Depth Of Boundary Research Articles

Technology for studying the electrophysical characteristics of sedimentary rocks of South Yakutia at the railway station Kyurgellyakh using the method of remote inductive probing

The possibilities of a new technology for applying the method of remote inductive sensing at a frequency of 1,125 and 0,281 MHz in the separation interval of the emitting and receiving antennas in terms of quantitative assessment of electrophysical characteristics in the rock foundation of engineering structures at the railway station Kyurgellyakh in South Yakutia are studied. In the strata of icy and clay deluvial-eluvial formations and sedimentary rocks (dolomites, limestones), a general increase in depth of the effective values of the electrical resistance and the real part of the complex relative permittivity, which is atypical in AC geoelectrics, has been established. The range of variability of resistivity and permeability is 600–1600 Ohm·m and 3–7 arb. units. According to a sharp change (from a smaller to a larger one) in the growth rate of resistance and permeability, two boundaries were found. The first structural boundary lies at a depth of about 10 m and corresponds to the lower boundary of the area of intense weathering. The second petrophysical boundary lies at a depth of about 20 m and characterizes the transition of the highly weathered and highly fractured upper part of the sedimentary rock mass into the lower consolidated solid part located in the area of thermal rest. The obtained results give grounds to recommend a proven technology for solving the problems of geomechanics and thermophysics of frozen soils in terms of determining their strength and depth of the lower boundary of the layer of annual heat exchanges.

Study of Interannual Variability of the Winter Mesothermal Temperature Maximum Layer in Southern Baikal

This paper is devoted to the study of the mesothermal temperature maximum layer (MTML) in Lake Baikal, which is observed during the period of winter stratification. On the one hand, this is a rather well-known phenomenon; on the other hand, it is not sufficiently studied, although it has a significant impact on the thermal regime in winter and water dynamics during the periods of formation and breakdown of inverse temperature stratification. Our work presents the results of analyzing the spatial and temporal variability of the main MTML parameters and their dependence on hydrometeorological factors. For this purpose, CTD soundings and mooring data obtained in the western part of the southern basin of Lake Baikal in 2000–2022 were analyzed in comparison to ERA5-Land reanalysis. The MTML parameters have noticeable within-season and interannual spatial and temporal variability. This is obviously related to the influence of the processes of vertical turbulent mixing, internal wave action, and current patterns. The analysis of interannual differences revealed four types of behavior of the maximum MTML temperature during the ice season. The influence of wind conditions on the main MTML parameters (maximum MTML temperature, depth of its occurrence, and depth of the upper MTML boundary) was shown not only in the fall, but also in the summer period, when heat accumulation in the Baikal water column takes place. With the increased wind activity in the late fall, the MTML is formed deeper and has lower maximum temperature values. At lower wind activity in the fall, the MTML is closer to the surface and the values of the maximum MTML temperature are higher. A change in wind activity in the summer leads to the opposite effect. In spite of the essential trends over the study period in the dates of the occurrence of hydrological events, no noticeable trends were registered for the maximum MTML temperature, its depth, and the depth of the upper boundary of the MTML.

Edge aware depth inference for large-scale aerial building multi-view stereo

Aerial building depth estimation is a crucial task in 3D digital urban reconstruction and learning-based multi-view stereo (MVS) methods have recently shown promising results in this field. However, these methods are mainly developed by modifying the general learning-based MVS framework for aerial depth estimation, which lack consideration about the intrinsic structures of buildings and result in insufficient accuracy. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end edge aware depth inference network for large-scale aerial building multi-views stereo, called EG-MVSNet, which incorporates the building edge information and jointly estimate the depth map and edge map. Firstly, we propose a novel Edge-Sensitive Network based on the differentiable Dynamic Sobel Kernels to obtain reliable building edge features while eliminating other irrelevant features. We further propose an UNet-like Edge Prediction Branch and a Building Edge-Depth Loss to constrain the model focus primarily on the building edge features. Notably, the pseudo ground truth (GT) edge map for each aerial image is obtained with classical gradient operators which do not require additional annotation. Secondly, to incorporate the edge features into the depth prediction module, we introduce an Inter-volume Adaptive Fusion Module that adaptively incorporates the edge features volume into a standard cost volume and guides the regularization of the cost volume. An Edge Depth Refinement Module is further proposed to performs 2D-guidance refinement and avoid over-smoothed or blurred depth boundaries. Extensive experiments on the WHU dataset and LuoJia-MVS dataset show that our model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art performance by more than 22% mean absolute error (MAE) compared to RED-Net and 57% MAE compared to MVSNet. Additionally, to validate our proposed model, we reconstruct a synthetic aerial building benchmark based on WHU dataset. The results as far as correctness and accuracy exceeded the results of other MVS methods in a between-method comparison by at least 12% in MAE metric. The dataset and code can be available at https://github.com/zs670980918/EG-MVSNet.

