Department Of Biochemistry Research Articles

Effect of Lignocaine on Postoperative Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Lactate Levels in Patients Undergoing Bowel Surgery

Objective: To evaluate effect of intraoperative lignocaine on postoperative serum LDH and lactate levels and to compare with placebo in patients undergoing bowel surgery. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Islam Medical, Sialkot, Pakistan from August 2023 to January 2024. Serum LDH and lactate levels were measured preoperatively on automatic biochemical analyzer (produced by Beckman Coulter, GRM, 2166) was used to analyze, before extubation, and at 6 and 24 hours postoperatively, between patients who received intraoperative lignocaine versus those who received saline during bowel surgery under general anesthesia. Results: The study involved two groups: Group lignocaine (n = 20) where patients received 2% lignocaine at the rate of 1.5 mg/kg intravenous followed by maintenance infusion at the same rate until the end of surgery, and Group normal saline (n = 20) where patients received normal saline at the rate 1.5 mg/kg IV followed by infusion at the same rate until the end of surgery The average serum lactate postoperative, before extubation, 6 hours and 24 hours of lignocaine group was 2.68±0.32 mmol/l, 1.26±0.22 mmol/l, 1.09±0.28 mmol/l, and 1.15±0.13 mmol/l, respectively (p<0.001). Whereas the average serum lactates at postoperative, before extubation, 6 hours and 24 hours of normal saline group was 2.86±0.37 mmol/l, 2.64±0.65 mmol/l, 2.15±0.31 mmol/l, and 1.65±0.38 mmol/l, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Patients undergoing bowel surgery who received intraoperative IV lignocaine exhibited lower postoperative serum LDH and lactate levels compared to those who received normal saline. It was also concluded that indirectly intravenous lignocaine also improves postoperative outcomes by reducing pain and hospital stay.

Evaluation of serum folic acid level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background and objectives: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. Diabetic patients with low folic acid, high homocysteine levels, have a higher chance of developing coronary heart disease based on previous studies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the serum levels of folic acid and homocysteine in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients and their association with insulin resistance. Methods: This cross-sectional study has been conducted on 138 participants from February 2nd 2022 to August 3rd 2022, at Azadi teaching hospital/clinical biochemistry department- Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The participants were composed of two groups, 70 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, and 68 apparently healthy control. Both groups have been investigated for serum folic acid level, serum glucose, serum insulin, serum homocysteine, glycosylated hemoglobin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance. Results: The mean age for type 2 diabetic patients was (51.24 years) with males predominant (64.29%). Type 2 diabetic patients showed a low level of mean serum folic acid concentrations (2.73 ng/ml) in comparison with healthy subjects (5.91 ng/ml) (p<0.001), and the mean serum homocysteine concentration was (13.493 ?mol/L) among type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects (10.041 ?mol/L) (p<0.001). Significant correlation was found between serum folic acid and serum homocysteine levels, and glycosylated hemoglobin (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus were associated with low mean serum folic acid levels and high mean serum homocysteine levels.

Impact of the organ-system integrated curriculum on the research productivity of a Philippine government medical school: An ARIMA-based bibliometric analysis

The organ-system integrated (OSI) curriculum was pioneered in the country by the U.P. College of Medicine (UPCM) in 2004. Data on its impact on research productivity was lacking. This study aims to describe the trends in research productivity of UPCM in a time series and the impact of OSI implementation on publication trends. Relevant electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and WPRIM) were searched from the earliest indexed record until December 2023. The auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis was used to compare the actual and predicted trends during the OSI implementation using the pre-OSI trend. A total of 2,705 articles were included. Acta Medica Philippina is the journal with the highest number of publications (n = 420, 20.24%). Although there is a considerable rise in the number of publications utilizing evidence synthesis and qualitative design, observational studies remain as the most common design (n = 293, 2021-2023 period). The leading clinical departments are Neurosciences and Medicine. The departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Epidemiology take the lead among basic sciences departments. Despite the glaring uptrend in publications concurrent with OSI implementation, the actual trend is not significantly different from the predicted trend (LR chi2(1) = 0.37; Prob > chi2 = 0.5432). The OSI curriculum did not significantly change the trend of productivity. Medical curriculum designers should revisit strategies dedicated for research competencies. It is imperative to include activities for qualitative and mixed-methods designs. Future studies should consider relevant critical events in the time series forecasting models and the scientific outputs in the grey literature.

