Dependency Ratio Research Articles

Wealth and poverty in mining Africa: migration, settlement and occupational change in Tanzania during the global mineral boom, 2002–2012

ABSTRACT This article interrogates place, process and people’s quest for enhanced welfare during the 2002–2012 global mineral price boom in northwest Tanzania. Mass in-migration of miners, traders and service providers generated diversified residential settlements. Processes of occupational change and urbanization, catalyzed by acquisition of employment, land, housing and other possessions at six contrasting mining locations were compared from a geo-social perspective. Our surveyed gold and diamond mining sites represented different manifestations of the mining trajectory namely: (1) artisanal rushes, (2) mature artisanal and (3) industrial mining. The article investigates who benefitted locationally and who lost in residents’ scrambles to gain improved living standards. Survey data on 216 household heads’ occupations, educational backgrounds, consumption and investments were collected, followed by construction of a household welfare index, revealing modest welfare improvements relative to rural consumption norms for the majority of interviewed resident households. However, in line with Picketty’s theoretical insights, extreme material inequality surfaced on the welfare spectrum between the outlier affluent and poor quintile groups. Those with higher educational attainment enjoyed superior welfare and occupational status, coalescing towards middle class formation. At the opposite end, single female-headed households stood out as extremely disadvantaged, handicapped by high child dependency ratios and occupational immobility.

Modeling the Macroeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Life Insurance Demand in Ghana Using the Elastic Net Algorithm

The government of Ghana and the National Insurance Commission have shown concern over the low insurance patronage in Ghana. In order to take the necessary steps to increase insurance patronage, there is the need to, among other things, find the macroeconomic determinants of insurance demand in Ghana. The purpose of this study is to model the macroeconomic and demographic determinants of life insurance demand in Ghana. Data covering the period 1994 through 2020 are used for the study. Even though many studies have been done on determinants of insurance demand elsewhere (not in Ghana), almost all these studies use ordinary least square regression, stepwise regression, or similar regression methods. However, these methods are not robust enough to handle problems of multicollinearity, over-fitting, and inability to do out-of-sample prediction. This current study uses a regularization method known as elastic net regression algorithm which is more robust for handling the aforementioned problems, and more. The results of the study show that the dominating predictors (those with non-zero coefficients) of life insurance demand include old aged dependency ratio, life expectancy, urbanization, and financial development. The first three have positive relation with life insurance demand, while the last one has negative relation with life insurance demand. Insurance regulators and insurance companies are advised to design more innovative and attractive insurance policies for the aged and the old aged dependents as they have the highest tendency to affect insurance demand in Ghana.

Collection Efficiency of Public Pension Funds: Based on Dynamic Panel Threshold Model

This study examines the impact of the regional old-age dependency ratio on the collection efficiency of public pension funds using statistical data on contributions of public pension schemes for urban employees in 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities between 2010 and 2015. An inverted U-curve relationship between the regional old-age dependency ratio and the collection rate of public pension funds was observed with a single threshold value of .5439, thus, suggesting the need for a change in the soft constraints on collection responsibility and an optimization of the institutional structure underlying public pension schemes.

The Impact of Circular Economy on Economic Development A Review of EU's Countries

Abstract Over time, the concept of economic development has been the cause of debates in the research environment. Some of the researchers consider the level of economic development of a country to be characterized by high levels of the main macroeconomic aggregates, while another part supports the idea of uniform economic development with a high level of social inclusion. Regardless of the definition of the concept of economic development, it has been proven that a major positive impact is generated by the sustainable development strategy, especially in the light of the concept of circular economy. Therefore, the study addresses the level of economic development of the member states of the European Union based on the impact generated by the circular economy. In addition, based on the analysis carried out, the paper aims to identify the dependency ratio between the variables associated with the circular economy concept and the level of economic development. In order to achieve these goals, a panel regression model was estimated, for all member states of the European Union, on the time horizon 2011-2020. The model used as dependent variable “the level of economic development”, and the independent variables were made up of variables associated with the circular economy. The results of this analysis reveal that there are individual effects on both dimensions associated with the analysis (cross-sectional, time series), which leads to the idea that each country is influenced in the process of economic development through the circular economy by its own specificities.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Menjelaskan Kasus AIDS Provinsi Jawa Timur Menggunakan Model Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR)

