Parental Depression Research Articles

부모의 우울과 사회경제적 지위 유형에 따른 아동의 문제행동, 학교적응과 가정환경자극 간의 차이

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between parental depression,children's problem behavior according to socioeconomic status, school adaptation, and homeenvironmental stimulation in the first year of elementary school. For this purpose, data from 795children were analyzed using from the 8th year (2015) of [PSKC], which includes teacher-infantinteraction variables. Research results: First, the depression and socioeconomic status of parentswith children were classified into four types. Second, the externalizing problem behavior offirst-grade elementary school children was found to be highest in low-depression/low-income/low-agegroup 1. Third, school adaptation was found to be highest in group 4: medium depressed/highincome/high education. Fourth, reactivity among home environment stimuli was high in Types2 and 4 whose parents were highly educated. The approach used in this study is meaningful inthat it can be used as basic data for forming effective parent-child relationships, family supportand intervention measures by finding causes and alternatives for problem behavior and schooladaptation.

Parental Stress in a Pediatric Ophthalmology Population.

To determine the rate of parental stress within a pediatric ophthalmology population, parents in an urban or suburban community pediatric ophthalmology clinic were administered the Parental Stress Index Short Form survey. Demographic information and parental depression or anxiety data were collected and analyzed using an independent sample t-test and chi-squared analysis. Stress measures were recorded as percentiles. One hundred and twenty-one surveys revealed the following mean percentiles: Total Stress, 45.9 ± 22.4; Parental Distress (PD), 49.7 ± 19.8; and Parent Child Dysfunctional Interaction (P-CDI), 45.1 ± 23.6. The PD percentiles of the non-married parents, those with positive parental depression or anxiety scores, and those with a high school diploma or less were 55.9 ± 18.5 versus 45.2 ± 19.6, p < 0.01; 55.2 ± 18.6 versus 46.7 ± 19.9, p < 0.05; and 56.8 ± 18.2 versus 47.0 ± 19.8, p < 0.01, respectively. The parents with a high school diploma or less in a suburban environment demonstrated higher PD/P-CDI scores versus those of an urban population. Those with median household incomes (MHI) below USD 60,000 in both the total and suburban populations showed higher PD scores. There is no significant difference in parental stress between the pediatric ophthalmology patients and the general population. The parents who are unmarried, depressed, have a high school degree or less, or an MHI below USD 60,000 experience significantly higher stress levels.

Influence of psychiatric symptom profiles of parents on sleep bruxism intensity of their children

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of parental anxiety, depression levels and psychiatric symptom profiles of parents on the occurrence of sleep bruxism in children. Material & Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 94 children aged 6 to 12 years, divided into two groups: with sleep bruxism (bruxism group-BG) and without sleep bruxism (control group-CG). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), Symptom Checklist and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Parent (SCARED-P) scale were used to assess anxiety and depression levels of parents. All questionnaires were filled out by parents of children. Intraoral and extraoral examinations were carried out of children in the clinic and sleep bruxism was determined. All stress conditions were investigated by logistic regression analysis. In the comparison of the qualitative data, chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used. Results The data revealed that participants whose mothers had high anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity scores, and participants whose fathers had a medium level of obsessive-compulsive disorder were more likely to have an SB problem (p < 0.05). According to the results of BDI, the fathers’ results between the BG and the CG were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the mothers’ results between the BG and the CG were statistically significant (p < 0.05) When all subscales of SCARED-P were evaluated, the separation anxiety disorder subscore was statistically significant in the bruxism group. Conclusion The psychological status of parents is a significant risk factor associated with SB development in school-age children.