CORRELATION OF CARDIAC MARKERS WITH THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE IN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDELDERLY

Cardiac markers (CPK-MB and TroponinT (TnT)) are often used to differentiate between cardiac and non cardiac chest pain. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has increased incidence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Elderly have an increased incidence of SCH. However, no study has specifically examined the association between cardiac markers and SCH in elderly population. Aims and Objectives: To determine the association of cardiac markers with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in elderly patientswith subclinical hypothyroids and euthyroid. Method: The present study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in Biochemistry department of Adesh institute of medical sciences and research (AIMSR) Bathinda from a period of May 2023 to April 2024.The data was obtained from the lab computers and the subjects were divided into four groups. Group 1 included patients who had MI and SCH. Group 2 consisted of patients who had MI and were euthyroid. Group 3 were those who presented with chest pain only (no MI) and SCH. Group 4 were those who had acute chest pain (no MI) and were found to be euthyroid. Results:Our study showed significant correlation of TSH with CPK-MB (r=0.69, p=0.001)and Troponin T ( r=0.201, p= 0.04) in Group 1 while a non significant correlation was found in Group 2, CPK-MB (r=0.06, p=0.67) and Troponin T (r= 0.156, p= 0.57). There was a significant correlation of TSH with CPK-MB (r=0.71, p=0.02) and Troponin T (r=0.84, p= 0.001) in Group 3. A nonsignificant correlation was found in Group 4, between TSH and CPK-MB (r=0.116, p=0.68) and Troponin T (r= 0.001, p= 0.99). Conclusion: Elevations of TSH levels may cause a significant rise in the cardiac markers in SCH elderly as compared to euthyroid.

V.A. engelhardt and V.S. Ilyin: their role in the development of biochemical science in the second half of the XX century

The paper is devoted to two well known scientists V.A. Engelhardt and V.S. Ilyin, who were at the head of department of biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, one from 1944 to 1952, the other from 1952 to 1976. Presented are their most famous investigations, which enriched Russian and the world science. Both had to work in very hard period for our country and science, both being a model of high moral and so they wun victory.

Comparison of Serum Vitamin D Level between Outdoor and Indoor Working Professionals and Its Correlation with Serum Parathyroid Hormone Level

Background: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is functionally linked to vitamin D for calcium homeostasis in our body. Objective: To compare serum vitamin D level between outdoor and indoor working professionals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, and observe its correlation with serum PTH level. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 101 indoor and outdoor professional workers of both sexes working in different sectors living in Dhaka city participated in this study. They were divided into two groups –outdoor workers (n=35) and indoor workers (n=66) Estimations of both serum vitamin D3 and PTH were done using chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay method. Statistical analysis was done by students unpaired t tests and Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: Among outdoor workers, mostly hailed from Traffic Police Services (83%) and the rest (17%). were street hawkers. Indoor workers were recruited from the hospital – nurses (32%), doctors (27%), administrative employees (21%), hospital ward assistants (12%) and medical technicians (8%). Sufficient and insufficient levels of serum D3 were observed more in outdoor professional workers than indoor (P<0.05) whereas deficient levels of serum D3 was found more in indoor workers than outdoor workers (P<0.001). Mean serum vitamin D3 level was found significantly (P<0.001).higher in outdoor workers than that of indoor workers (19.35±5.67ng/ml vs. 14.17±4.18ng/ml) but mean serum PTH level was not significantly different (P>0.05)r in outdoor workers than that of indoor workers (42.35±18.27 vs. 37.78±17.54); Moreover, there was no significant correlation between serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in both outdoor (r= +0.290; p >0.05) and indoor (r= –0.206; p>0.05) groups .Conclusion: Our data concluded that indoor working professionals were more prone to develop vitamin D deficiency although outdoor working professionals may be affected with vitamin D insufficiency. In addition, there may be no relationship between serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels even in D deficient indoor workers. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2022;17(2): 78-84