AIDS is the most chronic phase of HIV infection which can weaken the immune system. In 2020, East Java Province is a province which has the most HIV infections and in the third place for the highest total number of AIDS cases in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to build a model using Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR), and to work out the grouping results of regencies/cities using K-means Clustering Analysis. The variables used in this research are Gini Ratio, L Index of Per Capita Expenditure, Gender Ratio, Dependency Ratio, Gender Development Index, and The Number of Pos Pelayanan KB Desa. The proportion levels of AIDS cases are categorized into 2 categories based on cut-point which has been specified, which 0 as the category of low level with the proportion of AIDS cases is less than 0.0006 and 1 as the category of high level with the proportion of AIDS cases is more than or equal to 0.0006. Parameter estimation for GWLR is using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method with Fixed Gaussian as weighted kernel function and optimum bandwidth is determined using Akaike's Information Criterion Corrected (AICc). Z-Score of the most suitable model will be grouped using K-means Clustering Analysis, with Z-score is parameter estimator divided by standard error. Grouping results indicates cluster 1 members tend to be regencies/cities that have gender ratio and dependency ratio as significant variables, meanwhile cluster 2 members tend to be regencies/cities that have only dependency ratio as significant variable.

The Determinants of Socio Economic Status of Farmers – A Systematic Literature Review

Socio-economic status (SES) is conceptualized as the social and economic standing or class of an individual or family. Socio-economic status of farmers is an important variable in agricultural social sciences studies. While it is often estimated with various indicators, however, these indicators are inconsistent and irrelevant. An attempt was made to extract the various variables used to measure the socio-economic construct and redefined it into a precise concept. A systematic review of the studies reporting the socio-economic conditions of farmers was performed by adopting the The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) best practices method and identified 235 studies. Vote counting was used to generate the determinants of SES in the selected studies. It was observed that the precise concept of SES in agricultural studies was not found. Literature Review identified 39 variables in measuring the socio-economic conditions of farmers. These variables were observed, redefined, and relevant indicators were classified into two groups: social and economic status. These include their education, occupation, income per capita, expenditure, savings, land ownership, livestock status, indebtedness, area under crops and material possession in house and farm, housing conditions, social participation, family size, caste, marital status, dependency ratio, extension contact, and mass media participation. The above-mentioned variables under the social and economic standing of farmers could be adopted by the researchers, and policymakers based on the areas of interest in studying the SES of farmers.

Unpaid eldercare and its impact on the US labor supply

Globally, the dependency ratio is rising due to increase in aging population. Individuals, especially women are challenged when choosing between participating in the labor market and providing care. Using 2011-2017 American Time Use Survey data for a subsample of individuals aged 25- 61 years, we examine the effect of frequent eldercare provision on labor force participation in the US using bivariate probit instrumental variable approach. Our findings suggest that unpaid eldercare performed frequently reduces labor force participation. Female frequent providers are likely to have lower labor force participation compared to their male counterparts. Robustness and sensitivity checks confirm these findings.

WOMEN DECISION MAKING POWER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EFFECT ON CHILDREN’S WELLBEING IN PAKISTAN

Globally, growing economic needs, increasing dependency ratio, poverty, and unemployment with gender differences enforcing females to participate in economic activities. Female entrepreneurs are recognized as an economic driver for the growth as well economy generating income for their own, families and creating employment for other females. However being a woman, that usually becomes hard to manage work-life balance and hence they shift the workload on their children. This study aims to explore the links among female entrepreneurs (own household enterprises) on child education and employment. The Probit model is used to estimate the model for that purpose cross-sectional data of HIES (Household Integrated Economic Survey) is employed for the period 2018-2019. The finding of the results reveals that female having enterprises positively influence girls' employment while the effect on education it remained insignificant. Meanwhile, empowerment influences education with a negative sign that shows the presence of daughters in the labor force. While for boys only empowerment shows significant results. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Employment, Time allocation, Children, Well-being

ANALISIS PENGARUH INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA, JUMLAH TENAGA KERJA, RASIO KETERGANTUNGAN DAN RASIO JENIS KELAMIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI JAWA TENGAH TAHUN 2015-2021

Economic growth is a long-term problem that is always faced by a country. Central Java Province is a province that has a low economic growth rate among other provinces on the island of Java. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of human development index, total labor, dependency ratio and sex ratio on economic growth in Central Java in 2015-2021. The analytical tool used is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) panel data regression. The data used is secondary data from 35 districts / cities in Central Java. The results showed that the human development index, the number of workers and the sex ratio had a positive effect on economic growth in Central Java, while the dependency ratio had a negative effect on economic growth in Central Java.