Efficient ray sampling for radiance fields reconstruction

Accelerating the training process of neural radiance field holds substantial practical value. The ray sampling strategy profoundly influences the convergence of this neural network. Therefore, more efficient ray sampling can directly augment the training efficiency of existing NeRF models. We propose a novel ray sampling approach for neural radiance field that improves training efficiency while retaining photorealistic rendering results. First, we analyze the relationship between the pixel loss distribution of sampled rays and rendering quality. This reveals redundancy in the original NeRF’s uniform ray sampling. Guided by this finding, we develop a sampling method leveraging pixel regions and depth boundaries. Our main idea is to sample fewer rays in training views, yet with each ray more informative for scene fitting. Sampling probability increases in pixel areas exhibiting significant color and depth variation, greatly reducing wasteful rays from other regions without sacrificing precision. Through this method, not only can the convergence of the network be accelerated, but the spatial geometry of a scene can also be perceived more accurately. Rendering outputs are enhanced, especially for texture-complex regions. Experiments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on public benchmark datasets.

Modeling the Colatina lineament using geophysical methods: Insights into the geology of ES, Brazil

The study of the primary dikes in a given region is essential for comprehending its geological evolution. This study focuses on the offshore region in the state of Espírito Santo (ES), which encompasses one of the major oil sedimentary basins in the country, namely the Espírito Santo Basin. The study area is considered structurally complex due to the presence of numerous structural features, and the present work focuses on the Colatina Lineament. Despite several decades of oil and rock prospecting studies, the lateral and depth boundaries of the lineament are still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to utilize geophysical methods, including magnetic.and gravity, obtained from aerial and terrestrial surveys, respectively, to characterize the Colatina Lineament structurally. The study generated thematic maps using highlight filters to investigate the structural importance of the zone of influence. Additionally, 2.5D forward modeling was performed from gravity data, revealing numerous geological structures generated by crustal movements. To visualize the geological encompassed by the Colatina Lineament, a 3D inversion of the magnetic data was performed. The outcomes facilitated the visualization and mapping of the dike bundle and confirmed the impact of tectonic processes in the region.

CRUSTAL THICKNESS BENEATH UTAKO ABUJA USING RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Understanding the Mohorovicc discontinuity (Moho depth) is crucial in unraveling the Earth’s subsurface structure. In this research, we present the report of the crustal thickness and the ratio of the primary wave to the shear wave velocities (p-to-s) beneath the seismic station located at the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) Abuja using Receiver Function Analysis (RFA). The primary objective of this study is to determine the depth of the Moho boundary and gain insights into the geological properties of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle beneath the receiver station. This analysis focused on teleseismic earthquakes that were recorded at the station between 2020 and 2021, with epicentere distances between 30o and 90o and magnitudes 5.5 or greater. The P wave Receiver Function (PRF) was modeled from iterative time domain deconvolution using the converted phases (Ps) at the Moho interface.