Parents’ mental health state and self perceived difficulties of their children

Abstract Past research shows that parents’ mental health is highly associated with children's emotional and behavioural state. The study aimed to explore and verify the hypothesis that high self perceived parental depression and anxiety levels increase observed emotional/behavioural problems in their children. The sample included 53 parent-child pairs, residents of Crete, Greece where the average age of parents (88.7% females) was 42.30 yrs (SD = 5.41) and with mean child (54.7% males) age of 9.16 (SD = 1.36), who presented for learning difficulties assessment at a community Mobile Unit. Among them, 64.2% had university degree while 24.5% had secondary education. The tools used were Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) to assess depression and anxiety symptoms in parents and Child Behaviour CheckList (CBCL /6-18 DSM-oriented scales) to assess observed emotional/behavioural problems of their children (Emotional and Somatic Problems, Anxiety, Attention Deficit, Oppositional Defiant Problems, Conduct Problems). The study found a significant positive correlation (r=.400; p=.011) between BAI (M = 11.89, SD = 8.48) and Anxiety Problems in the CBCL (M = 2.93; SD = 2.11). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between BDI (M = 11.44, SD = 10.63) and Emotional Problems (M = 4.22, SD = 3.34), with r = 0.427 (p=.006) as well as with Anxiety Problems (r=.427; p=.006). These results indicate a link between parents’ self perceived anxiety with the anxiety they observe in their children and parents’ self perceived depression levels with the emotional and anxiety problems they identify in their children. It seems that anxious and depressed parents tend to highly identify same characteristics in their children. For the future it is recommended to test a bigger sample and also evaluate children's own beliefs. Nevertheless, the study confirms the connection between parental and child mental health which cannot be ignored when designing family based interventions. Key messages • Understanding parents’ mental health issues could improve children’s lives and inform health policy planning. • Validated tools need to be introduced in community health setting to early detect parent mental health issues.

Mental health of older parents with migrant adult-children in Europe

Abstract Background As migration patterns continue to shift across Europe, an increasing number of older parents are experiencing the departure of their adult children. This phenomenon has been linked to higher levels of stress, isolation, and loneliness among left-behind parents, which may lead to poor mental and physical health. This study aimed to investigate whether adult children's outmigration is associated with the mental health of older parents in different regions of Europe. Methods The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 8 was used to investigate the impact of adult child migration on depression of older parents in four European regions: Western, Northern, Southern, and Central and Eastern Europe. Results A total study sample was 23,185 older parents composed of Western (5,458), Central and Eastern (10,397), Southern (4,063), and Scandinavian (3,267) Europe. Preliminary results showed that there was a regional difference in the health effects of adult children outmigration in Europe. From the bivariate analysis, older parents in Central and Eastern (F = 4.756, p = 0.003) and Southern (F = 4.675, p = 0.003) regions showed significant differences according to their adult children's migration status while Western and Northern Europe regions did not show the difference in depression levels. According to a multiple regression model, compared to those having no migrant child or all children lives within 500km, those in Central and Eastern Europe region with all (p &amp;lt; 0.001, β = 0.423) or some (p &amp;lt; 0.001, β = 0.309) of adult children were over 500km away were statistically more depressed even after considering extensive other factors. Conclusions The outmigration of adult children can profoundly affect the mental health of older parents left-behind in Central and Eastern Europe, emphasizing the need to recognize left-behind parents as a vulnerable population at risk for developing mental health issues.

Effects of an online family-focused parenting support intervention on preterm infants' physical development and parents' sense of competence and care ability: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundParenting of preterm infants presents unique challenges, particularly during their transition from hospital to home. Early discharge programs can assist parents during this critical period. However, the feasibility of delivering a family-focused online discharge program remains understudied. ObjectivesThis study was conducted to investigate the impact of a family-focused online parenting support intervention on parents' sense of competence, depression, caregiving, social support, family functioning, and the weight and length of preterm infants. MethodsWe conducted a single-blind, two-arm randomized controlled trial with a repeated-measures design. Participants were recruited from a specialized tertiary hospital in China between May and December 2022. Forty-five families were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 44 to the control group. The intervention included three components: (1) two one-hour group sessions and three 30-minute individual sessions of online parenting support; (2) two follow-up telephone calls (15–30 min each) post-discharge; and (3) access to online parenting resources. Primary outcomes included parenting sense of competence, parental care ability, and preterm infants' weight and length. Secondary outcomes included depression, social support, and family functioning. Measurements were taken at baseline, preterm infant discharge, one month post-discharge, and three months post-discharge. A generalized estimating equation model was employed based on the intention-to-treat principle for outcome comparison. ResultsParents in the intervention group showed significant improvements in parenting sense of competence (P < 0.001), parental care ability (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.001), and social support (P = 0.002). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in preterm infants' weight and length, or in family functioning (P > 0.05). ConclusionsAlthough the intervention did not affect preterm infants' outcomes, the positive enhancements in parenting sense of competence, care ability, depression, and social support indicate that online family-focused parenting support can effectively prepare parents for hospital discharge and the early transition period.

