Depth Of Lens Research Articles

Intraocular aphakia correction in patients with prior keratorefractive surgery: literature review. Part 1

Introduction. An increasing number of patients with a history of keratorefractive surgeries are presenting to ophthalmologists with complaints of vision loss due to cataracts. Treating this group poses surgeons with a range of unique challenges: high demands for vision quality, complexities in selecting the appropriate intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formula and IOL model, target refraction, as well as the need to modify cataract extraction techniques and address specific postoperative considerations. Despite advancements in the development of new IOL designs and calculation formulas, clinical and functional outcomes in this group remain inferior to those in patients without prior keratorefractive procedures. A paradigm shift is emerging, advocating for a personalized approach in the diagnosis and management of cataracts in these patients. However, discussing all aspects within a single review proved impractical, leading us to divide it into two parts. The objective of the first part of this study is to assess the specific considerations for aphakia correction in patients who have undergone keratorefractive procedures, based on literature data, while taking into account the long-term complications of refractive surgery. Additionally, this part will address the fundamental principles of the design and functionality of pseudoaccommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs). Materials and methods. A selection of over 200 peer-reviewed publications from resources such as PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Science Direct, and Google Scholar over the past 30 years was conducted. The first part of the review includes 49 publications. This work represents an analysis of contemporary literature, reflecting the impact of keratorefractive surgeries on the successful performance of phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. Results. The findings from the first part of the analysis indicate that a detailed medical history of previously performed keratorefractive corrections – specifically their type and potential long-term complications – play a significant role in determining the surgical treatment strategy. Standard examination methods do not always fully reflect the optical characteristics of the cornea in these patients. Extended preoperative assessments, including specialized techniques such as keratotopography and keratotomography, are crucial for identifying corneal irregularities and for the subsequent selection of the type of intraocular lens (IOL) for aphakia correction in patients who have undergone keratorefractive surgeries. Studies show high effectiveness not only in using monofocal lenses but also in the potential application of pseudoaccommodating IOLs, including those with extended depth of focus and multifocal lenses. The selection of optimal formulas for IOL calculation, as well as the clinical aspects influencing refraction in the postoperative period, will be addressed in the second part of the literature review. Conclusion. The increase in the number of refractive surgeries has led to a growing population of patients with cataracts following ametropia correction. This has spurred the development of new IOL variants with extended depth of focus. However, literature data on their effectiveness in patients who have undergone keratorefractive procedures remain limited. Multicenter prospective studies are needed to evaluate new IOL models and to determine the optimal surgical strategies for this category of patients.

Efficacy and comfort following the implantation of extended depth of focus, multifocal, and monofocal intraocular lenses in cataract patients

BackgroundExtended depth of focus (EDOF) and multifocal (Multi) intraocular lenses (IOL) can provide a fixed distance of near vision, which may result in some discomfort for patients who prefer different near distances. The aim of this study was to compare the vision, comfortable near distance (CND) and visual comfort in patients who underwent implantation of EDOF, Multi, and monofocal (Mono) IOLs.MethodsA total of 100 eyes were implanted with Tecnis ZXR00, ZMB00 or ZCB00 IOLs. Uncorrected distance, intermediate, and near visual acuity (UDVA, UIVA, and UNVA, respectively), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), the fluctuations of CND, the ability to see at comfortable or standard near distance and visual comfort were evaluated at 3-month postoperative.ResultsAt 3 months postoperative, the EDOF and Multi groups showed non-inferiority compared to the Mono group in the UDVA (P > 0.05) and CDVA (P > 0.05) but superiority in the UNVA (P < 0.001). The UIVA was better in the EDOF group, with comparable results for the Multi and Mono groups. There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative CND in the three groups. The CND visual acuity (CNDVA) was lower than the UNVA in the three groups, especially in the EDOF and Multi groups (P < 0.05). The CND effectively improved patients’ near visual comfort and visual clarity, except for one patient in the Multi group who complained of severe fatigue and was unable to tolerate the experience at month 3.ConclusionThe EDOF and Multi IOLs achieved excellent visual quality and superior UNVA compared to the Mono IOL, but the CNDVA was significantly inferior to the UNVA. Patients’ near visual experience can be effectively improved at their CND.