Regulation mechanism of bionic wireless power device thermal management system based on nanofluids and magnetic field

For further optimal power conservation and dissipation performance of wireless power devices, this paper presented a cooling system that couples a wave bionic surface structure with composite magnetic nanofluids. Heat transfer mechanisms near the wall of the channel under magnetic field excitation have been developed. Effect of changes in the near-wall thermal boundary layer on the integral heat transfer was analyzed, and a comprehensive evaluation of the model performance was given. The outcomes revealed that as the flow approaches the crest, the difference in thermal boundary layer thickness for different flow Reynolds numbers becomes small, and in the flow region in the second half of the wave crest, the thermal boundary depth is no longer regular at different Reynolds numbers, which is due to the “detached flow”. “Detached flow” effectively breaks the thermal boundary enhancing the heat transfer performance. Temperatures excited by magnetic forces show disordered “jumps”, and the heat transfer characteristics are substantially improved by 41.59 % under magnetic field. Comprehensive evaluation index under magnetic field excitation is up to 1.54 for wave bionic surfaces with a frequency of 20 rad/s.

First occurrence of planktonic foraminiferal species Boliella adamsii as a marker for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in the sea around Sumba Island

The expensive cost of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating (AMS 14C), the main tool for geochronology in Late Pleistocene-Holocene paleoclimate and paleoceanography study using marine sediment cores, hinders Indonesian researchers to produce competing research outputs. The first occurrences of planktonic foraminiferal species which have been applied as Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary markers in previous Quarternary marine sediment studies in the Indonesian region need to be confirmed as these species might actually occur since the Late Pleistocene. Quantitative foraminifera determination and oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis of planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides (Gs.) ruber have been carried out in marine sediment cores ST10 (off south Sumba) and ST14 (Sumba strait). δ18O of Gs. ruber was correlated to North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) δ18O to determine the depth of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (11653 BP) in core ST10 and ST14. Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary depth in core ST10 (31 cm) and ST14 (28 cm) are nearly coeval with the First occurrence (FO) of planktonic foraminifera Boliella adamsii, which at 34-35 cm depth interval in core ST10 and at 26-27 cm depth interval in core ST14. This indicated the practicality of Boliella adamsii FO as a Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary marker in the sea around Sumba Island, in case radiocarbon ages and proper planktonic foraminiferal δ18O data are not available. Future studies using a similar method in other Indonesian regions are needed to confirm the practicality of Boliella adamsii FO as a Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary marker in the Indonesian region.

Identification of Human Ventricular Tachycardia Demarcated by Fixed Lines of Conduction Block in a 3-Dimensional Hyperboloid Circuit.

The circuit boundaries for reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) have been historically conceptualized within a 2-dimensional (2D) construct, with their fixed or functional nature unresolved. This study aimed to examine the correlation between localized lines of conduction block (LOBs) evident during baseline rhythm with lateral isthmus boundaries that 3-dimensionally constrain the VT isthmus as a hyperboloid structure. A total of 175 VT activation maps were correlated with isochronal late activation maps during baseline rhythm in 106 patients who underwent catheter ablation for scar-related VT from 3 centers (42% nonischemic cardiomyopathy). An overt LOB was defined by a deceleration zone with split potentials (≥20 ms isoelectric segment) during baseline rhythm. A novel application of pacing within deceleration zone (≥600 ms) was implemented to unmask a concealed LOB not evident during baseline rhythm. LOBs identified during baseline rhythm or pacing were correlated with isthmus boundaries during VT. Among 202 deceleration zones analyzed during baseline rhythm, an overt LOB was evident in 47%. When differential pacing was performed in 38 deceleration zones without overt LOBs, an underlying concealed LOB was exposed in 84%. In 152 VT activation maps (2D=53, 3-dimensional [3D]=99), 69% of lateral boundaries colocalized with an LOB in 2D activation patterns, and the depth boundary during 3D VT colocalized with an LOB in 79%. In VT circuits with isthmus regions that colocalized with a U-shaped LOB (n=28), the boundary invariably served as both lateral boundaries in 2D and 3D. Overall, 74% of isthmus boundaries were identifiable as fixed LOBs during baseline rhythm or differential pacing. The majority of VT circuit boundaries can be identified as fixed LOBs from intrinsic or paced activation during sinus rhythm. Analysis of activation while pacing within the scar substrate is a novel technique that may unmask concealed LOBs, previously interpreted to be functional in nature. An LOB from the perspective of a myocardial surface is frequently associated with intramural conduction, supporting the existence of a 3D hyperboloid VT circuit structure. Catheter ablation may be simplified to targeting both sides around an identified LOB during sinus rhythm.

