research is the researchers themselves because they actively obtained and clustered the data and the secondary data was data sheet. The findings revealed three types of morphosyntactic, firstly, the researchers found 5 patterns of inflectional morpheme with 26 words. The most dominant pattern of inflectional morpheme was singular changing to the plural. Secondly, for derivational morpheme, it identified two types of classes including class-changing and class-mantaining. There were 3 patterns with 10 words in class-changing and 1 pattern with 1 word in class-mantaining. The study also showed that the common pattern of derivational morpheme was class-changing pattern (verb to noun). Thirdly, there were 7 patterns with 15 clauses that were used in political news. The result of this study proved that the dominant pattern of clause structure was S-V- to Infinitive pattern with 4 clauses.</em></p>

The Importance of Speech-Language Pathologists' Explicit Knowledge of Morphology

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with students with specific language impairment and specific learning disorder who are known to have deficits in morphological knowledge and morphological awareness. Thus, it is important that SLPs have explicit knowledge of morphology to classify, elicit, and correct morphological errors to improve these students' morphological knowledge and morphological awareness. The purposes of this clinical focus article are to summarize current evidence about SLPs and other educators' explicit knowledge of language, to identify information that supports explicit knowledge of morphology, and to illustrate the use of explicit knowledge of morphology with a hypothetical case study. Method A case-based demonstration of an SLP's use of his/her explicit knowledge of morphology to analyze a fourth-grade student's production of derivational morphemes in a spoken language sample and on a sentence completion task is presented. Results and Conclusion The SLP's morphological analyses and summarization of the analyses are presented.

Effects of Implicit and Explicit Instruction on Morphological Awareness and Knowledge

In the present study, we explored how implicit and explicit learning affects L2 learners’ morphological awareness and knowledge. To this end, 10th grade high school students (N = 170) in Korea were assigned to one of the three conditions: implicit learning, explicit learning, and control. Participants in the implicit condition learned the meaning of derivatives containing target derivational morphemes (e.g,, sub-) and distractor words, whereas their counterparts in the explicit condition learned the same lexical items and also received morphological instructions. Next, morphological awareness and knowledge was measured by using one- and seven-week delayed post-tests. Overall results revealed superiority of explicit learning over the other two conditions in all post-tests. Results also revealed that although implicit learning may enhance morphological awareness and knowledge to a statistically significant degree, the magnitude of effects computed by Cohen’s d showed small or medium-sized effects. Given that the present study is the first to explore the impact of implicit and explicit learning on morphological awareness and knowledge in EFL settings, the present findings may make important contributions to current second language acquisition literature.

ERRORS FOUND ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION SENTENCES OF THE THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH AT IKIP BUDI UTOMO

This study aimed to describe and classify the grammatical errors found on English translation sentences in terms of syntax and morphology. The analysis procedure applied was based on the surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay et al. in which errors were categorized into errors of: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The result of this study indicated that the highest frequency is errors of misformation which covers 58 errors (46%), followed by omission which covers 47 errors (27%), addition with 12 errors (10%), and the lowest is misordering, 9 errors (7%). In terms of syntax and morphology, the researcher found 17 errors (18%) in articles, 7 errors (7%) in pronouns, 21 errors (22%) in prepositions, 15 errors (16%) in inflectional endings, 26 errors (28%) in tenses, and 8 errors (9%) in derivational endings. Thus, errors in tenses are the highest frequency of errors, and, errors in derivational morphemes are the lowest.

O Parâmetro Movimento em Língua de Sinais Portuguesa

EnglishThis paper intends to describe the parameter movement in Portuguese Sign Language. We begin by considering the terminology related to the designation of the Portuguese Sign Language and then we go through this parameter following a descriptive point of view. First, we consider movement as cherem and its cherological behavior; secondly, we observe movement as a morpheme in nouns and as a derivational morpheme in nouns and verbs. We also consider movement as a morpheme with particular semantic features in personal pronouns construction and in verb agreement of Portuguese Sign Language. We present data from other sign languages to support our description of Portuguese Sign Language. portuguesEste artigo pretende descrever o parâmetro movimento em Lingua de Sinais portuguesa. Comecamos por tratar questoes terminologicas relativamente a designacao “Lingua de Sinais portuguesa” para em seguida, a partir de um ponto de vista descritivo, sintetizar os valores do parâmetro movimento, enquanto unidade minima, na Lingua de Sinais portuguesa. Em primeiro lugar, consideramo-lo enquanto querema e as suas concretizacoes querologicas; em segundo lugar, consideramos esse parâmetro como morfema em nomes e como morfema derivacional na formacao de nomes e verbos. Tambem o perspetivamos como morfema com tracos semânticos peculiares no sistema pronominal - pronomes pessoais - na Lingua de Sinais portuguesa e nos argumentos do verbo. Servimo-nos de dados de outras linguas de sinais para sustentar a nossa sintese descritiva deste parâmetro na Lingua de Sinais portuguesa.

An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes

This study highlights the analysis of Pakistani students for Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes at intermediate level. Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes are the elements which explores the field of morphology for daily language users. Morphology is the study of “morphemes”. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have described into two categories as free and bound morphemes. The main issue that exists in this study is to analyze the derivational and inflectional morphemes used by Pakistani students. Through the perceptions and understanding of inflectional and derivational morphemes, this study can produce the vocabulary in which one word have multiple meanings. This research paper is associated with linguistics and field of socio linguistics. This paper is purely based on qualitative research approach. In this study, the researcher founds the prominent dimensions caused by the inflectional and derivational morphemes, when attached with other morphemes. If the derivational morpheme is attached with free morpheme, it will convey different meaning and a chance have that it will change even word class. While inflectional morpheme will play a grammatical role when will be attached with free morpheme.

