Strain Rate Dependence Research Articles

Strain rate dependence of the effect of intergranular carbides on the resistance to stress corrosion cracking initiation of alloy 690 in simulated PWR primary water

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation of alloy 690 in simulated PWR primary water was evaluated in constant extension rate tensile tests with different strain rates. The SCC initiation was inhibited by intergranular carbide precipitation. However, the carbide effect weakened with increasing strain rate. The SCC mitigation effect of carbides mainly arises from the carbides’ ability to impede the transfer of dislocations across grain boundaries and delay the local break-down of surface oxide films. However, dislocations accumulated near the grain boundary can promote intergranular oxidation which induces cracking after the oxide film fails.

Phase transition in medium entropy alloy CoCrNi under quasi-isentropic compression

Under high strain-rate loading, prominent increases in pressure usually triggers phase transition (PT), but the concomitant temperature rise may also cause melting. Quasi-isentropic (QI) compression provides a strategy to explore solid-state phase transition by reducing the temperature rise while retaining high pressure. Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate PTs in single crystal CoCrNi medium entropy alloys (MEAs) under QI compression. With the applied strain rates ranging from 108 s−1 to 1011 s−1, the strain-rate dependence and anisotropy of yield stress and solid-state PT path are revealed by comparing the mechanical responses along three compressed crystallographic orientations ([100], [11¯0], and [111]). Positive strain-rate sensitiveness is found in the yield stress along the [11¯0] and [111] directions, while insensitiveness along the [100] direction. Various PTs occur alongside massive plastic deformation in the post-yield regime. As the strain rate rises, face-centered-cubic (FCC) to body-centered-cubic (BCC) PT overrides the stacking fault-induced hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) phase formation and dominates the plasticity for the [100] loading. By contrast, crystalline PTs give way to amorphization for [11¯0] and [111] loading at high strain rates. Chemical short-range order hinders dislocation slip and promotes dislocation interactions, which further facilitate early formation of the BCC phase, suggesting a potential strategy to tailor polymorphism in MEAs.

Strength evaluation of CFRP structure of high pressure hydrogen tank based on mesoscale analysis

For designing with rigorous cost reduction and safety, high pressure hydrogen tanks manufactured from carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) of fuel cell vehicles, a method that can precisely predict the burst pressures of the tank is urgently needed. CFRP layers of tanks are formed with complicated mesostructured consisting of carbon fiber bundles and matrix resin using a filament winding process. A methodology that approaches by using cross shaped specimens to present fiber bundle conditions in CFRP layer of the tank is scrutinized. From the analysis and experiment with the specimen, it was found that strain rate dependency and tensile compression asymmetry of the resin have a great influence in addition to the fiber strength in the fiber direction on the CFRP fracture process. Burst pressures were predicted by CFRP mesoscale model with the load and boundary condition from macroscale analysis of conventional axisymmetric continuum model of the tank and validated through an actual tank burst test. As the results, we found the burst pressure of tank could be accurately predicted based on carbon fiber ruptures in the mesoscale model.

Lithological controls on fault damage zone development by coseismic tensile loading

During subshear earthquake rupture opposing sides of the fault experience transient impulses of tensile and compressive peak mean normal stresses exceeding the strength of the rock resulting in off-fault damage. This damage is expected to be influenced by lithology and occur preferably on the nominally tensile side of ruptures because rocks are weaker in tension than compression. Whereas the static tensile strength of many rocks is known, our capacity to relate parameters used to quantify brittle deformation in fault damage zones commonly measured in the field, including fracture density and fragment size, to earthquake rupture conditions is poor. This is due to a lack of experimental data relating tensile strength, fracture density, and fragment size to lithology under transient loading conditions. To relate brittle damage to coseismic tensile loading conditions, we use a modified sample configuration for a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) designed to induce tensile rock fragmentation. Experiments cover a range of rock types including granite, diabase, welded tuff, and sandstone. All crystalline rocks fail predominantly via mode-I fracture, while sandstone fails through localized dilation bands, distributed pore space expansion, and less common mode-I fractures. Measurements of fracture density, fragment size, and porosity change are compared to tensile strength and strain rate at failure. We derive empirical relationships for (1) the transition from fracture to dilation banding as a function of initial porosity and (2) the strain rate dependence of tensile strength. These empirical relationships are used to estimate the rock strength during earthquake rupture on the side of the fault loaded under tension for comparison to predicted stress decay with distance from a fault to estimate the lithology dependent extent and nature of coseismic fault damage. Our experiments offer new insights into the lithological controls on the formation of asymmetric fault damage zones by dynamic rupture.

