Dependence Of Parameters Research Articles

Simulating urban scaling with a term linkages network of a university

In this paper, we make an attempt to increase our understanding of the urban scaling phenomenon. The aim is to investigate how superlinear scaling emerges if a network increases in size and how this scaling depends on the occurrence of elements that constitute the network. To this end, we consider a city as a complex network structure and simulate this structure by the network of all publications of a research intensive university. In this simulation, the publications take the role of the city inhabitants and the concepts (terms and keywords) in the publications represent all kinds of abilities and qualities of the inhabitants. We use in this experiment all author- and database-given terms of the scientific publications of Leiden University from 2022. We calculate the co-occurrence of terms, and on the basis of these connections, we create a network and let this network grow by successively adding publications from the total set of publications. In this way, we get a series of networks with different sizes and this simulates a series of cities with different number of inhabitants. This procedure is performed for different values of the term occurrence threshold. We then analyze how four important network parameters, namely, number of terms, number of clusters, number of links, and total link strength increase with increasing size of the network. Particularly the number of network links and the total network linkage strength are in our opinion the parameters that dominate the scaling phenomenon and can be considered as a simulation of the socioeconomic strength of a city, that is, its gross urban product. We find a significant power law dependence of these network parameters on network size and the power law exponents for the lowest occurrence threshold are within the range that is typical for urban scaling. In our approach, the number of clusters can be interpreted as a measure of complexity within the network. Since the occurrence threshold determines the diversity of terms, we may expect a special relation between the occurrence threshold and the number of clusters. This is indeed the case: whereas for the three other network parameters the scaling exponent increases with increasing occurrence threshold, the number of clusters is the only network parameter of which the scaling exponent decreases with increasing occurrence threshold. Finally, we discuss how our publication term network approach relates to scaling phenomena in cities.

Spin-Cluster Glassy and Long-Range Ordered Magnetic States in Honeycomb-Layered Compositionally Complex Oxides Na3-xLixT2SbO6 (T = Cu1/3Ni1/3Co1/3).

The concept of high-entropy oxides has triggered extensive research of this novel class of materials because their numerous functional properties are usually not mere linear combinations of those of the components. Here, we introduce the new series of compositionally complex honeycomb-layered magnets Na3-xLixT2SbO6 (T = Cu1/3Ni1/3Co1/3). An unusual feature of the system is its nonmonotonous dependences of the monoclinic lattice parameters b and β on x. Rietveld refinement of the crystal structures of the Na and Li end members reveals apparent Sb-T site inversion in the former and considerable Li-Cu site inversion in the latter. The materials are characterized by measurements of specific heat Cp, magnetization M, and ac and dc magnetic susceptibility χ. Na3T2SbO6 exhibits sharp long-range antiferromagnetic order (TN = 10.2 K) preceded by noticeable correlation effects at elevated temperatures. The magnetic phase diagram of Na3T2SbO6 is established. Introduction of Li, just at x = 0.8, destroys AFM order, resulting in spin-cluster glass behavior attributed to Li/Cu inversion, with TG growing with x to 10.4 K at x = 3.

Structural changes in Rochelle salt on phase transitions revisited in a multi-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.

Phase transitions in Rochelle salt [sodium potassium L(+)-tartrate tetrahydrate] are revisited in a single-crystal X-ray diffraction multi-temperature study on cooling from 308 to 100 K across the high-temperature paraelectric (PE) ↔ ferroelectric ↔ low-temperature PE phase transition points. The results of structure refinement using three different models (a harmonic with and without disorder, and an anharmonic) were compared. The temperature dependencies of anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) and Ueq, which can be calculated directly from ADPs, for the low-temperature PE phase indicate clearly the dynamic nature of disorder of the K1 atoms. The structures of the low-temperature and the high-temperature PE phases are compared for the first time at multiple temperatures for each phase based on diffraction data collected from the same single crystal. The data indicate that the high-temperature and the low-temperature paraelectric phases are probably not two different phases, as was assumed in earlier works, but are structurally the same phase at different temperatures.