Non-local affinity adaptive acceleration propagation network for generating dense depth maps from LiDAR.

Depth completion aims to generate dense depth maps from the sparse depth images generated by LiDAR. In this paper, we propose a non-local affinity adaptive accelerated (NL-3A) propagation network for depth completion to solve the mixing depth problem of different objects on the depth boundary. In the network, we design the NL-3A prediction layer to predict the initial dense depth maps and their reliability, non-local neighbors and affinities of each pixel, and learnable normalization factors. Compared with the traditional fixed-neighbor affinity refinement scheme, the non-local neighbors predicted by the network can overcome the propagation error problem of mixed depth objects. Subsequently, we combine the learnable normalized propagation of non-local neighbor affinity with pixel depth reliability in the NL-3A propagation layer, so that it can adaptively adjust the propagation weight of each neighbor during the propagation process, which enhances the robustness of the network. Finally, we design an accelerated propagation model. This model enables parallel propagation of all neighbor affinities and improves the efficiency of refining dense depth maps. Experiments on KITTI depth completion and NYU Depth V2 datasets show that our network is superior to most algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency of depth completion. In particular, we predict and reconstruct more smoothly and consistently at the pixel edges of different objects.

Reconstructing the Oxygen Depth Profile in the Arabian Sea During the Last Glacial Period

AbstractReconstructing the strength and depth boundary of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the glacial ocean advances our understanding of how OMZs respond to climate changes. While many efforts have inferred better oxygenation of the glacial Arabian Sea OMZ from qualitative indices, oxygenation and vertical extent of the glacial OMZ is not well quantified. Here we present glacial‐Holocene oxygen reconstructions in a depth transect of Arabian Sea cores ranging from 600 to 3,650 m water depths. We estimate glacial oxygen concentrations using benthic foraminiferal surface porosity and benthic carbon isotope gradient reconstructions. Compared to the modern Arabian Sea, glacial oxygen concentrations were approximately 10–15 μmol/kg higher in the shallow OMZ (<1,000 m), and 5–80 μmol/kg lower at greater depths (1,500–3,650 m). Our results suggest that the OMZ in the glacial Arabian Sea was slightly better oxygenated but remained in the upper 1,000 m. We propose that the small increase in oxygenation of the Arabian Sea OMZ during the last glacial period was due to weaker upper ocean stratification induced by stronger winter monsoon winds coupled with an increase in oxygen solubility due to lower temperatures, counteracting the effects of more oxygen consumption resulting from higher primary productivity. Large‐scale changes in ocean circulation may have also contributed to better ventilation of the glacial Arabian Sea OMZ.

Floer theory of disjointly supported Hamiltonians on symplectically aspherical manifolds

We study the Floer-theoretic interaction between disjointly supported Hamiltonians by comparing Floer-theoretic invariants of these Hamiltonians with the ones of their sum. These invariants include spectral invariants, boundary depth and Abbondandolo-Haug-Schlenk's action selector. Additionally, our method shows that in certain situations the spectral invariants of a Hamiltonian supported in an open subset of a symplectic manifold are independent of the ambient manifold.

Thermal Regime of the Lithosphere under the Taimyr Peninsula According to Geomagnetic Data

This article presents the results of a study of the thermal regime of the lithosphere under the TaimyrPeninsula and adjacent territories (70°–80° N, 80°–115° E) based on geomagnetic data. Spectral analysis ofthe lithospheric geomagnetic field given by the EMAG2v3 model was performed using the centroid method.The calculations we performed showed that the minimum depths of the top boundary of lithospheric magneticsources (2.5 km) are typical for the entire Taimyr fold belt and the considered part of the Siberian Platform,and the maximum (6 km) for the North Kara Basin. The position of the top boundary of the magneticallyactive layer of the lithosphere above the bottom of the sedimentary layer under the Yenisei-Khatangaand Khatanga-Lena basins can be associated with the widespread intrusion of basalt traps into the sedimentarylayer. The minimum depths of the bottom boundary of lithospheric magnetic sources (36 km) are confinedto the Eurasian Basin and neighboring territories of the Laptev Sea shelf and the islands of the SevernayaZemlya archipelago, which indicates the greatest heating of the lithosphere under them within theregion under consideration. The depth of the bottom boundary reaches maximum values (≥48 km) under theYenisei-Khatanga and North Kara basins and the Siberian Platform, indicating the existence of the cold and,accordingly, thick lithosphere here, which is confirmed by other independent geophysical data