Residual Strength of Liquefied Soil: The Effect of Induced Partial Saturation

Abstract Post-liquefaction response and residual strength play important roles in stability assessment of liquefied ground. Considering the recent advancements in the application of induced partial saturation for liquefaction mitigation, the state of knowledge in estimating the residual strength should be extended for liquefied desaturated soils. In this paper, the residual strength response of a clean sand at different saturation levels was investigated using a ring shear device. Direct air injection was used to desaturate the soil, which helped with mitigating the liquefaction under cyclic loading. However, by raising the shear strain level, both saturated and partially saturated soils were liquefied, followed by residual strength measurement. Results indicate that the residual strength increased with a reduction of the saturation level because of the change in compressibility and consequent volume reduction. In addition, the strain-rate dependency of the residual strength was confirmed because an increase of shear strain rate resulted in an increase in residual strength under both saturated and partially saturated conditions.

Strain Rate Dependence of Compressive Mechanical Properties of Polyamide and Its Composite Fabricated Using Selective Laser Sintering under Saturated-Water Conditions.

In this work, polyamide 12 (PA12) and carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 12 (CF/PA12) composites were fabricated using selective laser sintering (SLS), and the coupling effects of the strain rate and hygroscopicity on the compressive mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the CF/PA12 had a shorter saturation time and lower saturated water absorption under the same conditions, indicating that the SLS of CF/PA12 had lower hydrophilia and higher water resistance when compared to the SLS of PA12. It was observed that as the strain rate increased, and the ultimate compression strength and the yield strength monotonically increased with almost the same slope, indicating that the strain rate had the same positive correlation with the compressive strength of the SLS of PA12 and CF/PA12. The water immersion results showed a significant reduction of 15% in the yield strength of SLS of PA12, but not very significant in CF/PA12. This indicated that the carbon fiber was favorable for maintaining the mechanical properties of polyamide 12 after absorbing water. The findings in this work provide a basic knowledge of the mechanical properties of SLS polyamide under different loading and saturated-water conditions and thus is helpful to widen the application of SLS products in harsh environments.

Influence of 3D-printed polymer structures on dynamic splitting and crack propagation behavior of cementitious tailings backfill

Originally developed for polymer materials, 3D printing is an encouraging technique to create versatile geometric shapes and high-precision construction elements from various materials. 3D-printed polymer structures are now employed effectively in various industries, including construction and mining since they significantly improve the ductility properties of cementitious materials like cemented tailings backfill (CTB). Considering the lower tensile strength of CTB (compared to its compressive strength), the study of fill's tensile properties is significant for improving the safety and ensuring the stability of the underground CTB structures. Indeed, this aspect is fairly crucial for the development of green mining which allows sustainable and affordable mining operations. To supremely enhance the tensile strength of CTB, three kinds (OR: ordinary resin) and forms (cross, quarter, and 8 equal parts) of 3D printing polymers (3D-PPL) were employed for this study. A number of experiments including Brazilian splitting tests, digital image correlation (DIC) measurements, and SEM failure/micro-structure analyses were fulfilled for exploring both dynamic splitting and crack propagation behavior of 3D-PPL reinforced CTBs. Results designated that dynamic splitting characteristics of 3D-PPL reinforced CTB samples unveiled a robust strain rate dependence. Besides, the tensile strengths of 3D-PPL reinforced CTB samples are increased under the same conditions and the best results are obtained for cross-shaped reinforced CTB increased by 31.6%. 3D-PPL reinforced CTB samples are characterized with higher strains, and the addition of 3D-PPL effectively inhibits the overall damage process of ordinary CTB and improves the backfill’s strength property. As a result, the results of this study are vital and prominent for realizing the tensile/crack behavior of the backfills placed in underground mined-out openings.