Cataract surgery with corneal endothelial pathology

Abstract: It is not uncommon for Fuch’s endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) patients to present with a co-existent cataract. Surgeons are often faced with a choice between simultaneous and staged corneal and cataract surgery. Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) has been found to have better visual outcomes as compared to Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) and penetrating keratoplasty and is currently the preferred surgery for FECD. Endothelial cell count and pachymetry cutoffs were earlier used for decision-making. Various other investigations such as Scheimpflug imaging and confocal microscopy are now used to prognosticate the outcome when performing cataract surgery only. Triple DMEK has the advantage of a definite treatment in a single sitting. Whereas, a staged approach with DMEK followed by cataract surgery has a better visual outcome. This is due to variable refractive changes in the cornea post-DMEK or DSEK that can lead to inaccurate intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. Even though the graft detachment rates and rebubbling rates have been found to be comparable in triple DMEK versus a staged surgery, in view of increasing patient demands and expectations for a spectacle-independent outcome, a staged surgery is now preferable. Conventionally, surgeons favored the use of only monofocal lenses; however, the use of premium IOLs, especially extended depth of focus lenses, is now increasing. In this review, we will discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of a simultaneous and staged approach and pearls on decision-making in FECD with cataracts.

Climate change impact on barrier island freshwater lenses and their transition zones: a multi-parameter study

Freshwater lenses and their freshwater–saltwater transition zones are affected by climate change. Both sea-level rise and groundwater recharge influence freshwater volume and transition zone thickness. This study used a semi-generic approach to investigate climate change effects on freshwater lenses: a hypothetical island cross-section was combined with real-world boundary conditions. Sea-level projections including tides and storm surges, annual mean sea-level rise data, and monthly recharge projections of several climate models of the German barrier island Norderney in the North Sea were used to evaluate changes in freshwater lens and transition zone size between 1971–2000 and 2071–2100. Firstly, impacts of sea-level and recharge boundary conditions were investigated on islands of different widths. Secondly, a multi-parameter study was conducted focussing on variations of several relevant hydrogeological parameters. Results showed that it is very likely but not certain that freshwater lens volume and depth will decrease and transition zone thickness increase as a consequence of climate change. Model predictions revealed a strong dependency on the employed climate models and to a lesser extent on the hydrogeological parameters, at least for the parameter ranges used in this study. Of all hydrogeological parameters tested, the largest effects were caused by the hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy. Furthermore, the study showed that boundary conditions have larger impacts on smaller islands. These results illustrate the importance of using projections from climate models in a sufficiently high resolution. Furthermore, their uncertainties and changes in variability of boundary conditions should be considered in studies about climate change impacts on freshwater lenses.

Randomised clinical trial of extended depth of focus lenses for controlling myopia progression: Outcomes from SEED LVPEI Indian Myopia Study

PurposeTo determine the efficacy of extended depth of focus (EDOF) contact lenses for controlling myopia progression in children through a 1-year randomised clinical trial.MethodsA total of 104 children aged 7–15...

Propagation of perfect vortex beam beyond the focal depth

Perfect vortex beam (PVB) has emerged as a promising candidate in the field of optical communication, which is currently limited due to its realization only at the focal depth of Fourier lens. The present letter reports devising of a unique technique for the propagation of PVB beyond this point and has been verified experimentally, inside laboratory, up to a distance of 5 m. The properties of PVBs, observed at the focus of the Fourier lens, were well preserved in the propagated beams. This proposed approach ensures preserving of the invariance of the annular radius of propagating PVBs, carrying different orbital angular momentum, which has emerged as a unique property for their potential application in the fields of communication, particle trapping, and micro-machining.

