Deputy Editor Research Articles

Fraudulent Participation in Online Qualitative Studies: Practical Recommendations on an Emerging Phenomenon.

Fraudulent participation is defined in the following as participation in research by individuals who, for one reason or another, intentionally provide false responses. Qualitative studies are at an increased risk of fraudulent participation when online recruitment and participation are used, and monetary incentives offered. Fraudulent participation threatens data quality and subsequent evidence-based practice, yet validated guidance on how to tackle it is lacking. This paper offers a critical reflection thereon by three separate qualitative research groups that experienced fraudulent participation in collaboration with a patient representative, a bioethicist, a legal expert, a journal deputy editor, and a chief executive of a national charity. The Prevent FRaudulent Online STudy participation (P-FROST) recommendations provide advice on (1) Study set-up (including team members and study design), (2) Monetary incentives and recruitment, (3) Data collection (screening and interview considerations), and (4) Analysis, reporting, and support. The reflection which balances the diverse perspectives of patients, researchers, funders, ethics boards, and legal teams puts forward the P-FROST recommendations to identify and prevent fraudulent participation throughout the design, ethical approval, and implementation of online qualitative research.

RETRACTION: Tanshinone I attenuates the malignant biological properties of ovarian cancer by inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

J. Zhou , Y.-y. Jiang , H. Chen , Y.-c. Wu , and L. Zhang , "Tanshinone I Attenuates the Malignant Biological Properties of Ovarian Cancer by Inducing Apoptosis and Autophagy via the Inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway," Cell Proliferation 53, no. 2 (2020): e12739. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12739. The above article, published online on 09 December 2019, in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been retracted by agreement between the journal Deputy Editor, Yunfeng Lin; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. A third party contacted the publisher to report that duplicated images had been detected in multiple different articles by different author groups, each of which described different experimental conditions. The image duplications are listed as follows: Images in Figure 1C were duplicated in Wang et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S221161), which was submitted and published prior to the publication of this article in Cell Proliferation. In addition, duplicate images from Figures 1C, 1D, 2C, 3B, 3D, 4C, 4D, and 5D were detected in many other articles by different author groups that had been published subsequent to this article. The authors responded to an inquiry by the publisher regarding these concerns and shared what were labeled as original images for Figures 1-6 but did not share the original images for the cell proliferation assays that had been used in Figure 1. The editors reviewed this evidence and found that it did not properly explain the duplications across different articles. The retraction has been agreed to because the duplications of images across different articles fundamentally compromises the conclusions and results presented in the article. The authors disagree with the retraction.

RETRACTION: MATN1-AS1 promotes glioma progression by functioning as ceRNA of miR-200b/c/429 to regulate CHD1 expression.

J. Zhu , WT. Gu , and C. Yu , "MATN1-AS1 Promotes Glioma Progression by Functioning as ceRNA of miR-200b/c/429 to Regulate CHD1 Expression," Cell Proliferation 53, no. 1 (2020): e12700. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12700. The above article, published online on 30 October 2019, in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Deputy Editor, Yunfeng Lin; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The authors contacted the journal and reported that they had detected mistakes in the figures that compromised the validity of the article's results and requested a retraction. In addition, a report from a third party found duplications between Figures 2E and 2C with other articles by different authors, each of which describe different experimental conditions. Following further correspondence, the authors acknowledged these duplications and have stated that they cannot confirm the authenticity of the data. The retraction has been agreed to because the duplications of images across different articles fundamentally compromises the conclusions and results presented in the article.