Determinan Aspek Rasio Ketergantungan Masa Covid-19 Dan Sebelum Masa Covid-19 Di Indonesia

In this study, the analysis was carried out before and during the COVID-19 pandemic with the aim of research to find the direction of relationships and influences between variables. The variables chosen to test the factors affecting the dependency ratio are Open Unemployment Rate, Economic Growth, Poverty, Inflation and Number of Working People. The analysis used the Vector Autorgression (VAR) model and the results contained two variables that affect the dependency ratio, namely the open unemployment rate and poverty.

Impact analysis of innovation and gendered constraints in the fisheries sector of southern Ghana

This paper adopts the multinomial endogenous treatment effect approach to analyze the impact of innovation choices on the income of 230 fish workers in the Greater Accra and Central regions of Ghana, while the Kendall’s ranking technique is applied to analyze the constraints to innovation. Findings show that technological and non-technological innovations available to fish workers have positive impacts on their income. Specifically, savings, credit access, and support service are identified to have positive impacts on income while gender and membership of a fish workers’ association have negative impacts on income. The most pressing constraints to innovation faced by female fish workers are cultural/ethnic restrictions, social exclusion, and time constraints. On the other hand, a high dependency ratio and discrimination in access to resources are the most pressing constraints faced by male fish workers. The paper recommends that stakeholders should continue to offer support services to fish workers. In addition, lending institutions should make credit accessible at lower interest rates. Interventions by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development and development agencies that aim to solve constraints of fish workers should be approached from a gender dimension.

Multidimensional Poverty Assessment in Pakistan: Does Household Dependency Escalate Poverty?

The household dependency ratio on young or old family members is considered a major determinant in poverty when human capital cannot support the family income. Since the elderly suffer a significant risk of poverty and make up an increasing percentage of the population, the country’s economic inequality is quite sensitive to population ageing. Family size adversely affects household well-being when focusing on children under 15 and adults over 65. The dependency increases the burden on bread earners and reduces consumption expenditure. The current study uses family reliance and the multidimensional poverty concept to analyse how poverty is distributed throughout different provinces. The current study intends to provide poverty analysis across all four provinces of Pakistan using the Alkire and Foster method of multidimensional poverty indexes from Household Integrated Economic Survey data. The study found that increasing child dependence significantly reduces consumption and exacerbates poverty. The Seniors Dependency Indicator demonstrates that as the elderly population in Sindh, Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa (KPK) declines, poverty decreases. All provinces saw an increase in the prevalence of child poverty, with the highest KPK rates in Punjab (6%) and Sindh (4%), respectively. Since the functional sector does not have to shoulder the full load, the government should set up safety support mechanisms for these segments to lessen the burden on wage workers. According to the survey, access to clean water and literacy rates are the other leading indicators of poverty alleviation.

ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE BUDGET FOR KEDIRI REGENCY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on all economic sectors including the financial performance of local governments. Regional financial analysis is a tool that can be used as a benchmark to assess the extent to which local government performance is managing its finances. Regional ability to manage finances is described in the form of APBD which directly or indirectly reflects the ability of local governments to finance the implementation of governmental tasks, development and community social services. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial management performance of the Regional Government of Kediri Regency based on the analysis of financial ratios in the Kediri Regency APBD. This research is a data series research, namely the Realization of APBD data for 2020 to 2022 in Kediri Regency. The analysis used is normative juristic with a descriptive approach case study method. The analysis tools used are tax ratio, per capita tax, regional fiscal space, regional dependency ratio, ratio of personnel expenditure to total regional expenditure, ratio of capital expenditure to total regional expenditure, ratio of capital expenditure to population, ratio of financial aids expenditure to total regional expenditure, idle funds, growth ratio, effectiveness ratio, and efficiency ratio. From the results of the analysis it is known that the majority of APBD performance during the Covid-19 pandemic had fluctuations.

THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT RELATED INDIDCATORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMIC GROWTH

This study examines the principal components that are characteristic to a varied number of indicators specific to the economic, social and environmental interconnectivity. The data are drawn primarily from the World Bank’s WDI, the UNDP’s HDI and Our World in Data’s Indicators. Using cross-section panel data from 2000 to 2021, for a number of 32 European countries, a considerable number of factors are generated by conducting the principal component analysis. The results of the analysis depict an image where the three-dimensional interconnectivity is described to a greater extent by components such as: the agricultural sector’s value added as a percentage of the GDP, the total quantity of primary energy consumed per capita, the percentage of the population that has access to internet, the percentage of individuals that are unemployed, the population density, the total dependency ratio, the industrial sector’s value added as a percentage of the GDP and the percentage of the female population that has attained at least secondary education. Together with the GDP, the obtained factors are statistically analysed in order to observe the existing correlations between economic growth and the economic, social and environmental interconnectivity. According to the results of the Pearson correlation, both positive and negative relationships of moderate intensities exist between economic growth and the factors that address the three-dimensional interconnectivity. Furthermore, recommendations are made for future research regarding the creation of an index based on the components that form the factors previously obtained.

Knowledge and Awareness of Global Warming and Its Effect on the Environment among Applied Science Private University Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate global warming awareness among Applied science Private University students. A total of 365 students were tested using a questionnaire covering four aspects of global warming including causes, effects, evidence, and solutions. The study included students of science and humanities faculties in all academic years of both sexes, and a significant dependency ratio (p < 0.05) was recorded. The results showed that female students had greater knowledge of the global warming effect than male students, that academically superior students with excellent grades had more knowledge of the four aspects covered by the questionnaire than their lower-level peers, and that students from science colleges were more familiar than humanities students with the causes. and solutions related to global warming. In addition, students who received environmental development courses at the university were more knowledgeable than the rest of the students about the effect, cause, and evidence of global warming, which indicates a direct positive effect of university education.

Trends in food supply, diet, and the risk of non-communicable diseases in three Small Island Developing States: implications for policy and research

IntroductionSmall island developing states (SIDS) are a diverse group of coastal and tropical island countries primarily located in the Caribbean and Pacific. SIDS share unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities, high dependency on food imports, and susceptibility to inadequate, unhealthy diets, with high burdens of two or more types of malnutrition. Our objective was to examine trends in food availability, imports, local production, and risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in three SIDS: Haiti, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) and Fiji.MethodsData on food availability, imports, exports, and production was extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organization Database (FAOSTAT), and on overweight, obesity and diabetes prevalence from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration database (NCD-RisC) from 1980 to 2018. Data were collated, graphed, and used to calculate import dependency ratios (IDRs) using Excel and R software.ResultsBetween 1980 and 2018, the availability of calories per capita per day has risen in Fiji and SVG by over 500, to around 3000. In Haiti, the increase is around 200, to a level of 2,200 in 2018, and in all three settings, > 10% of calories in 2018 came from sugar. In Fiji and Haiti, the availability of fruit and vegetables is <400 g per person per day (the minimum intake recommended by WHO). Between 1980 and 2010, both Fiji and SVG experienced high IDRs: around 80% (Fiji) and 65% (SVG). In Haiti, IDR has more than doubled since 1980, to around 30%. The prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30 Kg/m2) has increased since 1980 (by 126% to 800%) and is substantially higher in women. In the most recent data for Fiji, an estimated 35% of women are obese (24% men); in SVG, 30% women (15% men); and in Haiti, 26% women (15% men).ConclusionThe increase in per capita availability of calories, which has taken place since 1980, is concurrent with an increase in IDR, a loss of local food, and increases in obesity prevalence. These findings highlight the importance of further research to understand the drivers of food supply transformations, and to influence improving nutrition, through production, availability, and consumption of nutritious local foods.