Experimental investigation of the behaviour of a simulant material for plastic-bonded explosives and modelling of the effectivity and damage induced anisotropy

This paper presents an original experimental investigation and modelling of the behaviour of a simulant material for Plastic-Bonded Explosives (PBXs). The conducted tests are tension, compression, alternated tension/compression, confined compression, channel-die, and DMA. The experimental dispositive and protocols are presented and detailed. Monotonic and cyclic tests are conducted in addition to alternated and non-proportional tests. The obtained results are presented and discussed. A special focus was put on the damage induced anisotropy and the effectivity in the material behaviour. Also, hydrostatic pressure and strain rate dependencies and the presence of hysteresis loops and irreversible strains, are highlighted.Based on the experimental results, damage evolution laws and novel effectivity functions are proposed to model the material behaviour in the quasi-static domain.

Analytical method for predicting pile running during driving

Most offshore structures, such as conventional oil and gas jacket platforms or wind turbines, are typically supported by driven large-diameter steel piles. The piles resist the loads of the superstructure and environmental wind and wave forces. Pile running is a major hazard associated with the installation of driven piles in a layered seabed. An analytical method based on Newton's second law of motion is proposed to predict pile running. Two methods are used to calculate the soil resistance to dynamic penetration: (1) the conventional American Petroleum Institute (API) method, where the strain rate dependency and remoulding of the surrounding soil are considered, and (2) the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based method, which accounts for friction fatigue. The drag resistance in the context of fluid mechanics has also been considered for pile running. The velocity at the start of pile running was determined by the energy delivered by the piling hammer. A numerical programme was implemented and validated, and then used for three case studies; the results obtained were in good agreement with field measurements. The method presented in this study is dependable for analysing pile running and can provide significant support for pile installation assessment and risk management in offshore engineering design.

Phase Composition Effects on Dynamic Behavior and Strain Rate Sensitivity in Metastable β-Ti Alloys.

In this study, high strain rate tension tests are conducted to determine and compare the dynamic mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms of different phase composition α-β metastable β-Ti alloys using a split Hopkinson tension bar. Two typical bimodal equiaxed αp + β and lamellar αs + β Ti-45551 alloy microstructures are formed through different hot working and thermal processing for investigating the effect of phase composition or microstructure on mechanical properties and strain rate sensitivity. It is demonstrated that dislocation nucleation and motion in the α/β phase and dislocation tangle or pile up at the α/β interface are typical deformation modes in both of the typical dual-phase Ti alloys at quasi-static loading conditions. Under dynamic loading, both the strength and ductility show a clearly positive strain rate dependence, which is directly related to dislocation activation in the α + β Ti-45551 alloy. Based on microstructure characterizations, it is shown that deformation twinning starts to become a major deformation mechanism in equiaxed αp + β microstructures under dynamic loading conditions. However, deformation twins are not favored in the lamellar αs + β Ti-45551 alloy due to its nano phase size. Finally, the mechanical behaviors and strain rate sensitivity are strongly dependent on the phase composition of metastable β-Ti alloys.

Temperature and strain rate sensitivity of yield strength of amorphous polymers: Characterization and modeling

This study aimed to quantitatively characterize and model the evolution of yield strength of amorphous polymers with temperature and strain rate with an emphasis on temperature softening and strain rate strengthening behavior. A new cooperative model of temperature and strain rate dependence was established by considering the temperature dependence of the strain rate strengthening effect, and the strain rate dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg). The model was validated by comparing it with the experimental yield strength at different temperatures (−40 °C to Tg) and strain rates (10−8 to 5000s−1). It was demonstrated that the yield strength increased substantially with increasing strain rate in the form of an inverse hyperbolic sine, while decreasing to virtually zero at Tg. Moreover, the strain rate sensitivity under elevated temperatures reduced. This study offered theoretical support for predicting the yield strength of amorphous polymers under extreme conditions and would be helpful to the reliability simulation analysis of structural materials.