Прогнозирование остроты зрения на близких расстояниях для линз с увеличенной глубиной фокуса на основании данных дооперационной биометрии

Abstract Original article Prediction of near visual acuity for intraocular lens with an extended range of focus technology based on preoperative biometry data E.V. Danilenko, A.N. Kulikov, N.V. Nevin S.M. Kirov Medical Militar y Academy Ministr y of Defense of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Purpose. To develop a method for predicting near visual acuity at 40 cm after TECNIS Symphony IOL implantation based on preoperative biometry data. Material and methods. 2 groups of patients were enrolled in the study – the test group (50 eyes), where IOL TECNIS ZCB00 was implanted, and the main group (30 eyes), who received the TECNIS Symphony lens. Preoperatively all patients underwent Lenstar LS900 measurement and OCT of the anterior segment Cassia 2. There were no differences in biometry and demographic parameters between the groups. In the postoperative period, the measurements were repeated, refraction, distance and near visual acuity were also determined in the main group. The follow-up period was 6,48±0,15 months. Results. The posterior surface of the TECNIS IOL was 0.06±0.17 mm (p=0.022) closer to the cornea than the center of the crystalline lens. Center of the crystalline lens depth had correlation with the distance between cornea and the anterior (R=0.76 and R=0.74 according to Cassia 2 and Lenstar, respectively, p=0.000 in both cases) and posterior IOL surface (R=0.74 and R=0.86, p=0.000 in both cases). The average near visual acuity in the main group was 0.50±0.20 and did not depend on the axial length of the eye, IOL power, length of the vitreous chamber, residual ametropia and gender. Based on the results of regression analysis, an equation was derived for predicting near visual acuity after implantation of the TECNIS Symphony IOL (sum of squares 0.83, p=0.000), which included center of the crystalline lens depth, flat cornea meridian power and its thickness. Conclusion. Near visual acuity at 40 cm after implantation of TECNIS Symphony IOL can be reliably predicted based on center of the crystalline lens depth, flat cornea meridian power and its thickness. It is also possible to use the simplified nomogram proposed by the authors. Key words: EDOF, near vision acuity prediction, presbyopia

Extended depth of focus versus trifocal for intraocular lens implantation: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis

Aims/Purpose: To compare the extended depth of focus (EDOF) versus trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients undergoing IOL implantation.Methods: An electronic search was conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to include studies comparing EDOF versus trifocal IOLs. Refraction and visual acuity were primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included defocus curves, intraocular aberrations, contrast sensitivity (CS), quality of vision (QoV) questionnaire score, haloes and glare, spectacle independence and patient satisfaction.Results: A total of 22 studies enrolling 2200 eyes were identified. Trifocal IOL showed a significant improvement in sphere (mean difference [MD] = −0.23; p = 0.001) and spherical equivalence (MD = −0.11, p = 0.0001) compared to EDOF IOL. No difference was observed in cylinder (MD = −0.03, p = 0.25) or astigmatism. Trifocal IOL had superior near visual acuity outcomes, namely uncorrected near visual acuity (MD = 0.12, p &lt; 0.00001) and distance‐corrected near visual acuity (MD = 0.12, p = 0.002). Post‐operative corrected distance visual acuity (MD = −0.01, p = 0.01) was significantly improved for the EDOF group, although no difference was noted in post‐operative uncorrected distance visual acuity (MD = 0.00, p = 0.84), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (MD = 0.01, p = 0.68) or distance‐corrected intermediate visual acuity (MD = −0.01, p = 0.39). Defocus curve favoured trifocal IOLs at near vision and EDOF IOLs at intermediate vision. Ocular aberration, CS, haloes (odds ratio = 0.64, p = 0.10), glare and patient satisfaction were not statistically significant between the groups. The trifocal IOL was associated with an improved QoV questionnaire score (MD = 1.24, p = 0.03) and spectacle independence (odds ratio = 0.26, p = 0.02).Conclusions: Trifocal IOLs improved uncorrected near visual acuity compared to EDOF IOLs. Uncorrected distance and intermediate visual acuity, halos and glare were not statistically different between both groups.

Soczewki EDOF – najnowocześniejsza soczewka do korekcji starczowzrocznośc

Presbyopia is physiological process in which due to aging of the eye there is a loss of accommodation that results in worsening of clear vision over close objects. This condition can be treated with glasses, contact lenses, laser refractive surgery or refractive lens extraction. Latter treatment option comprises of implantation of multifocal and extended depth of focus lenses. Extended depth of focus lenses in contrast to multifocal lenses (produce multi plefocal points) create single elongated focal point which in turn aids to reduce most common photic effects. Aim of this article is to explain the difference between multifocal and extended depth of focus lenses as well as differentiate types of extended depth of focus lenses lenses available on the Polish market.