A Showcase Presentation Honoring the Editorial Board of Clinics in Dermatology

For over forty years, the Editorial Board of Clinics in Dermatology has been working behind the scenes to help our Editor-in Chief, Dr. Lawrence Parish, bring to readers the best contributions in dermatology. Herein, we tell the story of the beginnings of Clinics in Dermatology and provide a list of the inaugural board members of which we highlight four: Drs. Jean Civatte, John Thorne Crissey, Francisco Kerdal-Vegas, and Joseph A. Witkowski. In addition we showcase our present 44 Editorial Board members including our Managing Editor Dr. Hirak Behari Routh,our Senior Deputy Editors Dr. Larry E. Millikan, and Dr. Marcia Ramos-e-Silva, and our esteemed Chief Editor Dr. Lawrence Charles Parish and Chief Editor Designate, Dr. Vinod E. Nambudiri. We are proud that all our Editorial Board members come with stellaracademic achievements in dermatology and from all over the world. We are an active Editorial Board, who work together, issue after issue, to provide the best in peer review contributions and theme issues. We look forward to continuing in this role for many years to come and weare grateful to our current publisher, Elsevier, and to our many authors, and dear readers for their ongoing support and encouragement.

Acknowledgement from the Editor in Chief and Deputy Editors in Chief

Acknowledgement from the Editor in Chief and Deputy Editors in Chief

The effect of prior hysterosalpingo-foam sonography or hysterosalpingography on tubal patency: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Does hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) prior to hysterosalpingography (HSG) or HSG prior to HyFoSy affect visible tubal patency when compared HSG or HyFoSy alone? Undergoing either HyFoSy or HSG prior to tubal patency testing by the alternative method does not demonstrate a significant difference in visible tubal patency when compared to HyFoSy or HSG alone. HyFoSy and HSG are two commonly used visual tubal patency tests with a high and comparable diagnostic accuracy for evaluating tubal patency. These tests may also improve fertility, although the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. One of the hypotheses points to a dislodgment of mucus plugs that may have disrupted the patency of the Fallopian tubes. This is a secondary analysis of the randomized controlled FOAM study, in which women underwent tubal patency testing by HyFoSy and HSG, randomized for order of the procedure. Participants either had HyFoSy first and then HSG, or vice versa. Here, we evaluate the relative effectiveness of tubal patency testing by HyFoSy or HSG prior to the alternative tubal patency testing method on visible tubal patency, compared to each method alone. Infertile women aged between 18 and 41 years scheduled for tubal patency testing were eligible for participating in the FOAM study. Women with anovulatory cycles, endometriosis, or with a partner with male infertility were excluded. To evaluate the effect HyFoSy on tubal patency, we relied on HSG results by comparing the proportion of women with bilateral tubal patency visible on HSG in those who underwent and who did not undergo HyFoSy prior to their HSG (HyFoSy prior to HSG versus HSG alone). To evaluate the effect of HSG on tubal patency, we relied on HyFoSy results by comparing the proportion of women with bilateral tubal patency visible on HyFoSy in those who underwent and who did not undergo HSG prior to their HyFoSy (HSG prior to HyFoSy versus HyFoSy alone). Between May 2015 and January 2019, we randomized 1160 women (576 underwent HyFoSy first followed by HSG, and 584 underwent HSG first followed by HyFoSy). Among the women randomized to HyFoSy prior to HSG, bilateral tubal patency was visible on HSG in 467/537 (87%) women, compared with 472/544 (87%) women who underwent HSG alone (risk difference 0.2%; 95% CI: -3.8% to 4.2%). Among the women randomized to HSG prior to HyFoSy, bilateral tubal patency was visible on HyFoSy in 394/471 (84%) women, compared with 428/486 (88%) women who underwent HyFoSy alone (risk difference -4.4%; 95% CI: -8.8% to 0.0%). The results of this secondary analysis should be interpreted as exploratory and cannot be regarded as definitive evidence. Furthermore, it has to be noted that pregnancy outcomes were not considered in this analysis. Tubal patency testing by either HyFoSy or HSG, prior to the alternative tubal patency testing method does not significantly affect visible tubal patency, when compared to alternative method alone. This suggests that both methods may have comparable abilities to dislodge mucus plugs in the Fallopian tubes. The FOAM study was an investigator-initiated study, funded by ZonMw, a Dutch organization for Health Research and Development (project number 837001504). IQ Medical Ventures provided the ExEm®-FOAM kits free of charge. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data. H.R.V. reports consultancy fees from Ferring. M.v.W. received a travel grant from Oxford University Press in the role of Deputy Editor for Human Reproduction and participates in a Data Safety and Monitoring Board as an independent methodologist in obstetrics studies in which she has no other role. M.v.W. is coordinating editor of Cochrane Fertility and Gynaecology. B.W.J.M. received an investigator grant from NHMRC (GNT1176437) and research funding from Merck KGaA. B.W.J.M. reports consultancy for Organon and Merck KGaA, and travel support from Merck KGaA. B.W.J.M. reports holding stocks of ObsEva. V.M. received research grants from Guerbet, Merck and Ferring and travel and speaker fees from Guerbet. The other authors do not report conflicts of interest. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform No. NTR4746.