Dynamic compressive properties and underlying failure mechanisms of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy under high temperature and strain rate conditions

In this study, high speed impacting tests are systematically conducted on a split Hopkinson pressure bar device to investigate the strain rate and temperature dependence of dynamic compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4 V (TC4) fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), the ranges of strain rate and temperature are 2000–6000/s and 25–650 ℃, respectively. The results reveal that the yield strength and ultimate compressive strength of the SLM-TC4 alloy increase with the increasing strain rate and the decreasing temperature, showing obvious strain rate and temperature sensitivities. The high speed impacting load intensifies the texture of the SLM-TC4 alloy significantly. Adiabatic shear band (ASB) is more likely to evolve at higher temperatures and strain rates, submicron equiaxed grains formed in the ASB and the surrounding area are mainly ascribed to the combination of dynamic recrystallization, deformation-induced twinning and transverse α-lath splitting. Within the ASB, grains with {0001} pole orientation are rotated by approximately 45° with respect to the shear direction, indicating that the recrystallized grains are able to reorient themselves to accommodate to the shear deformation. The findings in this work provide a theoretical basis to understand the deformation behavior and mechanism of SLM-TC4 alloy under impacting loads, thus is helpful to widen the application of SLM technique and products. • SLMed TC4 alloy has significant temperature and strain rate sensitivities. • Strain hardening and thermal softening cause instable plastic deformation of SLMed TC4. • Ultrafine grains within ASBs mainly due to the deformation twinning, α -lath splitting and DRX. • Dynamic impact loading enhances the texture intensity of the deformed samples. • Recrystallized grains within ASBs can reorient themselves to accommodate to the shear deformation.

Study on Intrinsic Influence Law of Specimen Size and Loading Speed on Charpy Impact Test.

Charpy impact energy/impact toughness is closely related to external factors such as specimen size. However, when the sample size is small, the linear conversion relationship between the Charpy impact energy of the sub-size and full-size Charpy specimens does not hold; the Charpy impact toughness varies with the size of the specimen and other factors. This indicates that studying the internal influence of external factors on impact energy or impact toughness is the key to accurately understanding and evaluating the toughness and brittleness of materials. In this paper, the effects of strain rate on the flow behavior and the effects of stress triaxiality on the fracture behavior of 30CrMnSiNi2A high-strength steel were investigated using quasi-static smooth bar and notched bar uniaxial tensile tests and Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTP). Based on the flow behavior and strain rate dependences of the yield behavior, a modified JC model was established to describe the flow behavior and strain rate behavior. Charpy impact tests were simulated using the modified JC model and JC failure model with the determined parameters. Reasonable agreements between the simulation and experimental results have been achieved, and the validity of the model was proved. According to the simulation results, the impact energy was divided into crack initiation energy, crack stability propagation energy and crack instability propagation energy. On this basis, the effects of striker velocity and specimen width on the energy and characteristic load of each part were studied. The results show that each part of the impact energy has a negligible dependence on the hammer velocity, but there is a significantly different positive linear relationship with the width of the sample. The energy increment of each part also showed an inverse correlation with the increase in the sample width. The findings reveal that the internal mechanism of Charpy impact toughness decreases with the increase in sample width; to a certain extent, it also reveals the internal reason why the linear transformation relationship of Charpy impact energy between sub-size specimens and standard specimens is not established when the specimens are small. The analytical method and results presented in this paper can provide a reference for the study of the dynamic behavior of high-strength steel, the relationship between material properties and sample size, and the elastic–plastic impact dynamic design.

Effects of bedrocks on the dynamic response of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosions

Reservoirs and dams often play critical roles in economics and politics. They are frequently considered as the primary targets during wartime or in terrorism attacks. In this study, the behaviors of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosions are numerically investigated. Three-dimensional finite element models are developed according to the design drawings of a concrete gravity dam built in China. The effects of an underwater explosion, including the shock wave and bubble oscillations, are modeled based on the pressure time-histories. The water is modeled using the acoustic method, for which the propagation of the pressure histogram is well reproduced as an acoustic wave. The concrete dam is modeled using solid elements. The damage and failure of the concrete are reproduced by the damage-plasticity model with strain rate dependence. To investigate the influence of bedrocks, three types of numerical models are developed, which are validated by comparing the predictions with the centrifuge tests on a scale concrete gravity dam. Systematic numerical results indicate that the developed numerical model is capable of capturing the features of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosions. Furthermore, the bedrocks play an important role in the dynamic responses of the dams. Thus, the bedrocks should be considered for the accurate modeling of the underwater explosion systems of concrete gravity dams.