The Effectiveness and Safety of Fenofibrate and Saroglitazar in the Treatment of Diabetic Dyslipidemia

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of saroglitazar and fenofibrate in treatingdiabetic dyslipidemia.Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Nishtar MedicalUniversity and Hospital Multan, Pakistan over 12 months from January 2021 to January 2022.Methods: Following a 4-week run-in phase, sixty newly diagnosed patients with a previous diagnosis ofdiabetes and dyslipidemia were included. Eligible participants were aged 18-65 years, with fasting triglyceride(TG) levels >200–400 mg/dL and documented type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Following baselineassessments, participants were randomised into two treatment groups: Saroglitazar 4 mg with 10 mg ofAtorvastatin and Fenofibrate 200 mg with 10 mg of Atorvastatin. Lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose (FBG), andHbA1c were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted using appropriatetests with p< 0.05, which is considered significant.Results: The study enrolled 60 participants, with comparable baseline characteristics between groups. Whileboth treatments showed similar effects on lipid profiles, Saroglitazar showed exceptional effectiveness inlowering HbA1c and FBG levels compared to Fenofibrate. No significant differences in adverse effects wereobserved.Conclusion: Saroglitazar may offer advantages in managing diabetic dyslipidemia and improving glycemiccontrol compared to Fenofibrate in a larger sample size. More investigation is necessary to confirm thesefindings and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy. How to cite this: Farooq B, Cheema RR, Qureshi ZH, Yasmeen N, Sahu EH. The Effectiveness and Safety of Fenofibrate and Saroglitazar in The Treatment of Diabetic Dyslipidemia. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 266-272. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.632

The predictive validity of serum biochemical markers in case of acute biliary pancreatitis.

Objective: To analyze the detection validity of serum biochemical markers in the suspicion of acute biliary disease. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Biochemistry, Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Period: January 2023 till June 2023. Methods: In a retrospective analysis of 70 patients, there were 35 patients suffering from acute biliary pancreatitis and 35 patients were suffering from non-biliary pancreatitis in group A and B respectively. The patients were identified based on high serum amylase levels. Age, gender, and history were examined, and patients with persistent abdominal pain and abnormal amylase levels were included. Computed tomography detected gallstones, and patients with chronic liver issues were excluded. Results: Comparative analysis conducted using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests in SPSS 15.0. A significant result was defined as a P value under 0.005. The sample collection was done from Islam teaching hospital Sialkot and the study was conducted at biochemistry lab of Islam medical college Sialkot. Conclusion: The study, involving 70 patients, aimed to predict acute biliary pancreatitis using serum biochemical markers. The two groups, one with acute biliary pancreatitis and other non-biliary, showed significant differences in key markers (total bilirubin, ALT, direct bilirubin, ALP, AST and serum amylase). These findings suggest the potential diagnostic relevance of these markers.

Methodological aspects of using NIR spectroscopy to assess biochemical indicators in barley grain

Background. The possibility of applying near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy for rapid assessment of various biochemical parameters in barley varieties and forms is discussed. The data obtained by the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of VIR served to construct calibration models for the content of protein, starch, oil, beta-glucans, and total phenolic compounds (PhC) in grain, facilitating further screening of various barley samples.Materials and methods. The chemical composition of grain was studied in naked and covered spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions grown in 2022 in the northwest of Russia. Calibration models were developed to measure the content of protein, oil, starch, beta-glucans, and PhC (80 accessions) in barley grain with the Matrix-I IR analyzer (Bruker Optics, Germany). The models were constructed on the basis of the data obtained by conventional techniques of chemical analysis. The protein/ nitrogen content was assessed using the Kjeldahl method, oil according to the method of defatted dry residue modified by S. V. Ruszkovsky, starch by the polarimetric method according to Evers, beta-glucans by gravimetric analysis, and the total PhC content by the Folin–Ciocâlteu method modified by Singleton and Rossi.Results. Statistical significance of the constructed calibration tests was compared with the results of measuring protein, starch, oil, beta-glucan and PhC levels by chemical methods. It was shown that the data of calibration techniques for protein and starch were significant, while the remaining models required improvement.Conclusion. The proposed method helps to preserve valuable source material, increases labor efficiency, and does not require chemical reagents. Scanning each sample makes it possible to obtain data for several indicators at once, with a specified replication and standard deviation.