Letter from the Deputy Editor

Letter from the Deputy Editor

2023 Optical Materials Express Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize: editorial

Optical Materials Express Editor-in-Chief, Andrea Alù, Deputy Editor, Alessandro Salandrino, and the members of the 2023 Emerging Researcher Best Paper prize committee announce the recipients of the 2023 prize.

Engineering the Future: TESEA's Commitment to Quality and Innovation

Deputy Editor Oscar Acevedo discusses the journal's most recent achievements and commitment to quality and innovation. The editorial highlights TESEA's inclusion in SCOPUS in 2023, its Q4 ranking in the Scimago Journal Rank (SJR), and its acceptance for indexing in the Directory for Open Access Journals (DOAJ).

2023 JOSA A Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize: editorial

JOSA A Editor-in-Chief Olga Korotkova, Deputy Editor Markus Testorf, and the members of the 2023 Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize Committee announce the recipient of the 2023 prize for the best paper published by an emerging researcher in the Journal.

Warren Colman in Conversation with Amanda Dowd.

This conversation between former Journal Editor-in-Chief Warren Colman and Deputy Editor Amanda Dowd took place via Zoom on Sunday, September 3 2023. The conversation ranges widely as Warren shares stories of his formative years and speaks about his experiences regarding his introduction to Jung, his training as an analyst, and his significant contributions to our profession via his writing and editorship of the Journal.

Hysterosalpingo-foam sonography versus hysterosalpingography during fertility work-up: an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial.