Probabilistic Assessment of Antarctic Thermomechanical Structure: Impacts on Ice Sheet Stability

AbstractUncertainty in present‐day glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) rates represents at least 44% of the total gravity‐based ice mass balance signal over Antarctica. Meanwhile, physical couplings between solid Earth, sea level and ice dynamics enhance the dependency of the spatiotemporally varying GIA signal on three‐dimensional variations in mantle rheology. Improved knowledge of thermomechanical mantle structure is therefore required to refine estimates of current and projected ice mass balance. Here, we present a Bayesian inverse method for self‐consistently mapping shear‐wave velocities from high‐resolution adjoint tomography into thermomechanical structure using calibrated parameterisations of anelasticity at seismic frequency. We constrain the model using regional geophysical data sets containing information on upper mantle temperature, attenuation and viscosity structure. Our treatment allows formal quantification of parameter covariances, and naturally permits propagation of material parameter uncertainties into thermomechanical structure estimates. We find that uncertainty in steady‐state viscosity structure at 150 km depth can be reduced by 4–5 orders of magnitude compared with a forward‐modeling approach neglecting covariance between viscoelastic parameters. By accounting for the dependence of apparent viscosity on loading timescale, we find good agreement between our estimates of mantle viscosity beneath West Antarctica, and those derived from satellite GPS. Direct access to temperature structure allows us to estimate lateral variations in lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth, geothermal heat flow (GHF), and associated uncertainties. We find evidence for shallow LAB depths (63 ± 13 km), and high GHF (76 ± 7 mW m−2) beneath West Antarctica that, combined with low asthenospheric viscosities, indicate a highly dynamic response to ice mass loss.

Estimation of the depth of origin of fluids using noble gases in the surface sediments of submarine mud volcanoes off Tanegashima Island

The helium isotope ratio (3He/4He), concentration ratio of neon-20 to helium-4 (20Ne/4He), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), and xenon (Xe) concentrations were measured in the porewater of surface sediments of several submarine mud volcanoes. From the 3He/4He values (0.18–0.93RA), the estimated He origin is almost 90% crustal He, with little contribution from mantle-derived He. The determined Ar, Kr, and Xe concentrations lie within the solubility equilibrium range expected for temperatures from 83 °C up to 230 °C and are consistent with the temperature range of the dehydration origin of clay minerals. Considering the geothermal gradient in the investigated region (25 °C/km), these gases are considered to have reached dissolution equilibrium at a depth of about 3.3 km to 9.2 km below the seafloor. As the depth of the plate boundary is 18 km below the seafloor, the noble gas signatures are likely to originate from the crust, not from the plate boundary. This is consistent with the results presented by the He isotope ratios.

PID-FUZZY Control System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV): Highly Accurate FPGA Implementation

Because of the linear and nonlinear variations in the operating environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are one of the most difficult applications. The complexity of the control algorithm should be less for real-time implementation in a field programable gate array logic (FPGA) device. In this work, a highly accurate FPGA implementation of PID-Fuzzy control strategy is proposed for an AUV operation that is extremely precise. Parameters such as weight, water density, and depth are used to perform highly efficient and accurate control for the proposed system. A type II fuzzy logic controller and accompanying proportional-integral- derivative controller are used to confine pitch and depth boundaries. The proposed design is modeled using SIMULINK software, and Verilog code is generated using hardware description language coder from MATLAB. Xilinx software is used to synthesize the Verilog code for spartan FPGA. The proposed technique improves the accuracy and reduces the response time when compared to the conventional control strategy.