Immunogenicity of Covishield vaccine in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been the biggest threat to humankind during the last 3 years. It has caused the loss of more than 6.9 million precious lives across the world. The only method by which the massacre could be stopped was by mass vaccination or mass immunization. The patients suffering from autoimmune rheumatic disorders (AIRDs) and treated with immunosuppressants were the high-priority candidates for vaccination. However, the data regarding the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in this group of patients are very less. Hence, this study was planned to study the immunogenicity of Covishield in patients with AIRDs attending the rheumatology OPD at DMCH, Ludhiana. It was a prospective cohort study and was planned by the Department of Biochemistry and Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana. Fifty patients with AIRDs attending the DMCH rheumatology OPD and 52 age and sex-matched healthy controls who had received two doses of Covishield vaccine were included in this study. Patients having any other immunosuppressive conditions like uncontrolled diabetes, hepatitis, malignancy or HIV were excluded. Patients who had suffered from previous laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection (by RT-PCR) were also excluded. Blood samples were collected following all aseptic precautions from patients and controls on the 28th day after administration of a second dose of Covishield vaccine and total antibodies to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike (S) protein receptor binding domain was measured using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S kit from Roche. It was observed that no significant difference was there in antibody titre between cases and controls (6213 ± 4418 vs. 8331 ± 7979, P = 0.1022). It was also observed that no statistically significant difference in antibody titre in cases without prednisolone and those taking treatment with prednisolone was found (P = 0.7058). A similar observation was found in terms of methotrexate also (P = 0.457). No significant difference in antibody titres was there when compared with controls (for prednisolone, P = 0.169, for methotrexate, P = 0.078). We found that only the patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil showed a statistically significant decrease in antibody titre in comparison to healthy controls (P = 0.03). Our study showed no statistically significant difference in antibody titres between patients suffering from different AIRDs. Our study supplements the fact that patients with AIRDs in India can receive Covishield as the primary vaccine against COVID-19 without concerns regarding decreased immunogenicity or increased adverse effects.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus with or without metabolic syndrome and their associated critical factors: A study from Northern India.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism abnormalities. Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia can result in dysfunction of various organs such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart and blood vessels leading to long-term complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, stroke and ischaemia. The main objective of the study was to identify critical factors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) with metabolic syndrome (mets) compared with Type 2 DM without mets and their association in the development of Type 2 DM to Type 2 DM with mets and cardiovascular complications. This can aid in improving the clinical management and the consequences of the disease. The present study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, a tertiary care centre in Northern India. All patients who were aged between 35 and 65 years of age were enrolled. Enrolled subjects were divided into three groups, Group I: 50 healthy people; Group II: 50 Type 2 DM without mets; and Group III: 50 Type 2 DM with mets. These patients were subjected to Anthropometric and biochemical parameter assessment. On comparing Group III with control and Group II significant difference was observed in these parameters, that is, elevated TGs (P = 0.001), reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P = 0.001), elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (0.011), high serum insulin fasting (P = 0.010), weight (P = 0.021), waist circumference (P = 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.001). In the control group, head circumference was significantly lower compared to Group II (P = 0.001) and Group III (P = 0.001). On the basis of observed observation, it has been suggested that low enzymatic activity with poor glycaemic control may further progress Type 2 DM into Type 2 DM with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications. High hs-CRP concentration and high fasting insulin can be independent predictor of cardiovascular complications.