What are the costs and effects of tubal patency testing by hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) compared to hysterosalpingography (HSG) in infertile women during the fertility work-up? During the fertility work-up, clinical management based on the test results of HyFoSy leads to slightly lower, though not statistically significant, live birth rates, at lower costs, compared to management based on HSG results. Traditionally, tubal patency testing during the fertility work-up is performed by HSG. The FOAM trial, formally a non-inferiority study, showed that management decisions based on the results of HyFoSy resulted in a comparable live birth rate at 12 months compared to HSG (46% versus 47%; difference -1.2%, 95% CI: -3.4% to 1.5%; P = 0.27). Compared to HSG, HyFoSy is associated with significantly less pain, it lacks ionizing radiation and exposure to iodinated contrast medium. Moreover, HyFoSy can be performed by a gynaecologist during a one-stop fertility work-up. To our knowledge, the costs of both strategies have never been compared. We performed an economic evaluation alongside the FOAM trial, a randomized multicenter study conducted in the Netherlands. Participating infertile women underwent, both HyFoSy and HSG, in a randomized order. The results of both tests were compared and women with discordant test results were randomly allocated to management based on the results of one of the tests. The follow-up period was twelve months. We studied 1160 infertile women (18-41 years) scheduled for tubal patency testing. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy leading to live birth. The economic evaluation compared costs and effects of management based on either test within 12 months. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs): the difference in total costs and chance of live birth. Data were analyzed using the intention to treat principle. Between May 2015 and January 2019, 1026 of the 1160 women underwent both tubal tests and had data available: 747 women with concordant results (48% live births), 136 with inconclusive results (40% live births), and 143 with discordant results (41% had a live birth after management based on HyFoSy results versus 49% with live birth after management based on HSG results). When comparing the two strategies-management based on HyfoSy results versus HSG results-the estimated chance of live birth was 46% after HyFoSy versus 47% after HSG (difference -1.2%; 95% CI: -3.4% to 1.5%). For the procedures itself, HyFoSy cost €136 and HSG €280. When costs of additional fertility treatments were incorporated, the mean total costs per couple were €3307 for the HyFoSy strategy and €3427 for the HSG strategy (mean difference €-119; 95% CI: €-125 to €-114). So, while HyFoSy led to lower costs per couple, live birth rates were also slightly lower. The ICER was €10 042, meaning that by using HyFoSy instead of HSG we would save €10 042 per each additional live birth lost. When interpreting the results of this study, it needs to be considered that there was a considerable uncertainty around the ICER, and that the direct fertility enhancing effect of both tubal patency tests was not incorporated as women underwent both tubal patency tests in this study. Compared to clinical management based on HSG results, management guided by HyFoSy leads to slightly lower live birth rates (though not statistically significant) at lower costs, less pain, without ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast exposure. Further research on the comparison of the direct fertility-enhancing effect of both tubal patency tests is needed. FOAM trial was an investigator-initiated study, funded by ZonMw, a Dutch organization for Health Research and Development (project number 837001504). IQ Medical Ventures provided the ExEm®-FOAM kits free of charge. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data. K.D. reports travel-and speakers fees from Guerbet and her department received research grants from Guerbet outside the submitted work. H.R.V. received consulting-and travel fee from Ferring. A.M.v.P. reports received consulting fee from DEKRA and fee for an expert meeting from Ferring, both outside the submitted work. C.H.d.K. received travel fee from Merck. F.J.M.B. received a grant from Merck and speakers fee from Besins Healthcare. F.J.M.B. is a member of the advisory board of Merck and Ferring. J.v.D. reported speakers fee from Ferring. J.S. reports a research agreement with Takeda and consultancy for Sanofi on MR of motility outside the submitted work. M.v.W. received a travel grant from Oxford Press in the role of deputy editor for Human Reproduction and participates in a DSMB as independent methodologist in obstetrics studies in which she has no other role. B.W.M. received an investigator grant from NHMRC GNT1176437. B.W.M. reports consultancy for ObsEva, Merck, Guerbet, iGenomix, and Merck KGaA and travel support from Merck KGaA. V.M. received research grants from Guerbet, Merck, and Ferring and travel and speakers fees from Guerbet. The other authors do not report conflicts of interest. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform No. NTR4746.

From the Deputy Editor in Chief

From the Deputy Editor in Chief

The Computer Journal: 65th Anniversary

Abstract In celebrating the 65th anniversary of The Computer Journal, its Deputy Editors reassess key papers which – though sometimes old – continue to influence computer science. Martin Cooper MBCS reports.

Media actors as policy entrepreneurs: a case study of “No Jab, No Play” and “No Jab, No Pay” mandatory vaccination policies in Australia

The media’s central role in the policy process has long been recognised, with policy scholars noting the potential for news media to influence policy change. However, scholars have paid most attention to the news media as a conduit for the agendas, frames, and preferences of other policy actors. Recently, scholars have more closely examined media actors directly contributing to policy change. This paper presents a case study to argue that specific members of the media may display the additional skills and behaviours that characterise policy entrepreneurship. Our case study focuses on mandatory childhood vaccination in Australia, following the entrepreneurial actions of a deputy newspaper editor and her affiliated outlets. Mandatory childhood vaccination policies have grown in strength and number in recent years across the industrialised world in response to parents refusing to vaccinate their children. Australia’s federal and state governments have been at the forefront of meeting vaccine refusal with harsh consequences; our case study demonstrates how media actors conceived and advanced these policies. The experiences, skills, attributes, and strategies of Sunday Telegraph Deputy Editor Claire Harvey facilitated her policy entrepreneurship, utilising many classic hallmarks from the literature and additional opportunities offered by her media role. Harvey also subverted the classic pathway of entrepreneurship, mobilising the public ahead of policymakers to force the latter’s hand.