Parent-child agreement on children's psychopathology and the impact of parental depression.

Parental depression increases children's risk of mental illness and may simultaneously impair the detection of children's symptoms. Here we investigate the nature of parent-child agreement of children's psychopathology in children of parents with current (cMD) versus remitted (rMD) major depression. Baseline data from 100 parent-child dyads including healthy children aged 8-17 (M=11.89, SD=2.83) and their parents with a history of depression were analysed. The presence of sub-clinical psychopathology (yes/no) in children was assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews with child and parent (K-DIPS). Self- (YSR) and parent-report (CBCL) questionnaires were used to measure the severity of symptoms. Parent-child agreement was calculated using Chi-square tests and Cohen's kappa respectively. We compared whether agreement differed between children of parents with cMD (n=52) versus rMD (n=48). In the interviews parents more frequently reported sub-clinical child psychopathology than the children themselves (χ2 1,100 =4.63, p<0.001, d=0.59). This pattern characterised parents with cMD (χ2 1,52 =7.99, p=0.005; κ=0.582) but not rMD (χ2 1,48 =000, p=0.686; κ=-0.010), a difference which was statistically significant (z=3.14, p<0.001, d=0.66). Since agreement between parents and children about the severity of children's symptoms was particularly poor in families where parents were currently depressed, parental mental illness should be taken into account when assessing youth psychopathology.

A Feasibility Study of a Physical and Occupational Therapy-Led and Parent-Administered Program to Improve Parent Mental Health and Infant Development

Aims Extremely premature birth puts infants at high risk for developmental delay and results in parent anxiety and depression. The primary objective of this study was to characterize feasibility and acceptability of a therapist-led, parent-administered therapy and massage program designed to support parent mental health and infant development. Methods A single cohort of 25 dyads - parents (24 mothers, 1 father) and extremely preterm (<28 wk gestation) infants – participated in the intervention. During hospitalization, parents attended weekly hands-on education sessions with a primary therapist. Parents received bi-weekly developmental support emails for 12 months post-discharge and were scheduled for 2 outpatient follow up visits. We collected measures of parent anxiety, depression, and competence at baseline, hospital discharge, and <4 and 12 months post-discharge. Results All feasibility targets were met or exceeded at baseline and discharge (≥70%). Dyads participated in an average of 11 therapy sessions (range, 5–20) during hospitalization. Lower rates of data collection adherence were observed over successive follow ups (range, 40–76%). Parent-rated feasibility and acceptability scores were high at all time points. Conclusions Results support parent-rated feasibility and acceptability of the TEMPO intervention for extremely preterm infants and their parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Different contributions of resilience and contextual factors to levels of anxiety, stress, and depression in parents of autistic children

Parents of autistic children tend to have higher levels of parenting-related stress, anxiety, and depression than parents of typically developing children. This psychological distress can also affect their ability to take care of their children. In this sense, literature highlights some protective factors. The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of resilience and contextual factors on the state of anxiety, stress, and depression of parents of autistic children. In the present study, contextual factors included attending an association of parents of autistic children, having a trusted person to talk to, having a job outside the home, and having more children. Results showed that resilience had a strong and negative relationship with the three mental states. Nevertheless, contextual variables analyzed related differently with each of the states. In addition, regression analyses showed that resilience predicted a less degree of anxiety, stress, and depression; attending an association of parents of autistic children predicted having less anxiety and depression symptoms; and having a trusted person to talk to predicted less level of depression. It is concluded that promoting resilience in parents of autistic children and providing context protective factors should improve the mental health and quality of life of these families.

Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities.