Catastrophic craton destruction via wholesale lithosphere delamination

Abstract The nuclei of continents, manifested as cratons, are the most long-lived parts of Earth’s lithosphere. However, ancient cratons in some areas can be substantially destroyed through mechanisms that are not fully understood. We used experimentally calibrated geobarometers to calculate the equilibrium pressures of mafic magmas in the North China craton, which directly constrain the evolving depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the craton through time. We show that the lithospheric thickness of the eastern part of the craton decreased from ~200 km to ~35 km in the Early Cretaceous. This intense destruction took place within a short time interval of ~10 m.y., at least locally. Following this destruction, the lithosphere gradually rethickened and stabilized as the upwelling asthenosphere cooled and formed a juvenile lithosphere. We suggest that this catastrophic lithosphere thinning resulted from wholesale lithosphere delamination. As a consequence of this catastrophic loss of thick mantle roots, the eastern part of the North China craton may have undergone rapid crustal rebound and surface uplift, as recorded by the regional unconformities formed between 130 and 120 Ma in the destructed area.

Accurate edge-preserving stereo matching by enhancing anisotropy

Stereo matching has attracted substantial research attention, as it plays an important role in many visual tasks such as autonomous driving. Despite the remarkable progress has been made by all kinds of stereo matching methods, they still suffer in some challenging scenes like disparity discontinuities. The root cause of blurred depth boundaries lies in information diffusion across edge boundaries. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a novel edge-preserving stereo matching method by enforcing anisotropy, where information is allowed to propagate throughout the image except through large discontinuities. Specifically, we propose an intra-scale cost aggregation algorithm to smooth out noise in homogeneous regions while well preserving strong edges in the guided image. And weighted averaging scheme, where weights are calculated according to the variances of pixels in different overlapping support windows, is utilized for enhancing anisotropy to improve accuracy at disparity discontinuities. We carry out comprehensive experiments on Middlebury public datasets to demonstrate the accuracy and edge-preserving property of our method. Qualitative and quantitative performance evaluation on Middlebury data sets demonstrate the superior performance of our method for strong edge preservation with 20.77% decreases in wrong matching ratios in discontinuous regions.

Microscopic Insights into the Effects of Anti-Agglomerant Surfactants on Surface Characteristics of Tetrahydrofuran Hydrate

The formation of clathrate hydrates in pipelines is potentially threatening to exploration and gas transportation in the petroleum industry. To reduce such risks, various surfactants have been explored as anti-agglomerants to prevent the aggregation of hydrate particles. However, the anti-agglomeration mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, modified atomic force microscopy is first developed to investigate the effects of two surfactants, namely, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, on the surface of a tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate. The surfactants have remarkable effects in terms of changing the grain size and decreasing the grain boundary depth and surface roughness of the THF hydrate. In addition, the surfactants reduce the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) thickness of the THF hydrate and the adhesion forces between the hydrate and the microsphere probe. This phenomenon may be caused by the changes induced by surfactant molecules on the water–guest molecule structure near the gas/water interface. Thus, hydrate growth is enhanced in the QLL. The adhesion forces decrease linearly with QLL thickness after adding the surfactants. These findings indicate that surfactants reduce the adhesion forces by reducing the QLL thickness at higher temperatures. The effects of surfactants on the QLL thickness and surface morphology of the hydrate are investigated, providing critical information on the cohesive behaviors among hydrate particles or between hydrate particles with other materials. Our work provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of how surfactants prevent hydrate aggregation, which is crucial in hydrate-related safety management.

A comparative evaluation of 3D geometries of scenes estimated using factor graph based disparity estimation algorithms

Passive stereo vision systems are useful for estimating 3D geometries from digital images similar to the human biological system. In general, two cameras are situated at a known distance from the object and simultaneously capture images of the same scene from different views. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of 3D geometries of scenes estimated by three disparity estimation algorithms, namely the hybrid stereo matching algorithm (HCS), factor graph-based stereo matching algorithm (FGS), and a multi-resolution FGS algorithm (MR-FGS). Comparative studies were conducted using our stereo imaging system as well as hand-held, consumer-market digital cameras and camera phones of a variety of makes/models. Based on our experimental results, the factor graph algorithm (FGS) and multi-resolution factor graph algorithm (MR-FGS) result in a higher level of 3D reconstruction accuracy than the HCS algorithm. When compared with the FGS algorithm, MR-FGS provides a significant improvement in the disparity contrast along the depth boundaries and minimal depth discontinuities.