Pros and Cons of soft contact lens power mapping

Purpose. To provide an overview of currently available meth- ods and instruments for the measurement of soft contact lens power maps, together with their advantages and potential shortcomings. Material and Methods. The three leading measurement prin- ciples of Moiré Fringe, Shack-Hartmann and Phase Shifting Schlieren were identified, and the relevant literature reviewed and technical specifications summarised. To demonstrate some of the potential deficiencies associated with optical power mapping, a series of measurements were conducted on toric, multifocal and extended depth of focus lenses, using one representative instrument. Raw measured data were analysed using various analysis tools and parameters. Results. Power maps and power profiles are presented for the various lens types. Different smoothing filter settings resulted in significantly different power profiles near the optical centre. The ‘Power versus Azimuth’ profiles showed unexpected results. Conclusion. While all three methods are generally reliable and easy to use, there are still some limitations which need to be considered when interpreting the results. In particular, the profile filter settings need to be chosen carefully for multifocal and extended depth of focus lenses. The need for accurate refractive index data for lens material and solution was demonstrated. Keywords Soft contact lenses, power maps, power profiles, Moiré Fringe, Shack-Hartmann, Phase Shifting Schlieren

Comparison of bilateral implantation of an extended depth of focus lenses and a blend approach of extended depth of focus lenses and bifocal lenses in cataract patients

BackgroundTo compare the visual outcomes, spectacle independent rate and stereopsis in patients who underwent bilateral implantation of extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL), or a blend approach of EDOF and bifocal IOL.MethodsA total of 60 cataract patients, who were scheduled for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in both eyes in West China Hospital of Sichuan University, were enrolled and divided into Micro monovision group(-0.5D~-1.0D), Non-micro monovision group (< 0.5D) with Symfony IOL, and Mixed group with Symfony and ZMB00 IOLs. Three months postoperatively, we compared the visual acuity, modulation transfer function (MTF), defocus curve, stereopsis, spectacle independence, and photic phenomena among the three groups.ResultsCompared to the Non-micro monovision group (UNVA: 0.07 ± 0.04), Micro monovision group (UNVA: 0.00 ± 0.07, P < 0.001) and Mixed group (UNVA: -0.02 ± 0.06, P < 0.001) showed improvement in binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA). Additionally, Mixed group exhibited lower MTF10 (MTF10: 0.38 ± 0.24) and point spread function (PSF: 0.192 ± 0.269) results in their non-dominant eye compared to both Micro monovision group (MTF10: 0.56 ± 0.21, P = 0.027; PSF: 0.417 ± 0.282, P = 0.034) and Non-micro monovision group (MTF10: 0.55 ± 0.19, P = 0.038; PSF: 0.408 ± 0.285, P = 0.003). Spectacle independence for near vision were higher in both the Micro monovision (45%) and Mixed (55%) group compared to the Non-micro monovision group (40%). The Mixed group also reported higher incidence of photic phenomena (25%). However, there were no significant differences in stereoscopic function among the three groups.ConclusionBoth micro monovision and mix-and-match methods can help patients to obtain better visual outcomes at different distances. Mix-and-match method has better near visual acuity, while micro monovision method has better intermediate visual acuity. Non-micro monovision methods will affect patients’ near vision outcomes. Binocularly implanted EDOF IOL has better contrast sensitivity.Clinical trial registrationRegistration date:11/07/2023. Trial registration number: ChiCTR2300073433. Trial registry: West China Hospital of Sichuan University retrospectively registered.