Parents of children with disabilities often have difficulty understanding their child's behavior and are unable to do it appropriately because they do not know what to do. The more we properly understand children with disabilities, the more positive the importance of parent education becomes in various aspects. To demonstrate the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities in various aspects and present it as evidence that can be used clinically. For a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities, literature was collected from 2002 to 2022 using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Europe PMC. Search terms were "disabled children," "disabled children," "parent education," "parent training," and "parent coaching." The final searched literature included a total of 11 articles. To calculate the effect size, the mean, standard deviation, and sample size of the experimental and control groups were analyzed, and a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan version 5.4.1. To analyze statistical heterogeneity, a chi-square test was performed to evaluate the significance of Q statistics to indicate statistical heterogeneity. The final literature totaled 11 articles, and a total of 4 items were analyzed. There were 5 studies on parental depression, the heterogeneity was 98%, and the effect size for parental depression was 0.35 [confidence interval (CI: 0.30-0.40)], indicating a small but statistically significant effect size. There were 4 studies on parenting attitude, the heterogeneity was 100%, the effect size on parenting attitude was 0.41 (CI: 0.37-0.46), which was a medium effect size, and the P value showed a statistically significant score. Additionally, face-to-face parent education was found to have a larger effect size than non-face-to-face education. Regarding parent education methods, face-to-face parent education had a medium effect size [0.57 (CI: 0.52-0.61]), while non-face-to-face parent education had a small effect size [0.23 (CI: 0.18-0.28]). Parental education has shown high effectiveness in child development, and it has proven to be even more effective when face-to-face parenting education is conducted. Accordingly, more effective and objective data was presented. Based on this study, it is believed that parent education research applying various diagnostic groups should continue to be conducted.

Maternal depressive symptoms and young people's higher education participation and choice of university: Evidence from a longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundParticipation in higher education has significant and long-lasting consequences for people's socioeconomic trajectories. Maternal depression is linked to poorer educational achievement for children in school, but its impact on university attendance is unclear. MethodsIn an English longitudinal cohort study (N = 8952), we explore whether young people whose mothers experienced elevated depressive symptoms are less likely to attend university, and the role of potential mediators in the young person: educational achievement in school, depressive symptoms, and locus of control. We also examine whether maternal depressive symptoms influence young people's choice of university, and non-attendees' reasons for not participating in higher education. ResultsYoung people whose mothers experienced more recurrent depressive symptoms were less likely to attend university (OR = 0.88, CI = 0.82,0.94, p < 0.001) per occasion of elevated maternal depressive symptoms) after adjusting for confounders. Mediation analysis indicated this was largely explained by educational achievement in school (e.g., 82.7 % mediated by age 16 achievement) and locus of control at 16. There was mixed evidence for an impact on choice of university. For participants who did not study at university, maternal depressive symptoms were linked to stating as a reason having had other priorities to do with family or children (OR: 1.17, CI = 1.02,1.35). LimitationsLack of data on the other parent's depression, loss to follow-up, possibly selective non-response. ConclusionsYoung people whose mothers experience elevated depressive symptoms on multiple occasions are less likely to participate in higher education; educational achievement in secondary school, but not the young people's own depressive symptoms, substantially mediated the effect.

Psychometric properties of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire among Iranian parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Background The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) has been adapted for the study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but its use has not been studied in Iran. In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Disorder (IPQ-R-ASD-Persian) and how Iranian parents’ perceptions of autism may be related to parental anxiety, depression, and affect. Method This study included 114 parents of children with ASD in Iran. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the IPQ-R-ASD-Persian, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis and the maximum likelihood method based on the variance-covariance matrix were employed to explore the IPQ-R-ASD factor structure. Four measures of goodness-of-fit were utilized, which included chi-square/degree of freedom (χ2/df), comparative fit index (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). Cronbach’s alpha and the corrected item-total correlation were used to measure internal consistency. The convergent validity was assessed by calculating the average variance extracted. Furthermore, we evaluated the test-retest reliability of the IPQ-R-ASD-Persian scales over two weeks using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results There was no floor or ceiling effect for the IPQ-R-ASD-Persian scales. Cronbach’s α values were consistently higher than 0.70, except for Timeline-Cyclical (α = 0.484). All scales of the IPQ-R-ASD-Persian except for the Timeline-Cyclical scale generally showed good test-retest reliability over two weeks. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a seven-factor model (χ2/df = 1.62, CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.064, SRMR = 0.098), similarly to the original IPQ-R instrument. Conclusions The IPQ-R-ASD-Persian demonstrated statistically acceptable reliability and validity levels supporting its use as a viable instrument for such research in Iran. As a result, this might be a useful approach for evaluating parents’ perceptions which is vital for supporting families and for developing effective interventions.