Strain rate dependence of the mesh objectivity in dynamic fracture analyses with the crack band model

The crack band model (CBM) is one of the most widely employed energy regularization techniques in continuum scale finite element fracture analyses. We demonstrate here that for dynamic fracture problems, the CBM regularization works only below a threshold strain rate, above which it should be bypassed. This is because, in dynamic fracture, higher strain rates make fractures increasingly branched and diffused, implying suppression of localization. This is demonstrated by considering the dynamic fracture of an isotropic brittle material, modeled via a scalar damage model in conjunction with the CBM regularization. Dynamic mode-I fracture in a thin plate is simulated under various strain rates such that results include localized, slightly branched, highly branched, and extensively branched diffused cracks. It is revealed that CBM yields mesh objective results only for a localized or slightly branched crack. For diffused or highly branched cracks, results are mesh size-dependent if CBM is used, but objective results are obtained if CBM is bypassed. CBM is found to work when the energy dissipation scales linearly with element size, which only occurs for localized or slightly branched cracks. This finding has great implications for applications involving finite element modeling of dynamic fracture.

Effect of recycled polymer fibre on dynamic compressive behaviour of engineered geopolymer composites

To enhance the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of engineered geopolymer composites (EGC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres in EGC can be partially replaced with recycled tyre polymer (RTP) fibres. This paper presents a systematic experimental study on the effects of PVA fibre volume fraction (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) and RTP fibre content (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%) on the dynamic compressive behaviour of EGC under various strain rates (54.43–164.13 s−1). Results indicate that the flowability, quasi-static compressive strength and elastic modulus of EGC reduce with the increase of PVA fibre content, where the reductions can be effectively mitigated by adding RTP fibres. The dynamic compressive properties of all investigated mixtures including dynamic compressive strength, dynamic increase factor (DIF) and energy absorption capacity show a pronounced strain rate dependency which can be well described using the proposed equations for DIF against strain rate ranging from 10−5 s−1 to 103 s−1 with R2 values of mostly greater than 0.9. The dynamic compressive properties of EGC are enhanced with the increasing PVA fibre dosage under various strain rates while replacing PVA fibre with a certain amount of RTP fibre (0.25% and 0.5%) can result in better dynamic compressive properties compared to EGC with 2.0% PVA fibre. EGC containing 1.75% PVA fibre and 0.25% RTP fibre can be considered as the optimal mixture given its superior quasi-static and dynamic compressive properties in comparison with EGC with 2.0% PVA fibre.

High-strain rate tension behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Rubberized Concrete

This paper investigates for the first time the high-strain rate splitting tension behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Rubberized Concrete (FRRC). Splitting tension tests were performed on Φ100-mm specimens. Quasi-static tests were carried out using conventional quasi-static loading with a compressive testing machine and dynamic high-strain rate tests with a Φ80-mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for strain rates up to 10s−1. The experimental program comprises the characterization of Plain Concrete (PC), Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC), Rubberized Concrete (RuC), and FRRC with a full test matrix (a total of 240 specimens) covering fiber contents up to 1.5% and rubber volume substitution ratios up to 30%. A high-speed camera was used to capture the cracking development processes together with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The addition of fibers enhances the deformation capacity with a marked increase in the tensile strength both for quasi-static and dynamic conditions while the substitution with rubber aggregates significantly reduces the tensile strength with a similar enhancement of the deformation capacity. For FRRC, a combination of the two effects was observed. FRC, RuC, and FRRC are characterized by marked strain rate dependency within the considered test range. Furthermore, data-driven models for compression and tension strength reduction factor (SRFc and SRFt) and tension Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) are proposed for different types of FRRC. Finally, a discussion on the image-based damage development processes is provided based on the high-speed camera videos. This study indicates that FRRC has an excellent high-strain rate tension behavior reducing and controlling the crack propagation.