Assessing cardiovascular risk using High Sensitive Troponin I and analysis of the results made in the department of medical biochemistry in Pho Clinical Hospital Bitola, North Macedonia – Results from 2022

Assessing cardiovascular risk using High Sensitive Troponin I and analysis of the results made in the department of medical biochemistry in Pho Clinical Hospital Bitola, North Macedonia – Results from 2022

SELECTIVE SODIUM PUMP INHIBITOR CALIX[4]ARENE C-1130 INCREASES CONCENTRATION OF Ca IONS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Aim. This work aimed to determine the biochemical regularities of calix[4]arene C-1130 effect on the activity of Nа+,К+-АТРase and Са2+ level in PM of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods. Calix[4]arene C-1130 was synthesized and characterized in the Institute of Organic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine. Biochemical studies were carried out in the Department of Muscle Biochemistry of Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine. The experiments were performed on a suspension of myometrial cells and the PM fraction. Determination of the intracellular Са2+ concentration was done by confocal microscopy. The hydrodynamic diameter of myocytes was determined by dynamic light scattering. Results. We have studied the dependence of the activity of Nа+,К+-АТРase of PM on the concentration of Mg ions and ATP at different concentrations of calix[4]arene C-1130. The affinities of Nа+,К+-АТРase for ATP and Mg ions remained unaffected by the presence of calix[4]arene C-1130. However, a notable reduction in the initial maximum velocity of enzymatic ATP hydrolysis was observed. Overall, it indicates a non-competitive mechanism of inhibition of Nа+,К+-АТРase by C-1130. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that calix[4]arene C-1130 elevates Са2+ concentration within myometrial myocytes. Photon-correlation spectroscopy revealed that C-1130 reduces the effective hydrodynamic diameter of SMCs. Conclusions. We have shown that calix[4]arene C-1130 does not affect the activation coefficient for Mg ions and the apparent Michaelis constant Кm for ATP, but it reduces the maximum initial velocity Vmax of the ATP hydrolysis reaction. Thus, calix[4]arene C-1130 acts as a complete non-competitive inhibitor of Nа+,К+-АТРase of PM.

Comparison of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers between rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients.

To measure the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde along with erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in patients of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2 to December 30, 2022, at the Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in collaboration with the Department of Rheumatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The sample comprised healthy controls in group 1, patients of rheumatoid arthritis in group 2 and patients of ankylosing spondylitis in group 3. Blood samples were assessed for levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 180 subjects, 60(33.3%) were in group 1; 32(53.3%) females and 28(46.7%) males with mean age 34.9±6.4 years. There were 60(33.3%) patients in group 2; 35(58.3%) females and 25(41.7%) males with mean age 46.0±11.1 years. There were 60(33.3%) patients in group 3, and all 60(100%) were males with mean age 35.9±6.9 years. Superoxide dismutase level was significantly low and malondialdehyde level was significantly high in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (p<0.05). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was the highest in group 2, followed by group 3 (p<0.05). C-reactive protein levels were the highest in group 2 and the lowest in group 3 (p<0.05). A significantly negative correlation (p<0.001) was found between superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde. Oxidative stress played a pivotal role in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

Agreement between routinely used immunoassays for thyroid function testing in non-pregnant and pregnant adults.

Thyroid function tests are common biochemical analyses, and agreement between the routinely used immunoassays is important for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Efforts are continuously made to align the biochemical assays, and we aimed to evaluate the agreement between immunoassays used in a clinical laboratory setting among non-pregnant and pregnant adults. Cross-sectional study. Serum samples were obtained from 192 blood donors (non-pregnant adults) and from 86 pregnant women in the North Denmark Region with no known thyroid disease. Each sample was used for measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with the routinely used automatic immunoassays in the regional Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (Alinity, Abbott Laboratories, Cobas, Roche Diagnostics, and Atellica, Siemens Healthineers) and reported as the median with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In nonpregnant adults, the level of TSH was higher with Cobas and Atellica than with Alinity as reflected by median (Alinity: 1.39 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.30-1.51 mIU/L); Cobas: 1.57 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.48-1.75 mIU/L); Atellica: 1.74 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.61-1.83 mIU/L)). Similarly, a trend was seen towards higher median TSH with Cobas than with Alinity among pregnant women (Alinity: 1.90 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.37-2.82 mIU/L); Cobas: 2.33 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.69-3.62 mIU/L)). Results of thyroid function tests obtained with different immunoassays were not interchangeable when evaluated among pregnant and non-pregnant adults. The distinct differences are relevant for clinical decision making and emphasize the necessity of clinical laboratory information when different assays are used for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with thyroid disease.

Lipid Profile Perturbations Associated With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Descriptive Study.