Loss parameter identification of a welded ring core lamination of NO‐electrical steel

AbstractLamination packaging processes such as welding lead to a significant material degradation of non‐oriented (NO) electrical steel sheets. Increase in iron loss and decrease in permeability are the results of the deterioration. For an efficient modeling of a drive train, the accurate parameterization of the iron loss is of upmost importance. For this reason, the iron loss model is expanded to include the influences of welding procedure. Its influence can be classified into changes in the grain size diameter and residual stresses . In this study, a locally varying iron loss model for the simulation of effects of weld‐packaging on the electromagnetic properties of non‐oriented (NO) electrical steel sheets is presented. Packaging technologies such as interlocking, welding, clinching and gluing are typically utilized for the manufacturing of electric steel stacks of electric machines. Understanding the micro‐structural changes due to the macro‐structural degradation accruing to weld‐packaging helps in the accurate understanding of its influence on the performance and achievable range of the electric vehicle. Five (5) electric steel probes are annealed for the modeling of the local varying iron loss model at five different temperatures and electromagnetically measured to determine its magnetization and loss values. This will help in determining the grain size dependency of the different loss parameters. The annealed probes are measured under mechanical stresses showing also the residual stress dependency.

Speciation studies of a Bisphosphonate Drug. New thermodynamic insights of Sodium Alendronate with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in NaCl aqueous solution (0.10 ≤ I/mol kg-1 ≤ 1.02)

The thermodynamics of interaction of a second-generation bisphosphonate drug, 4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phosphonobutyl phosphonic acid mono sodium (sodium alendronate) with H+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ has been investigated. The protonation constants were determined in NaCl and (C2H5)4NI aqueous solutions at different ionic strengths (0.10 ≤ I/mol kg-1(H2O) ≤ 1.02) and temperatures (288.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 310.15) by using the ISE-[H+] potentiometry. The differences of the log KiH in the two ionic media were interpreted in terms of activity coefficient variations and formation of Na+ weak complexes. The interactions with Mg2+ and Ca2+ were studied in NaCl(aq) (0.10 ≤ I/ mol kg-1 (H2O) ≤ 1.02) and T = 298.15 K. Two different speciation models were obtained; Ca2+: CaH2L, CaHL, CaL. Mg2+: MgH3L, MgH2L, MgHL, MgL. The dependence of the thermodynamic parameters on the ionic strength and temperature was modelled by means of the Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT) and a modified Debye-Hückel equation including a term for the dependence on T/K. The first two protonation equilibria are exothermic, and the reactions are not favoured by an increase of the temperature whilst the last two are endothermic. The entropic contribution resulted to be the driving force of the reactions. The sequestering ability of alendronate towards the two metal cations was quantified by means of the pL0.5 parameter calculated at different pHs and ionic strengths. It resulted that alendronate has a higher sequestration toward Mg2+ with respect to Ca2+. A simulation of the alendronate behaviour in human blood plasma was carried out.

Improved reference condition independent method for output performance estimation of PV modules under varying operating conditions

Traditional methods for estimating output property of the photovoltaic (PV) modules are strongly influenced by the selection of reference condition and transforming equations, which determine the calculated physical parameters under real operating conditions. The differences in the carrier transport properties of PV cells under varying operating conditions, such as the number and velocity of minority carriers at the junction edge and their recombination speed, lead to large deviations in the estimation of the output characteristics, especially under low irradiance conditions. To enhance the accuracy of performance estimation, we propose an improved method that is independent of reference condition. This method eliminates the impact of reference conditions and improves the transformation equations under all irradiance levels. Transformation equations of single diode model are established in different irradiance intervals based on the dependence of physical parameter on irradiance and temperature. Especially in the low irradiance range, all effects of irradiance and temperature are considered for each physical parameter in improved transformation equations. To optimize the unknown parameters in the transformation equations, the artificial hummingbird algorithm is used to fit experimental I–V data. The experimental results of six different types PV modules under a wide range of operating conditions are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method offers immediate benefits, including independence from reference condition and a more precise relationship between physical parameters and environmental factors in the estimation of PV output properties. Comparing the results to the traditional method by Laudani, the proposed method demonstrates superior capability in estimating I–V characteristics and accurately identifies the maximum power point under various operating conditions, which is of significant value for engineering applications.