Phonological, Lexical, and Morphological Analysis of the Philippine East Miraya Bikol-Pilar Dialect

The paper describes the vowel phonemes of the Pilar variety of East Miraya Bikol spoken in the Philippines. It also reports on the level of mutual intelligibility of this variety with other East Miraya dialects, and identifies its more common derivational and inflectional morphemes. It employed five instruments: the Swadesh list, the Praat, the JPlot Formant, the Pear Film, and the Math 139 Frequency Counter. Many Bikol speakers do not distinguish between [ɛ] vs. [i], and [ɔ] vs. [u] in pronouncing native words, and therefore consider each pair of sounds as belonging to one phoneme. The Pilar dialect, therefore, has a threevowel system: a low central /a/, a front /i/ (with two allophones [i] and [ɛ]) and a back /u/ (with also two allophones [ɔ] and [u]). Historical spelling and practice, however, necessitate the use of five vowel symbols, namely “a,” “e,” “i,” “o,” and “u” to represent the Pilar phonemes in writing. The greatest mutual intelligibility using Pilar dialect as the point of reference occurs with Pilar and Daraga dialects while the lowest is with Pilar and Donsol dialects despite the fact that Pilar and Donsol are municipalities of Sorsogon Province while Daraga is a town in Albay Province. Words in the Pilar dialect may be formed by a root or stem plus one or more affixes, or they may consist of a particle, which is invulnerable to affixation but cannot stand alone without a host. On the whole, the study found derivational and inflectional morphemes, which signal a wide array of modal and aspectual expressions.

MAORI LOANS IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH FROM A LANGUAGE ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine Maori borrowings in New Zealand English through the lens of language ecology. It is argued that Maori loans in English are not simply historical substratum traces of contacts between indigenous and transported cultures, but significant markers of bicultural society in contemporary New Zealand. The findings demonstrated a substantial amount of the Maori loans in New Zealand English, a high degree of their assimilation and involvement into word-formation processes, ability to combine with various derivational morphemes to produce etymologically hybrid structures, active semantic adaptation and functional relevance for institutional and non-institutional communication settings. The abovementioned facts provide evidence to suggest that the substratum elements appeared to be highly competitive in the multicultural setting created by the invasion of the English-speaking culture in New Zealand. Among the positive effects of such competition was that indigenous cultural markers were able to occupy a broad niche in the genetically diverse New Zealand community, thereby realizing communicative complementarity between two cultures in contact.

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES

Morphological analysis is the main areas in studying vocabulary. Morphological analysis itself is analysis that is breaking a word into its elements (root, prefix and suffix). This study was conducted to analyze the use of derivational and inflectional morphemes in the song lyric “A thousand years” by Christina Perri. This study applied descriptive qualitative research which researchers found out the derivational and inflectional suffixes from the words in “A thousand years” lyric. The results of analyzing data were found in this study are derivational morphemes –ly consist of 2 words and inflectional morphemes –s plural, -s third singular person present tense, -ed past tense, -ing progressive and –er comparative consist of 57 words.

Mean Length of Utterance and Other Quantitative Measures of Spontaneous Speech in Russian-Speaking Children.

Purpose This study investigated methodological and theoretical aspects of using mean length of utterance (MLU) and its alternatives in cross-linguistic research and, in particular, its applicability to Russian-a language with a rich system of grammatical and derivational morphemes. Method We collected audio recordings of spontaneous speech samples from 27 Russian-speaking children aged between 2;9 and 5;7 (years;months) over individual play sessions. For each participant, we transcribed the first 100 complete utterances and coded them for several types of utterance length measurements, including length in morphemes (grammatical and derivational), words, and syllables. At a sample level, we calculated the average number of produced unique grammatical forms, getting an alternative quantitative estimate of children's morphosyntactic abilities. Results A combination of Pearson correlation analysis and Bland-Altman difference plots established that MLU can be reliably used in Russian-speaking children aged around 3;0. The average number of unique grammatical forms remains a sensitive measurement of language capabilities even in older children aged over 3;6. Two quantitative measurements, MLU in syllables and morphemes, show good agreement, suggesting that these measurements can be used interchangeably across studies. Sample size analysis revealed that samples under 75 utterances do not provide sufficient reliability for estimating a child's MLU. Conclusions This article demonstrated that MLU can be used in young Russian-speaking children under 3;0-3;6. Also, we showed that the classical morpheme calculation approach can be substituted with counting syllables, which is more time efficient in the absence of automated parsers and is potentially more appropriate for some (e.g., polysynthetic) languages. Our proposed alternative to MLU-the average number of grammatical forms in a sample-appears to be a more sensitive measurement of language capabilities even in older children.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN THE JAKARTA POST

Many people do not know that morpheme and word are interrelated. A word can be a morpheme and can be form by combination of morphemes. More over, there are many types of morpheme with its function that affects either the sentence or the meaning. Because of the morpheme impact, writer wants to analyze about morpheme in the articles from The Jakarta Post Newspaper by its appropriatness for analyzed. Writer is going to relate to the theory from Victoria Fromkin about the types of morpheme; those are derivational and inflectional morpheme. This analyzing purposes to find out which word forming by derivational morpheme, which word forming by inflectional morpheme, how the indicated word forming, and what kind of alteration are found. Writer is going to use the descriptive qualitative method. From 6 data for derivational morpheme, writer found 8 words forming by derivational morpheme and from 8 data for inflectional morpheme, there are 29 words forming by inflectional morpheme. From the data, writer found that each morpheme has its function and impact the meaning, class of word or the grammatical function of the base word. By this paper, people are going to know how prefixes and suffixes affect the word.