Geobody estimation by Bhattacharyya method utilizing nonlinear inverse modeling of magnetic data in Baba-Ali iron deposit, NW Iran

One of the essential geophysical concerns is the estimation of the physical and geometrical parameters of the reserve (geobody), which is done by exploiting the nonlinear inverse modeling of magnetic data. The present study includes preparing and modeling magnetic data to suggest the Baba Ali Iron ore deposit's drilling locations in NW Iran. The area is covered with 1000 points of geomagnetic reading with an almost 5 × 10 m2 regularly spaces grid trending WE. The areal and depth extent of the iron ore geobody was unknown. The Bhattacharyya method by MATLAB software coding was employed to underestimate the misfit function and re-construct potential field data, providing the most suitable fitting with measured magnetic data. In this order, the residual calculated anomaly exhibited an excellent two-dimensional conformation with forward modeling. Furthermore, 3D modeling correctly reconstructs the anomalies' productive resources' properties. After preparing full magnetic maps, the magnetic lenses distinguished in four anomalies of surface depths, 20, 50, and deeper than 50 m for this zone. This magnetite lens for the first zone was estimated based on analytical signal filters applied on the entire magnetic map so that the lens's depth is trivial and almost zero. Due to specific gravity calculated as 4.77 t/m3, initial storage capacity is suggested to be about 95,400 tons of magnetite, pyrite, and hematite minerals at most in an area about 6 Km2. Finally, to complete the preliminary explorations of the specified area, exploratory drilling is suggested for three points by inverse modeling. Regarding this study as the first try in magnetic reconnaissance step of Iron mineral exploration in the study area, there is no geological constraints available based on drilling evidences. However, the model is well satisfies the surface anomalies considering residual magnetic property.

The Postmodern Aesthetic Style of the Film “A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence"

Postmodern aesthetics, as a product of postmodern culture, shows resistance to traditional aesthetic values, subverts the cognitive logic of rational and absolute concepts, and has a profound impact on contemporary films. Swedish director Roy Andersson's representative work, "A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence", embodies obvious post-modern aesthetic features. Its images attempt to subvert traditional authority, the narrative is broken, the audience interacts with the depth of field lens, and the interpretation is returned to the audience. The highly copied characters and scenes show the absurdity of contemporary people's existence and the desolation of spirit and issue sharp satire to the post-modern society, Presenting a profound philosophical reflection.

Comparative Study Between Non-Diffractive Extended Depth of Focus and Monofocal Intraocular Lenses.

To evaluate the visual acuity and quality of vision in bilaterally implanted ZCBOO/ZCTx monofocal (Johnson & Johnson Vision) intraocular lens (IOL) and bilaterally implanted DATx15 extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL (Alcon Vision, LLC). A single site, non-interventional study comparing ZCBOO/ZCTx monofocal IOL patients implanted with DATx15 IOL toric or non-toric versions in both eyes. A total of 30 patients (60 eyes) completed the study in the monofocal group, 32 (64 eyes) in the EDOF group, and all were targeted for emmetropia. Binocular uncorrected distance, intermediate (66cm), and near (40cm) visual acuities and distance corrected distance, intermediate (66cm) and near (40cm) visual acuities were assessed. Binocular distance corrected defocus curve testing was from -3.5 D to +3 D. Patient reported visual disturbances (QUVID) and IOL satisfaction (IOLSAT) questionnaires were administered. The DATx15 group mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.15 ± 0.10 logMAR at 66cm and 0.36 ± 0.14 logMAR at 40cm, compared to 0.24 ± 0.15 logMAR and 0.59 ± 0.17 logMAR respectively for the ZCBOO/ZCTx group. The DATx15 group (23 respondents, 74%) also reported significantly more spectacle independence at near with the IOLSAT (p < 0.01), compared to the ZCBOO/ZCTx group (13 respondents, 43%). Glare, halos, starbursts, and blur reported on the QUVID questionnaire were similar in the two groups. The DATx15 group had improved near and intermediate vision and increased spectacle independence compared to the ZCBOO/ZCTx group.

Level sets of depth measures in abstract spaces.

The lens depth of a point has been recently extended to general metric spaces, which is not the case for most depths. It is defined as the probability of being included in the intersection of two random balls centred at two random points X and Y, with the same radius d(X,Y). We prove that, on a separable and complete metric space, the level sets of the empirical lens depth based on an iid sample, converge in the Painlevé-Kuratowski sense, to its population counterpart. We also prove that, restricted to compact sets, the empirical level sets and their boundaries are consistent estimators, in Hausdorff distance, of their population counterparts, and analyse two real-life examples.