Psychological Distress Among Parents of Children With Chronic Health Conditions and Its Association With Unmet Supportive Care Needs and Children's Quality of Life.

To assess parent psychological distress in families of children with common chronic health conditions (CHC) and to explore relationships between parent psychological distress, unmet supportive care needs and children's quality of life (QoL). Cross-sectional study involving parents of children diagnosed with a common CHC between 0 and 12 years of age and who had received treatment within the last 5 years. Eligible parents completed an online survey, that included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) assessing distress in parents and a 34-item assessment of unmet supportive care needs across 6 domains. Parents completed ratings of their child's current functioning (QoL) using the 23-item PedsQL. Multivariable regression models examined the relative association between unmet needs, children's QoL and parents' depression, anxiety, and stress. The sample consisted of 194 parents of children with congenital heart disease (n=97; 50%), diabetes (n=50; 26%), cancer (n=39; 20%), and asthma (n=8; 4%). A significant proportion of parents had moderate-severe symptoms of depression (26%), anxiety (38%), and stress (40%). Of the PedsQL scales, the poorest outcomes were found for emotional and school functioning. Multivariable analyses showed that both higher unmet needs and poorer child emotional functioning were associated with parent depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Evidence linking parent distress symptoms to higher unmet needs and poorer child emotional functioning suggests these factors may be targets for interventions to alleviate parent distress. Longitudinal research using larger samples is required to replicate findings, and clarify the magnitude and direction of associations.

Parental Symptoms of Anhedonia, Parenting, and Youth Outcomes: A Multi-Method, Multi-Informant Investigation.

Parental depression is a well-established risk factor for youth psychopathology; however, depression is highly heterogeneous, and different parental symptom profiles may be differentially associated with risk mechanisms and youth psychopathology outcomes. Thus, this study examined associations between parental anhedonic symptoms of depression, specifically, and (1) parenting and (2) youth outcomes using a multi-method, multi-informant approach. Participants included 595 parents (89% mothers) and youth (ages 8-16; M[SD] = 12.07[2.39]). Regression analyses indicated that parental self-reported anhedonic symptoms at baseline demonstrated relatively specific prospective associations with chronic parent-child stress assessed using contextual stress interview methods, as well as youth self-reported depressive symptoms at 18-month follow-up. Findings also indicated concurrent associations between parental anhedonic symptoms and observed parental criticism, conflict, and responsiveness in the context of a 5-min discussion task, as well as parent self-reported monitoring/supervision, although results were no longer significant after controlling for parental co-occurring non-anhedonic depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that parental anhedonic symptoms may contribute to relatively unique reductions in the quality of the parent-child relationship and may be a particularly salient risk factor for youth depression.

Factors Associated With Perception of Stigma Among Parents of Children With Cleft Lip and Palate: Cross-Sectional Study.

Parents of children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) often face stigmatization, which has a significant impact on their quality of life and mental health. However, to date, there is a lack of comprehensive, multicenter empirical research on parents of children with CL/P in China, particularly those with large-scale samples. This study aimed to identify major factors that contribute to the perception of stigma experienced by parents of children with CL/P. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 104 parents of children diagnosed with CL/P in 2 hospitals were selected by convenience sampling. Demographics and disease information, the Chinese Perception of Stigma Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale were used in this study. Descriptive statistics, t tests, and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the differences between participants' demographic information and perception of stigma. Multivariable linear regression was performed to assess associations between demographic factors, social anxiety, depression, and perception of stigma. The mean scores for the dimensions of perception of stigma, depression, and social anxiety were 22.97 (SD 9.21), 38.34 (SD 8.25), and 22.86 (SD 6.69), respectively. Depression and social anxiety were positively associated with discrimination, while surgery status was a negatively associated variable. Parents with a college education or higher had significantly lower levels of perceived stigma compared to parents with a junior high school education (all P values <.05). These 4 factors explained 40.4% of the total model variance (F8=9.726; P<.001; R2=0.450; adjusted R2=0.404). Our findings highlight a concerning trend of diminished quality of life among parents of children with CL/P. Factors such as parents' education level, surgery status, depression, and social anxiety are shown to influence the level of stigma experienced. Implementing comprehensive nursing care and providing presurgical support are effective strategies for alleviating parents' social anxiety, reducing perceived stigma, and preventing depression.