Investigation of REV scale and anisotropy for 2D permeable fracture Networks: The role of geological entropy

To investigate the intrinsic association between geometrical properties and permeability of anisotropic fractured media, a methodology of geological entropy is applied to anisotropic fracture networks for the evaluation of seepage fields. By integrating the synthetic effect of fracture geometrical parameters (e.g., trace length, spacing, dip angle, and aperture), the global connectivity of fracture networks is quantified by the entropy scale (Hs), while the directional entropy scale (Hs,α) is used to characterize the local geometrical anisotropy in arbitrary orientations. A series of hydraulic representative elementary volumes (REVs) of fracture patterns with various geometrical properties are acquired based on continuum analysis. The permeability in the continuum scale is obtained from steady-state flow simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to understand the geometrical dependence of permeability parameters regarding entropy indices. It is found that a systematic increase in trace length, spacing, and dip angle is correlated with an increase, decrease, and equilibrium in entropy, respectively, which corresponds to a change in hydraulic REV sizes that can be expressed as a power-law function related to the Hs. Moreover, Hs,α can well explain the permeability anisotropy resulting from the spatial order of fracture networks, and a unified mathematical relationship for the effective permeability coefficients in arbitrary orientations versus the Hs,α is proposed, independent of variations in fracture patterns and scales. The results indicate that geological entropy, related to the geometrical properties and spatial distribution of fractures, is appropriate to characterize the permeability of anisotropic systems.

Ground state of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a harmonic potential in the energy-critical case

Ground state of the energy-critical Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a harmonic potential can be constructed variationally. It exists in a finite interval of the eigenvalue parameter. The supremum norm of the ground state vanishes at one end of this interval and diverges to infinity at the other end. We explore the shooting method in the limit of large norm to prove that the ground state is pointwise close to the Aubin–Talenti solution of the energy-critical wave equation in near field and to the confluent hypergeometric function in far field. The shooting method gives the precise dependence of the eigenvalue parameter versus the supremum norm.

Tailoring of physical, optical, and thermal properties of Se50-xTe30Ge20Sbx chalcogenide glasses: Influence of metalloids

The compositional dependence on physical and spectroscopic characteristics of chalcogenide Se50-xTe30Ge20Sbx (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 at. wt%) bulk glassy systems has been explored in this communication. Numerous physical and optical features are rigorously examined by using the best glass sample among all the prepared samples. The XRD pattern reveals the amorphous character of the synthesized materials. Some of the physical parameters like density, and compactness are gradually increasing with the Sb addition, while the free volume percentage and excess volume follow the decreasing trend. The optical properties have been precisely inspected by UV-Vis spectroscopy in the (200–800) nm spectral range. The optical bandgap (Eopt) values are found to decline from (1.09–0.85) eV with Sb content. The observed refractive index, n values experience a subsequent decline with incident energy. By using the Wemple and DiDomenico (WDD) single oscillator model, the refractive index dispersion curve has been studied, and the dispersion parameters are discussed. The valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) locations are estimated, and the obtained result reveals the VB potential increases from −15,089 eV to −1.3899 eV, while that of CB decreases from −0.4113 eV to −0.5303 eV with the rise of Sb-concentration. The cohesive energy (CE) values have been estimated by using the chemical bond approach (CBA). Investigation reveals the CE of the system decreases from 45.237 kcal/mole to 44.229 kcal/mole justifying the decrement in obtained band gap energy values of the studied glassy systems. Furthermore, the compositional dependency of various thermal parameters is investigated by using the DSC approach. The glass transition (Tg), and peak crystallization (Tp) were significantly affected by Sb addition. The obtained values of Tg are found to decrease from (337–305 K), while the thermal stability is found to increase with the Sb incorporation.

Gamma radiation-induced alterations in nanocrystalline titanium nitride (TiN) particles: A structural perspective

The effect of gamma radiation on the structure of nanocrystalline TiN particles was studied. Initially, nanocrystalline TiN particles were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 50 kGy, 200 kGy, 900 kGy and 3.5 MGy. The crystal structure of non-irradiated and irradiated samples with different doses of gamma rays was studied by X-ray diffraction method. As a result of the determination analysis of the X-ray diffraction spectra by the Rietvield method, the dependence of the lattice parameters on the radiation dose was established. The effect of gamma irradiation on the size of crystallites was determined by the Scherrer equation. The amorphization occurred in nanocrystalline TiN particles was calculated by the method of integration of diffraction peaks. It was determined that 2.5% amorphization occurred in the specified irradiation interval.