Background Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder associated with dyslipidemia, which increases cardiovascular risk. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and their correlation in a diverse population. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with SCH. Data were collected over 19 months from the Clinical Biochemistry Department of a Moroccan university hospital. A total of 447 patients were included based on comprehensive lipid profile andthyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assessments, and normal free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Lipid profile and TSHmeasurements followed standardized procedures using the Cobas Roche® 6000 system (Roche Diagnostics Corporation,Indianapolis,USA). Dyslipidemia and SCH were defined according to established thresholds recommended by reputable organizations. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA)and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA), with significance set at p <0.05. Results In the total population (447 individuals), the prevalence of dyslipidemia was approximately 42.05% (N = 188), with hypoHDLemia being most prevalent at approximately 31.31% (N = 140). The prevalence of SCHwas approximately 12.75% (N = 57), with women constituting approximately 7.6% and men approximately 5.15%. In the euthyroid group 1 (N = 390), the prevalence of dyslipidemia was approximately 40.76% (159 individuals), while in the hypothyroid group 2 (N = 57), it increased to approximately 50.87% (N = 29). Hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in Group 2, with a prevalence of approximately 21.05% (N = 12), compared to Group 1, which had a prevalence of approximately 13.84% (N = 54). Additionally, hypoHDLemia was notably higher in Group 2, with a prevalence of approximately 38.59% (N = 22), compared to Group 1, which had a prevalence of approximately 30.25% ( N = 118). The chi-square test revealed a significant association between SCH and dyslipidemia (χ2 = 1.427, p <0.05). The calculated odds ratio (OR) of 1.5 (p <0.05) indicates that individuals with SCHare 1.5 times more likely to have dyslipidemia compared to those without SCH. Conclusion In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with SCHin our patient population. We observed a notable prevalence of dyslipidemia among individuals with SCH, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Importantly, while chi-square tests revealed a significant association between SCH and dyslipidemia, logistic regression analyses did not confirm a statistically significant correlation after adjusting for potential confounders.

Evaluate Cardiopulmonary markers, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers among healthy people with and without a history of type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes. In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance. During this state, insulin is ineffective and is initially countered by an increase in insulin production to maintain glucose homeostasis, but over time, insulin production decreases, resulting in T2DM. T2DM is most commonly seen in persons older than 45 years. Still, it is increasingly seen in children, adolescents, and younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity, and energy-dense diets. This is a Prospective, Cross sectional, Randomization, Observational study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Index Medical College. Inclusion Criteria: Controls without family history of type 2 diabetes: Healthy subjects in the age group of 18 - 30 years of either Gender. Cases with family history of type 2 diabetes either gender age group of 18 - 30 years of Age. Individuals who are using any medicines for any health condition to restrict in performing submaximal exercise. Total cholesterol (TC) in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 209.34 + 14.85 mg/dl then control group 163.26 + 23.81 mg/dl (p=0.001), also Total cholesterol (TC) in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 211.29 + 16.61 mg/dl then control group 177.42 + 27.98 mg/dl (p=0.001). HDL in 18-21 years in Case Group showed a decrease in Mean 39.35 +5.56 mg/dl then control group 40.87 + 6.20 mg/dl (p=0.167), too HDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed a decrease in Mean 40.87 +6.22 mg/dl then control group 43.97 + 6.93 mg/dl (p=0.173). Triglycerides (TGL) in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 144.07 + 9.96 mg/dl then control group 123.44 + 18.87 mg/dl (p&lt;0.0001), in addition Triglycerides (TGL) in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 147.48 + 16.70 mg/dl then control group 130.08 + 20.03 mg/dl (p=0.0147). LDL in 18-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 141.60 + 16.24 mg/dl then control group 97.71 + 16.87 mg/dl (p=0.650), similar LDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 140.92 + 18.80 mg/dl then control group 107.43 + 19.54 mg/dl (p=0.841). VLDL in 1-21 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 28.74 + 2.02 mg/dl then control group 24.68 + 3.77 mg/dl (p&lt;0.0001), moreover VLDL in 22-25 years in Case Group showed an increase in Mean 29.49 + 3.34 mg/dl then control group 26.02 + 4.01 mg/dl.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs3213119 variant of IL-12B gene in diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis patients.