Physical Activity and Mental Health of Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This study aimed to examine physical activity (PA) levels and mental health status (i.e.,anxiety and depression) among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2018 National Health Interview Survey. We identified 139 parents of children with ASD and 4,470 parents of children with no disability. Their PA levels, anxiety, and depression were analyzed. Compared with parents of children with no disability, parents of children with ASD were significantly less likely to meet the PA guideline for Americans and had lower odds of vigorous PA (aOR = 0.702), strengthening PA (aOR = 0.885), and light to moderate PA (aOR = 0.994). Parents of children with ASD reported significantly higher odds of anxiety (aOR = 1.559) and depression (aOR = 1.885). This study revealed lower PA levels and higher risks of anxiety and depression in parents of children with ASD.

73.1 Indicated Prevention in Depression: Implementation of Family Talk in Families Impacted by Parental Depression

73.1 Indicated Prevention in Depression: Implementation of Family Talk in Families Impacted by Parental Depression

Functional outcome in late adolescence/early adulthood of patients with autism spectrum disorder and its relationships with parental burnout and depression: A preliminary multi-center, cross-sectional study

The aim of this study is to determine the functioning of adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) diagnosed in childhood and depression and burnout levels among their parents. A total of 261 adults with ASDs and their parents were recruited for the study. Both parents completed the Beck Depression and Maslach Burnout Inventories and reported the functioning of their adult offspring with ASDs. Only 5.4 % of our sample reported “good” or “very good” outcomes. The most common psychiatric comorbidities were intellectual disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Maternal burnout and depression scores were significantly elevated compared to those of fathers. There is an undeniable urgent need for more research to identify the needs of adults and families suffering from ASD. Modifications for those with ASD may have to be made for support in workplaces, achieving driving licenses, using public transportation and attendance at tertiary education.

Predicting Chinese Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms from Their Cultural Orientations and Perceived Parental Psychological Control.

Research on adolescents across cultures has suggested a positive link between parental psychological control and adolescent depression. While a few studies have examined psychological outcomes of adolescents in collectivist groups compared to individualist groups, much less is known about the role of cultural orientations in the parental control-depression link at the individual level. The current study examined: (1) both mother and father psychological control as predictors of depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents, (2) adolescents' cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism as predictors of their depressive symptoms, and (3) the moderating effects of adolescents' cultural orientations on the association between parental control and depressive symptoms. The sample included 3255 adolescents located in southern China. Adolescents reported on their orientations of individualism and collectivism, perceived mothers' and fathers' psychological control, and their depressive symptoms. Analyses revealed that both mother and father psychological control as well as adolescents' individualism were positive predictors of adolescent depressive symptoms, whereas collectivism was a negative predictor of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the results indicated that cultural orientations had weak moderating effects on the link between parental control and adolescent depressive symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The impact of smartphone use on childhood depression: A pediatric perspective

Introduction: the profound social and family changes experienced in recent decades have also played a decisive role in the rise of depression, especially changes in family models, competition as the axis of life (which is more important than other dimensions of existence) and the availability of mass media, which promote personal distancing. Objectives: to describe the scientific evidence on the impact of smartphone use on childhood depression from a pediatric perspective and what are the underlying factors that influence this relationship. Methods: a search was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science from January 2000 to October 2023. Results: this systematic review included several studies that evaluated different mental health interventions in various populations. Overall, we found that interventions based on smartphones, online cognitive behavioral therapy, and telemedicine had a positive impact on mental health. For example, postnatal mothers who received smartphone interventions experienced a significant reduction in depression. In addition, online therapy was shown to alleviate parental anxiety and depression and improve their quality of life. However, some studies had limitations, such as small samples or lack of effect on certain outcomes. More research would be needed to fully understand the scope and efficacy of these digital interventions. Conclusion: this review highlights the promising efficacy of smartphone-based interventions to improve mental health in different populations. Despite limitations and challenges, the use of mobile technology in mental health care is an evolving area that could offer significant benefits in the future, transforming the way we approach and treat childhood mental health disorders.