Trap and dilemma of urbanisation: Comparative analysis and conclusions for accelerated urbanisation policies

As urbanisation increases, questions arise about the desirability of further urban growth, as it was not accompanied by corresponding economic growth, and social and environmental problems began to grow in the largest cities in the world. The objective of the article is to substantiate the limits of urbanization growth in Kazakhstan based on the study of theoretical views on this process, analysis of the dependence of social and economic parameters of 134 countries on the urbanisation level and calculation of the urbanisation level that contributes most to economic growth and social well-being. To achieve the goal, the following tasks have been set and solved: theoretical views on the process of urbanization have been generalized; a hypothesis has been put forward about the emergence of an “urbanization trap” in which the growth of large cities is not accompanied by economic growth and improvement of social well-being; an analysis of the dependence of socio-economic indicators on the level of urbanization has been carried out on the example of 134 countries of the world; the level of urbanization that maximizes economic growth and social well-being is calculated; the necessity of the development of small towns in Kazakhstan is substantiated. To solve the problems, the methods of logical analysis, analogies and generalizations, economic statistics, index, graphical, Pearson correlation analysis, Spearman and Kendall rank regression based on models in SPSS were used. As a result, the following conclusions are made: the hypothesis of a possible deterioration of socio-economic indicators in large cities is confirmed; the best positive result is demonstrated by the level of urbanization of 50%–59%. The recommendations are justified: in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to adhere to the level of urbanization no higher than 59%; the growth of urbanization should be ensured through the development of small towns; it is necessary to improve the methods of managing the process of urbanization and develop individual city plans.

Incorporation of multiple random features kernel mean p‐power controller to elevate power quality in reconfigurable grid‐connected residential solar photovoltaic systems

SummaryProblems like intermittent photovoltaic (PV) power, disconnected PV arrays, etc. are brought on by the extensive integration of PV generation. In this article, a single‐stage PV‐integrated grid‐tethered system is controlled using a reconfigurative multiple random features kernel mean p‐power (MRFKMP) control algorithm. The algorithm circumvents the dependence of kernel parameter in the classic random Fourier features mapping and lower the computing complexity in the traditional multiple kernel learning adaptive filter. MRFKMP algorithm with a linear filter structure can reduce both the computational and storage cost. This is the novel application of MRFKMP algorithm to extract fundamental component of nonlinear load currents in PV‐integrated grid‐tied system. Furthermore, to increase the reliability of the system, a reconfigurable control is developed, which adaptive regulates DC link voltage from PV mode (PVM) during PV hours to active power filtering mode (AFM) during PV nonavailability/PV disconnection. On a created laboratory testbed, the applied control's practical feasibility for numerous scenarios is evaluated. Comparison with existing control algorithms reveals that the MRFKMP controller outperforms the LMF based PV system by 79% less peak‐to‐peak load current ripple and 60% less than the best performing SRF control algorithm. The grid current THD is 2.60%, which is 30% low than that presented by SRF technique.

Single-stage approach for estimating optical parameters in spectral quantitative photoacoustictomography.

In quantitative photoacoustic tomography, the optical parameters of a target, most importantly the concentrations of chromophores such as deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin, are estimated from photoacoustic data measured on the boundary of the target. In this work, a numerical approximation of a forward model for spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography is constructed by utilizing the diffusion approximation for light propagation, the acoustic wave equation for ultrasound propagation, and spectral models of optical absorption and scattering to describe the wavelength dependence of the optical parameters. The related inverse problem is approached in the framework of Bayesian inverse problems. Concentrations of four chromophores (deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin, water, and lipid), two scattering parameters (reference scattering and scattering power), and the Grüneisen parameter are estimated in a single-stage from photoacoustic data. The methodology is evaluated using numerical simulations in different full-view and limited-view imaging settings. The results show that, utilizing spectral data and models, the spectral optical parameters and the Grüneisen parameter can be simultaneously estimated. Furthermore, the approach can also be utilized in limited-view imaging situations.