To identify the IL12B gene variant (rs3213119) and to find its association in Pakistani clinical population of Rheumatoid Arthritis. It was a population association (unrelated) case control study, performed from January - December 2022 at Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. Blood samples were collected from all 150 study participants, followed by DNA extraction and Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction performed at Center for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine (CREAM) Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi. Statistical analysis was done using 'SPSS' (version-22), followed by gene analysis on 'SNPstat'. About 28.0% of RA patients were smokers, 38.7% had history of RA in a first degree relative and 70.7% had positive history of consanguinity. Considering rs3213119 variant of IL12B gene, frequency of major allele C was 100%, minor allele A was 21%, genotype C/C was 79% and C/A was 21%. Applying the log additive model, the odds ratio of the genotype C/C was 1.00 (adjusted by age and gender with 95 % CI) and the odds ratio of the genotype C/A was 0.00, 52.0% of RA patients originated from four predominant ethnic groups, namely Awaans (18.7%), Rajputs (14.7%), Pathans (12.0%) and Araeens (6.7%). The study findings suggest the role of minor allele 'A' as risk allele in our clinical population. CA genotype confers susceptibility towards the RA development.

Dehorionization of &lt;i&gt;DANIO RERIO&lt;/i&gt; embryos to assess the acute toxicity of organomineral chelate complexes

One of the main issues when working with fish embryos is the throughput of the chorion. It is believed that heavy metals can also be blocked by chorion. In the context of studying the acute toxicity of an organomineral chelate complex containing metals such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and cobalt, modification of standard tests is required. A possible approach to studying the effect of chorion on the results of acute toxicity may be the removal of chorion (dehorionization). The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity of dehorionized embryos in assessing the acute toxicity of organomineral chelate complexes. The research was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study was the embryos of Danio rerio. To obtain caviar, the parent pairs were planted in spawning jigs. Dehorionization was performed mechanically at 24 hpf (pharyngula stage). After dehorionization, the embryos were transferred to agarose-coated wells of 24-well tablets filled with 2 ml of solution per well. During the study, 15 concentrations of the studied dietary supplement were produced, varying by 2.0 times (64...0.0039 g/l). Working concentrations were prepared by diluting dietary supplements with E3 medium. The results of comparing the sensitivity of de- and nondehorionized embryos in assessing the acute toxicity of organomineral chelate complexes were obtained. It was shown that the LC50 of the studied drug for non-dehorionized embryos is 3.754 g/l, for dehorionized embryos the LC50 is 2.326 g/l. The data indicate that the removal of the chorion leads to an increase in the toxicity of the drug for Danio rerio embryos.

Association of vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers with newly diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism- A case-control study

Background: Deranged thyroid hormones and TSH induces the release of inflammatory biomarkers and recent evidence has demonstrated an association between low vitamin D status and autoimmune thyroid diseases, but there is little documented evidence available about the association of vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers. So, this study was planned to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out among 60 study participants (30 cases and 30 controls) in the Department of Biochemistry, F.H Medical College, its associated Hospital from January 2023 to June 2023 The samples were divided in to two groups, cases (hypothyroid patients) and healthy control group. Serum was separated by centrifuging blood at 3000 rpm for 10 mi. Estimation of CRP was done turbidimetric immune assay method. Statistical analysis was done by using the (SPSS) version 20.0. Pearson correlation and Student’s t-test was applied, p-value &lt;0.0001 was taken as significance. Results: The (mean ±SD) CRP values in the subjects having hypothyroid disorder (cases) were 3.12± 0.79 mg/L and in control was 2.01±0.75 mg/L (p-value &lt;0.0001). The weight was found to be higher in cases. The CRP and IL-6 had an insignificant correlation with the BMI (r=0.06, p=0.74) and (r=0.64, p=0.35) and also insignificant correlation was found in between the CRP and the blood pressure. Conclusion: This study concludes that CRP and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in hypothyroid patients and insignificant correlation was found between anthropometric measurements of hypothyroid patients and inflammatory biomarkers. Keywords: vitamin D; CRP; IL-6; hypothyroidism; hypothyroid patients