Multivariate and geospatial analysis of technology utilization in US counties

We examine geographic patterns and socio-economic and social capital correlates of the adoption and utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in 3,108 counties of the United States. Access and use of ICTs are found to vary significantly among counties in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural parts of the country. Clusters of high, moderate, and low ICT utilization counties are characterized by geodemographic and socio-economic attributes. Regression findings indicate that young dependency ratio, college education, working age population, and race and ethnic variables are major correlates of ICT use. We analyze and explain novel findings on associations of income, ethnicity, and social capital variables with ICT usage in light of the technology-use landscape in the US. Spatial bias and large sample size fallacy issues are addressed and policy recommendations to remediate the digital divide in US counties are provided.

The Economics of Suicide: Evidence from LMICs and HICs

Suicide is an important global public health concern. This paper deals with the topic of suicide from an economic perspective. Thus, the study analyses the effect of key economic indicators on the suicide rate in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). The empirical analysis is made by employing the search variable selection method and using two algorithms: AutoGets and Swapwise. The data source for our dependent variable and other search variables is the World Bank development indicators database. The time series for the LMICs and HICs extends from 2000 to 2019. The most influential effect on the suicide rate in LMICs has shown to be female unemployment and per capita health expenditure. Female unemployment appeared to be the key economic indicator for the changes in the suicide rate in HICs. Besides, male unemployment, per capita health expenditure as well as old-age dependency ratio were also found to be influential indicators for the changes in suicide rate in HICs. The empirical results confirm the presence of a strong inverse relationship between the suicide rate and the influential economic variables in LMICs. In regards to the link between suicide rate and the influential economic variables in HICs, mostly it was found a positive relationship, except for the old-age dependency ratio. The findings reflect a need for formulating effective suicide prevention strategies and policies that could better hand out with extreme financial agonies at an individual level.

Drivers of Households’ off-the-farm Income Diversification Patterns in Nigeria: Panel Evidence Using General Household Survey Data

This study examines the drivers of households’ off-the-farm income diversification patterns using four waves of the Nigeria General Household Survey panel data. The study further investigates the motives for households’ off-the-farm income diversification patterns. The Simpson Income Diversification index and count index were used to measure income diversification. The results of heteroscedastic fractional probit correlated random effects and Poisson fixed effects indicate that the level of diversifying off-the-farm income is driven by attributes of household such as assets value, household size, female headship, level of education, dependency ratio, access to credit, distance to tarred road and geographical location of household at the national level. The study found that the motive for accumulation drives households’ off-the-farm income diversification rather than the motive for survival. Specifically, non-poor households in the urban sector seem more probable to expand into off-the-farm income enterprises than poor rural households. A major finding is that the choice of off-the-farm income diversification proxy has a great influence on the drivers.

Livelihoods under pressure: insights from riverine community in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Rivers in the Bengal Delta are highly dynamic and characterized by bank erosion and channel shifting. Recurring erosion displaces nearby communities and climate change related impacts multiply the vulnerability of the displaced people. This study aims to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability of riparian communities with their spatial distribution of Bangladesh. It also investigates the socio-demographic characteristics of the vulnerable community and assesses their resilience capacity. A mixed-method research design has been applied that includes surveys and group discussions. The 150-household survey was conducted purposively from five administrative units of the Shariatpur district along the Padma River. Two vulnerability index methods, considering three major factors – households’ exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity – are adopted to evaluate and compare the vulnerability of these five units. Seven components (comprising twenty-five sub-components) are adopted to index these three factors. Three of the five administrative units are identified as highly vulnerable with index values of 0.494, 0.478 and 0.438. Low adaptive capacity and resilience are attributed to financial insolvency, weak social capital, not owning land, poor access to education, and the absence of social safety-net programs. High sensitivity is determined by food insecurity, the number of vulnerable groups, a high dependency ratio, little access to safe drinking water, limited healthcare facilities, unhygienic sanitation, and so forth. High exposure is delineated by the degree of erosion vulnerability, displacement, and loss of property and livelihood. The indexing of livelihood vulnerability suggests that the approach and its possesses have replicability in locations with similar vulnerabilities and impacts.