Origin of Multiferroism in VOX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) Monolayers.

Based on the proposed microscopic model, we investigate the multiferroic characteristics of VOX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) monolayers using a Green's function method. The dependence of the microscopic parameters of the ferroelectric system (pseudo-spin arrangement and flipping rate) on the magnitude and sign of the exchange magnetic interaction along the b-axis and the value of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moria vector have been investigated and qualitatively explained. The possibility of observing a spin-reorientation transition with a change in the character of spin ordering from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic is investigated. It is found that the antisymmetric magnetoelectric interaction may be responsible for the spin-reorientation transition without a change in the ordering of magnetic moments. Changing the sign of the exchange magnetic interaction along the b-axis leads to ferromagnetic ordering without observing a spin-reorientation transition. The dependence of isotropic and antisymmetric magnetic interactions on the microscopic parameters of the ferroelectric system is qualitatively explained. A mechanism for the occurrence of the spin-reorientation transition is presented based on the proposed microscopic model. The obtained results qualitatively coincide with Density Functional Theory calculations.

Concentration Dependence of Elastic and Viscoelastic Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Ficoll and Bovine Serum Albumin by Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy.

The cellular environment is crowded with macromolecules of different shapes and sizes. The effect of this macromolecular crowding has been studied in a variety of synthetic crowding environments: two popular examples are the compact colloid-like Ficoll macromolecule and the globular protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Recent studies have indicated that a significant component of bound or surface-associated water in these crowders reduces the available free volume. In this work, Brillouin light scattering experiments were performed on aqueous solutions of Ficoll 70 and Ficoll 400 with concentrations ranging from 1 to 35 wt % and BSA with concentrations of 1 to 27 wt %. From the dependence of spectral peak parameters on polymer concentration, we determined fundamental solution properties: hypersound velocity, adiabatic bulk modulus and compressibility, apparent viscosity, and hypersound attenuation. The existing theory that ignores intermolecular interactions can capture only the observed linear trends in the frequency shift up to a threshold concentration, beyond which a quadratic term accounting for intermolecular interactions is necessary. This likely indicates a transition from the dilute to semidilute regime. In the Ficoll solutions (but not BSA), we see evidence for a central mode, which is indicative of relaxation in the hydration shell of Ficoll.

Multiplicity dependence of the freezeout parameters in high energy hadron-hadron collisions* *Supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Researchers Supporting Project Number PNURSP2024R106, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We would like to express our gratitude for the support received from Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan; Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Doctoral Research Fund number BK202313; University

We examined the transverse momentum ( ) spectra of various identified particles, encompassing both light-flavored and strange hadrons ( , , , ϕ, , , , and ), across different multiplicity classes in proton-proton collisions (p-p) at a center-of-mass energy of TeV. Utilizing the Tsallis and Hagedorn models, parameters relevant to the bulk properties of nuclear matter were extracted. Both models exhibit good agreement with experimental data. In our analyses, we observed a consistent decrease in the effective temperature (T) for the Tsallis model and the kinetic or thermal freeze-out temperature ( ) for the Hagedorn model, as we transitioned from higher multiplicity (class-I) to lower multiplicity (class-X). This trend is attributed to the diminished energy transfer in higher multiplicity classes. Additionally, we observed that the transverse flow velocity ( ) experiences a decline from class-I to class-X. The normalization constant, which represents the multiplicity of produced particles, was observed to decrease as we moved toward higher multiplicity classes. While the effective and kinetic freeze-out temperatures, as well as the transverse flow velocity, show a mild dependency on multiplicity for lighter particles, this dependency becomes more pronounced for heavier particles. The multiplicity parameter for heavier particles was observed to be smaller than that of lighter particles, indicating a greater abundance of lighter hadrons compared to heavier ones. Various particle species were observed to undergo decoupling from the fireball at distinct temperatures: lighter particles exhibit lower temperatures, while heavier ones show higher temperatures, thereby supporting the concept of multiple freeze-out scenarios. Moreover, we identified a positive correlation between the kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity, a scenario where particles experience stronger collective motion at a higher freeze-out temperature. The reason for this positive correlation is that, as the multiplicity increases, more energy is transferred into the system. This increased energy causes greater excitation and pressure within the system, leading to a quick expansion.