Positioning of enhanced monofocal intraocular lenses between conventional monofocal and extended depth of focus lenses: a scoping review

BackgroundNew intraocular lenses (IOLs) have emerged since the originally coined monofocal and multifocal IOLs. The extended depth of focus (EDoF) and enhanced monofocal IOLs (mono-EDoF) that have appeared in the last decade have caused some confusion in their classification. The aim of this review was to summarize the outcomes provided by mono-EDOF IOLs and to determine which of the endpoints, described by the American National Standard (ANSI) for EDoF IOLs, are fulfilled.MethodsThe MEDLINE, EMBASE, and WEB OF SCIENCE databases were searched. Two independent reviewers screened the studies for inclusion and data extraction. The search strategy was limited to studies published between 2020 and 2022, but not by language. The results are presented as a narrative summary accompanied by tables, in alignment with the objectives of this scoping review. Compliance with the endpoints for clinical outcomes described in the American National Standard Z80.35–2018 (ANSI) for EDoF lenses was checked and additional endpoints were defined.ResultsTwo systematic reviews, 13 laboratory, 21 clinical, and two mixed studies were included. Tecnis Eyhance was the mono-EDOF with the highest volume of evidence to date. Although laboratory studies included other IOLs, clinical evidence for them is still scarce, with only one study of IsoPure compared to a standard monofocal IOL. Evidence in comparison to EDoF lenses is also scarce, even for Tecnis Eyhance, with only three studies including this lens in comparison to an EDoF lens. After evaluation of the ANSI criteria, agreement was found in the failure for the increase in depth of field equal to or greater than 0.5 D for a visual acuity (VA) level of 0.2 logMAR and none of the studies supported that the median monocular VA at intermediate distance was at least 0.2 logMAR.ConclusionsAdditional clinical evidence is required for other mono-EDOF IOLs beyond Tecnis Eyhance. Until the arrival of a standard classification, mono-EDOF should be better still classified as monofocal because the ANSI standards were not fully met.

Comparison of dynamic defocus curve on cataract patients implanting extended depth of focus and monofocal intraocular lens

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to compare the dynamic defocus curve on patients post-implantation of the extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and monofocal intraocular lens (IOL).MethodsA total of 62 age-related cataract patients receiving phacoemulsification with implantation of TECNIS Symfony (ZXR00) or monofocal IOLs were enrolled. The binocular static and dynamic defocus curves with corrected distance visual acuity were evaluated at one month postoperatively.ResultsThe ZXR00 group achieved significantly better intermediate (P = 0.044) and near (P = 0.017) visual acuity (VA) than the monofocal group. Two groups had similar uncorrected and corrected distance VA (P > 0.05, respectively). The dynamic defocus curve revealed a smoother decline from 0.0 D to − 2.0 D in the ZXR00 group. Defocused dynamic VA in the ZXR00 group was significantly better (P < 0.05) except at 0.0 D (P = 0.724) and − 0.5 D (P = 0.176). The area under the curve (P = 0.002) and corrected dynamic vision accommodation (P = 0.001) derived from the dynamic defocus curves were better in the ZXR00 group. A positive correlation was observed between defocused dynamic and static VA in both groups (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that defocused static VA and corrected dynamic vision accommodation were significant influential factors for the defocused dynamic VA from − 1.0 D to − 3.0 D (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe EDOF IOL provided similar distance vision, better intermediate and near vision, and a better overall dynamic defocus curve than the monofocal IOL. The dynamic defocus curve may be comprehensively applied to evaluate the all-distance dynamic visual performance post-cataract surgery.

Stereopsis and visual acuity: Bilateral trifocal versus blended extended depth of focus and diffractive bifocal intraocular lenses.