Plastic behavior and improved constitutive model of a laser-solid-formed alloy under the synergistic effects of temperature, strain rate, and stress state

Classical J2 plasticity theory is the most popular continuum plasticity model. However, this plasticity theory is inapplicable for some metals due to the tension/compression asymmetry behavior. According to our previous study, the tension and compression mechanical response of laser-solid-formed Ti–6Al–4V alloy was significantly different in not only yield stress but also work hardening rate. In this study, effects of temperature and strain rate on the tension/compression asymmetry behavior of laser-solid-formed Ti-6Al-4V alloy were analyzed. Through mechanism discussion, different activations of slip systems and deformation twinning were considered to be the main causes of the tension/compression asymmetry. Finally, an improved constitutive model was developed, considering the synergistic effects of temperature, strain rate, and stress state on the plastic behavior of laser-solid-formed Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The calibrated model can accurately describe the temperature and strain rate dependences of the tension/compression asymmetry behavior. To verify the applicability of the developed constitutive model at different stress state, dynamic shear tests and finite element simulations were conducted at different temperatures. The improved constitutive model was shown to be able to predict the plastic behavior of laser-solid-formed Ti–6Al–4V alloy at different stress states over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates.

Finite element modelling and experimentation of plain weave glass/epoxy composites under high strain-rate compression loading for estimation of Johnson-Cook model parameters

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is a widely used experimental technique for testing materials at a high strain-rate. SHPB testing of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite samples have become common in recent decades. Specimen geometry is one of the essential parameters that can ease sample fabrication and help in-situ analysis when altered as per convenience. Further, developing a computationally accurate model would reduce the need for multiple experimental iterations, thus saving cost and time. As part of the current study, high strain-rate tests using a compressive SHPB setup were conducted on glass/epoxy (GE) laminated composite samples of both square prismatic and cylindrical shape along the through-thickness direction experimentally. Negligible differences were observed due to the change in specimen geometry. Further, we know that the woven fabric consists of yarns, which are a bundle of fibers. The strain-rate dependency of the epoxy's material property is well known, but very limited information is available about the strain-rate dependency of yarn's properties. The effect of strain-rate dependency of the yarn was analysed numerically on Abaqus software using a square prismatic shaped yarn-level finite element composite model. The homogenised properties of the yarn were taken to be reflective of a high fiber volume fraction composite. The bulk epoxy's and yarn's material property were defined using the Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model, and the failure mechanism was defined using the JC damage model. One of the primary reasons for using this model is its availability and ease of implementation in almost every finite element analysis (FEA) simulation software. Three cases were analysed numerically, first keeping both yarn and bulk matrix property strain-rate dependent, second keeping the strain-rate dependency only in the bulk matrix, and in third case both yarn and matrix were kept strain-rate independent. It was observed that completely strain-rate dependent model showed comparable peak stress and strain values with the experimental result than other models.

An in-silico bone drilling protocol to control thrust forces using finite element analysis coupled with the constitutive models

In orthopaedic surgeries, drilling through bone is most widely used to fix the plates and implants. The uncontrolled large thrust forces generated during bone drilling cause micro-crack, and fragmentation around the local host bone which further loosen the implant and fixation. Owing to the experimental limitation and the risk of infection in handling the bone specimens, conducting experiments with all possible combinations of parameter values and selecting the suitable combination is largely limited. So in this paper, finite element analysis coupled with the constitutive models was used to early predict the thrust forces generated in the surgical bone drilling process. The constitutive models developed in the earlier study, namely, Johnson–Cook, Cowper–Symonds, and Johnson–Cook combined with Cowper–Symonds that consider the strain rate dependence of plastic curve were used for the simulations. Results revealed that the trends of the thrust force values predicted from the constitutive models matched well with the experiments. However, the study showed that the Johnson–Cook model combined with the Cowper–Symonds model predicted the thrust forces with a maximum error of only 9.51% followed by the Johnson–Cook model and Cowper–Symonds model with 15.83% and 21.89%, respectively. The outcomes of the study can be used to predict the thrust forces generated in the bone drilling process, and thus, suitable parameters values can be selected to avoid the mechanical damages around the bone drilling site. The outcomes can also be used to plan and rehearse the in-silico bone drilling trials with any combinations of parameter values before performing the actual surgery.