Creating the freedom to thrive: Honoring the legacy of RSNA gold medalist, Deborah Levine, MD

Awarded the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Gold Medal in 2018, Dr. Deborah Levine's research, journalism, and mentorship have left an indelible mark on the radiology field. Her work in ultrasound led to its use as the standard for monitoring benign adnexal cysts. She helped popularize obstetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through her research on its use in placental accreta and fetal abnormalities, which led to the development of the ‘Compendium of Fetal MRI’ website. This work in research led naturally to a career in journalism, where she eventually became Senior Deputy Editor of Radiology and founded Radiology Select. Concurrently with her personal achievements, Dr. Levine has dedicated herself to the mentorship of her female trainees. She sought various leadership positions to learn more about and advocate for the promotion and support of female leadership in radiology departments. In many ways, Dr. Levine's career and work have transformed radiology as we know it today for both patients and physicians.

THU057 Predictors Of Response To Oral Octreotide Capsules In Patients With Acromegaly In A Large Prospective International Trial

Abstract Disclosure: M. Fleseriu: Consulting Fee; Self; Amryt (fka Chiasma), Ipsen, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Recordati, Pfizer, Inc. Research Investigator; Self; Amryt(fka Chiasma), Crinetics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Recordati. Other; Self; Deputy Editor at EJE. A. Dreval: Research Investigator; Self; Research Investigator: Amryt(fka Chiasma). Y. Pokramovich: Research Investigator; Self; Research Investigator: Amryt(fka Chiasma). I. Bondar: Research Investigator; Self; Amryt(fka Chiasma). E. Isaeva: Research Investigator; Self; Chiasma. D.P. Macut: Research Investigator; Self; Principle Investigator: Amryt(fka Chiasma). Speaker; Self; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Pfizer, Inc., (spouse) Novo Nordisk. Other; Self; member of the Executive Committee of the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE). M.E. Molitch: Consulting Fee; Self; Corcept, Janssen Research & Development Company, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Grant Recipient; Self; Amryt(fka Chiasma), Crinetics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Research Investigator; Self; Bayer, Inc. N.V. Leonova: Research Investigator; Self; Chiasma. G. Raverot: Consulting Fee; Self; Pfizer, Inc., Recordati Rare Diseases, Ipsen. Research Investigator; Self; Chiasma, Pfizer, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Speaker; Self; Ipsen, Pfizer, Inc., Recordati Rare Diseases. A. Haviv: Employee; Self; Amryt(fka Chiasma). N. Biermasz: Advisory Board Member; Self; Recordati, Pfizer, Inc., Macro Registry. Grant Recipient; Self; Amryt(fka Chiasma). C.J. Strasburger: Advisory Board Member; Self; Sandoz, Ipsen, Recordati. Consulting Fee; Self; Ascendis, Amryt(fka Chiasma), Novo Nordisk, Merck, Sandoz, Recordati. Speaker; Self; Ipsen, Novo Nordisk, HRA Pharmaceuticals. S. Melmed: Advisory Board Member; Self; Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Crinetics. Consulting Fee; Self; Ipsen. Grant Recipient; Self; Pfizer, Inc. Background: Oral octreotide capsules (OOC) are a treatment option for patients with acromegaly in several countries. Global MPOWERED trial (NCT02685709; Fleseriu et al, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022; 10: 102-111)1 showed that OOC were noninferior to injectable somatostatin receptor ligands (iSRLs; octreotide or lanreotide) in maintenance of biochemical response in those previously responding to both OOC and iSRLs. Clinical characteristics predictive of response are useful to devise and implement personalized acromegaly treatment. Objective To identify patient and disease characteristics to predict the likelihood of OOC responsiveness. Methods Eligibility criteria included adults aged 18-75 years, acromegaly diagnosis at screening, and ≥6 months iSRL treatment (≥4 months responding to stable dose). All patients received OOC during the 26-week run-in phase. Responders at week 24 (IGF-I <1.3 × ULN and mean integrated GH <2.5 ng/mL) were randomized to receive OOC or iSRLs during the subsequent randomized controlled treatment (RCT) phase.1 Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship of baseline characteristics with OOC response during the run-in phase by comparing the group randomized to the RCT phase (those responding at end of run-in who opted to continue, n=92) to the group not randomized (n=54). Results One hundred forty-six patients enrolled in the run-in phase; 116 patients completed, 94 OOC responders, 92 randomized to RCT phase. IGF-I level prior to initiating OOC was the only predictor of response in the run-in phase for randomization into the RCT phase; randomized mean (SD) 0.8 × ULN (0.25), not randomized 1.0 × ULN (0.25), adjusted P<.0001. Other acromegaly characteristics, including duration of acromegaly, history of surgery and/or radiation, baseline pituitary adenoma size, residual postoperative pituitary adenoma size, GH level (randomized mean [SD] 0.78 ng/mL [0.644]; not randomized 1.06 ng/mL [1.010]), and signs/symptoms of GH excess (eg, joint pain, fatigue, sweating, swelling of extremities, snoring, sleep apnea, carpal tunnel syndrome, headache, and others) were not associated with subsequent OOC response (adjusted P=.11-P=1.0). Prior iSRL dose received was not a predictor of OOC response (adjusted P=1.0); randomized n (%): low dose 19 (20.7), middle 33 (35.9), high 40 (43.5); not randomized: low 11 (20.4), middle 22 (40.7), high 21 (38.9). Conclusions Baseline IGF-I level on iSRLs, but not other acromegaly baseline characteristics, were the sole predictor of subsequent OOC response. This IGF-I-value association may be expected, as response at end of run-in was determined by a strictly defined IGF-I cutoff. These results may guide clinicians considering transitioning patients with acromegaly from iSRLs to OOC. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Optics Continuum recognizes the best paper prize winners: editorial

The Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor of Optics Continuum announce the recipients of a new Best Paper Prize.

From the Editors.

From the Editors.

A Sampling of Highlights from the Literature.

What We're Reading| June 02 2023 A Sampling of Highlights from the Literature: Article Recommendations from Our Deputy and Senior Editors Author & Article Information Online ISSN: 2326-6074 Print ISSN: 2326-6066 ©2023 American Association for Cancer Research2023American Association for Cancer Research Cancer Immunol Res (2023) 11 (6): 703. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-11-6-WWR Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Article Versions Icon Versions Version of Record June 2 2023 Citation A Sampling of Highlights from the Literature: Article Recommendations from Our Deputy and Senior Editors. Cancer Immunol Res 1 June 2023; 11 (6): 703. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-11-6-WWR Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search Advanced Search TREM2+ mo-macs limit NK-cell recruitment and activation in lung cancer (from NIAID via NIH Flickr) Natural killer (NK) cells have potent antitumorigenic capabilities but are often present at low frequency or are dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment. Park et al. have identified a reason for this, showing in the KP mouse model of lung cancer that monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-macs) expressing triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) restrict NK-cell recruitment and activation by limiting IL18 signaling and IL15 production. Targeting TREM2 and activating NK cells with an antibody that stabilizes MIC-A effectively controls tumor growth, highlighting the translational potential of the new study. Park MD, …, Merad M. Nat Immunol 2023 April 20;24:792–801. Number and activity of TRM-like cells influences lung tumor immunity (from Neelima Shah, Edna Cukier man via Flickr) Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide protection against local infections and can mediate antitumor immunity.... You do not currently have access to this content.