To compare stereopsis and visual acuity (VA) between bilateral implantation of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOL) and blended implantation of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL with a bifocal IOL. This is a non-randomized, prospective comparative study included 74 eyes of 37 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and bilateral implantation of AT LISA tri 839MP IOL (bilateral group; 21 patients) or blended implantation of Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 and Tecnis ZLB00 IOL (blended group; 16 patients). The primary outcomes were stereoacuity and binocular VA. The secondary outcomes were visual defocus curve, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Follow-up was performed 3 months after the surgery. The mean near stereoacuity was 49.76 ± 22.67 and 120.63 ± 90.94 seconds of arc (arcsec) in the bilateral and blended groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Near stereoacuity was positively correlated with VA difference of two eyes (r = 0.896, P < 0.001). The mean binocular uncorrected visual acuity at 40 cm, 80 cm, 5 m, and corrected distance visual acuity at 5 m of the bilateral and blended groups was not statistically significant different. The bilateral group had better VA at a vergence from -2.5 to -4.0 D. Both groups obtained high quality of life and patient satisfaction scores. The bilateral and blended groups achieved good binocular VA, quality of life, and high patient satisfaction. However, the near stereoacuity of the blended group was worse.

Weighted lens depth: Some applications to supervised classification

Starting with Tukey's pioneering work in the 1970s, the notion of depth in statistics has been widely extended, especially in the last decade. Such extensions include those to high-dimensional data, functional data, and manifold-valued data. In particular, in the learning paradigm, the depth-depth method has become a useful technique. In this article, we extend the lens depth to the case of data in metric spaces and study its main properties. We also introduce, for Riemannian manifolds, the weighted lens depth. The weighted lens depth is nothing more than a lens depth for a weighted version of the Riemannian distance. To build it, we replace the geodesic distance on the manifold with the Fermat distance, which has the important property of taking into account the density of the data together with the geodesic distance. Next, we illustrate our results with some simulations and also in some interesting real datasets, including pattern recognition in phylogenetic trees, using the depth-depth approach. La notion de profondeur statistique a émergé dans les années 70 dans un travail pionnier de Tukey. Cette notion a très largement été étudiée et étendue dans la dernière décennie. Certaines de ces extensions concernent les données en grande dimension, les données fonctionnelles ou à valeurs sur une variété. En apprentissage machine, la méthode de classification utilisant le vote par profondeur (depth-depth), est très utilisée. Dans cet article, nous étendons la notion de profondeur lentille (lens depth) pour des données à valeurs dans un espace métrique et nous étudions les principales propriétés de cette extension. Nous introduisons également, dans le cas d'une variété riemannienne, la profondeur de lentille pondérée. Cette profondeur est aussi une profondeur de lentille pour une version pondérée de la distance riemannienne. Dans cette seconde extension, on remplace la distance géodésique sur la variété par la distance de Fermat. Cela permet ainsi de prendre en compte la densité de probabilité des observations. Nous illustrons nos résultats sur des données synthétiques et réelles. En particulier, nous appliquons les outils développés sur un problème de reconnaissance de formes d'arbres phylogéniques. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

The Influence of 0.5% Tropicamide on Anterior Segment Parameters With CASIA2 in Emmetropic, Myopic, and Hyperopic Eyes.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment parameters with the CASIA2 imaging device in emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic eyes. Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 125 subjects (34 emmetropic subjects, 57 myopic subjects, and 34 hyperopic subjects) at the Shanghai Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were recruited from June 2021 to September 2021. The 0.5% tropicamide solution was used once every 5 min a total of 5 times for cycloplegia. The anterior segment parameters were recorded by CASIA2 before and after cycloplegia. Changes in anterior segment parameters were compared among the three refractive groups. Results: Crystalline lens rise (CLR) and crystalline lens thickness (CLT) significantly decreased in all three refractive groups after cycloplegia (all p < 0.01). The anterior radius of lens (ARL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) significantly increased in all three refractive groups after cycloplegia (all p < 0.01). Posterior radius of lens (PRL) significantly increased in hyperopic eyes after cycloplegia (p < 0.01) while it remained unchanged in emmetropic eyes and myopic eyes. Central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber width (ACW), lens decentration (LD), and lens tilt (LT) remained unchanged after cycloplegia in all three refractive groups (all p > 0.05). Changes in CLR, CLT, ARL, PRL, and ACD in hyperopic eyes were greater than those in emmetropic eyes and myopic eyes (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Apart from various changes in anterior segment parameters after application by 0.5% tropicamide in all three refractive groups, significant changes in CLR, CLT, ARL, PRL, and ACD in hyperopic eyes should be noted for proper clinical interpretation.