Parameteric optimization of SiGe S/D NT JLFET using analytical modeling to improve L‐BTBT induced GIDL

AbstractIn the present work, we investigate the impact of structure dimensional parameters on the short channel effects which occurs especially below 20 nm regime particularly gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current. Using technology computer aided design simulation (TCAD), we have examined the GIDL for SiGe as source/drain in NTJLFET. The structural dimensional parameters such as the nanotube thickness, core and outer gates thickness and gate electrode work function shows the significant impact on the band to band tunneling in lateral direction (L‐BTBT) which induced GIDL current. It is analyzed that increase in the nanotube thickness and physical oxide thickness increase the GIDL current, while increasing the gate electrode work function, core gate and outer gate thicknesses gives reduced GIDL current. The SiGe S/D NTJLFET produce a remarkable high ION/IOFF ratio ~ 1011. A compact model for GIDL current is also developed which shows the dependency of structure parameters on leakage current. The SiGe has been incorporated as source and drain in NTJLFET which creates the energy band discontinuity. Furthermore, SiGe S/D NTJLFET is fairly compared with the conventional NT JLFET and nanowire (NW) JLFET and shows an improved performance.

ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕХВАТКИ РАБОЧЕЙ СИЛЫ: СТРАТЕГИИ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РОСТА

This article examines the challenges associated with staff shortages in today's industries and outlines innovative strategies that enable organizations to thrive despite limited human resources. It examines the implications of downsizing on productivity, efficiency and overall development. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of innovative development under conditions of human resource shortage, and to propose a regression model to identify the dependencies of the main parameters of innovative development and the labor market. In addition, the paper will provide practical insights and solutions that organizations can use to promote innovation and sustainable growth in the context of staff shortage. Methods: The basis of the study is system analysis, general scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, systematization and classification, correlation and regression analysis was also used. Results: The work analyzed the works of researchers regarding the considered problems. The hypothesis about the influence of the unemployment rate on the volume of innovative goods, works and services produced in the Russian Federation was determined. Statistical data have been studied and a significant regression model has been proposed. Conclusions: The constructed regression model confirmed the hypothesis of the inverse dependence of the above variables, and also demonstrates successful practices of overcoming personnel problems faced by organizations in various industries.

Quantitative Comparison of Maximum Heat Release Rates of Thermoplastics in Open and Compartment Fire Environments

Consideration of appropriate fire scenarios in the simulations of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for the fire-risk assessment of buildings is a critical factor in the development of prevention and response measures. The user dependence of the FDS input parameters can threaten the reliability of the fire-risk assessment. An experimental study was conducted to establish correlations for considering appropriate fire scenarios using polymethyl methacrylate. To examine the changes in the maximum-heat-release rates (HRRs) according to the combustion environment, nine burners varying in size at 25 mm intervals were burned in open and compartment environments. The results indicated that compared with the fire phenomenon in the open environment, the maximum HRR and fire growth rate of the compartment fire were increased by factors of 3–50. Additionally, the compartment fire phenomena could be classified into three stages according to the changes in the aforementioned two physical quantities. An analysis of the experimental results revealed a correlation for predicting the maximum HRR of a compartment fire with various ventilation conditions using only the experimental results for the open environment. The maximum HRR predicted through this correlation exhibited an error of <15% relative to the values measured in the experiment.

On the Impact of Wavelength Dependency on Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fibers

It is common practice when simulating propagation through an optical fiber to assume that its characteristic parameters are constant and determined solely by the central wavelength of the input pulse. In this paper, we propose a study of the impact that the actual wavelength dependence of these parameters has on the propagation results. To this end, simulations were carried out considering both the constant model and the wavelength-dependent model, applying them to the case of the especially sensitive effect of supercontinuous generation in a photonic crystal fiber. The results showed differences of up to 20% of the spectrum and, hence, the importance of taking into account the wavelength dependence of the dispersion fiber parameters to obtain more-realistic results in the simulations.