China Department Research Articles

Trajectory engineering via a space-fractional Schrödinger equation with dynamic linear index potential**Project supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Provincal Education Department of China (Grant Nos. KJHS2018B01 and KJ2018A0407), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11804112), the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China (Grant No. 1808085QA22), and Start-up Fund of Huangshan University, China

We theoretically and numerically study the propagation dynamics of a Gaussian beam modeled by the fractional Schrödinger equation with different dynamic linear potentials. For the limited case α = 1 (α is the Lévy index) in the momentum space, the beam suffers a frequency shift which depends on the applied longitudinal modulation and the involved chirp. While in the real space, by precisely controlling the linear chirp, the beam will exhibit two different evolution characteristics: one is the zigzag trajectory propagation induced by multi-reflection occurring at the zeros of spatial spectrum, the other is diffraction-free propagation. Numerical simulations are in full accordance with the theoretical results. Increase of the Lévy index not only results in the drift of those turning points along the transverse direction, but also leads to the delocalization of the Gaussian beam.

Aggregating the DEA prospect cross-efficiency with an application to state key laboratories in China

With growing investments in the state key laboratories (SKLs) of China, it is essential to assess the efficiency of the administrative departments regarding managing the SKLs of China. However, few studies have been conducted about the evaluation of the performance of Chinese administrative departments in managing SKLs. To fill this gap, this paper investigates the performance within 22 SKL administrative departments in China, based on a data envelopment analysis cross-efficiency prospect aggregation approach incorporating the risk preference of decision maker. The empirical results show the major findings: (a) serious imbalance exists regarding the investment of 22 SKL administrative departments; (b) there are great differences among the performance of 22 SKL administrative departments; (c) some SKL administrative departments face an insufficient situation regarding the outputs; (d) different risk attitudes of decision maker have the significant impact on the evaluation results of the 22 SKL administrative departments. Based on these findings, we provide several policy suggestions for the development of SKLs in China.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Oral Lichen Planus Associated With Thyroid Diseases in East China.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and to explore the correlation between the two diseases.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the history of thyroid disease in 585 patients with oral lichen planus diagnosed in the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases of the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine from June 2017 to April 2018 and in 10,441 normal people in an epidemiological survey conducted by endocrinology department of Ninth People's Hospitalin eastern China from 2014 to 2015. Personal medical history of thyroid disease was obtained through questionnaire and thyroid function was also tested.Results: Of the 585 patients with OLP, 190 (32.48%) had thyroid disease (excluding coexistence of multiple thyroid diseases), 62 (32.6%) had thyroid nodules, and 71 (37.4%) had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in six patients (3.2%), hypothyroidism in seven patients (3.7%), and thyroid cancer in 11 patients (5.8%). The prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was significantly higher in patients with oral lichen planus than in the general population. The probability of thyroid disease was significantly higher in women with OLP than in men with OLP (P < 0.001).Conclusion: OLP is associated with a high probability of developing thyroid disease, especially Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In the management of OLP patients, especially in female patients, thyroid disease must be screened.

To build a well-developed wound repair department in China with the original mind and mission

Based on the spirit of the regulations about diagnosis and treatment of chronic skin wounds just issued by National Health Commission, we systematically review the history of the construction of wound repair department in China and discuss the opportunities and challenges faced by the construction of wound repair department in China. We emphasize on seizing historical opportunities and grasping the development direction of the discipline with the original mind and mission to build a well-developed wound repair department in China, so as to benefit the majority of patients.

Autopsy procedure and standards for deaths of unknown cause during the COVID-19 pandemic

At any time during the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic period, forensic pathologists of public security departments in China may come in contact with corpses of unknown or unclear disease history. When these forensic pathologists perform autopsies on corpses with unknown cause of death, they inevitably face a high risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) infection throughout the autopsy process. In the present paper, the various aspects of the autopsy procedure for corpses with unknown cause of death, including preautopsy preparations, personnel protection, autopsy operations, postautopsy disinfection, and equipment requirements, were explored on the basis of relevant laws and regulations such as the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, characteristics of the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, guidelines for epidemic prevention and control, the guiding opinions on the regulation of on-site inspection and handling processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period issued by the ministry of public security, and the current practices of public security forensic pathologists. Recommendations for the autopsy procedure and protection measures for public security forensic pathologists during the COVID-19 pandemic period have been proposed to provide a reference for frontline forensic pathologists and judicial authenticators.

Emergency medical staff's perceptions on cultural value difference-based teamwork issues: A phenomenological study in China.

To explore how different cultural values are connected to teamwork between doctors and nurses in emergency departments (EDs) in China. China is a multicultural society, which leads to different cultural values being represented within its population. Doctors and nurses from different cultural backgrounds bring their own cultural values to their workplaces that influence teamwork. EDs are medical treatment facilities designed to provide episodic care to patients suffering from acute injuries and illnesses. Doctors and nurses in EDs should not only be highly skilled but also be able to work as a team. Studies have shown that different cultural values are often the cause of poor teamwork. However, there has been little focus on this phenomenon in the literature on ED. Therefore, this study aimed to identify how cultural values are connected to teamwork in EDs. Phenomenological study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 doctors and 10 nurses in EDs from September to December 2018 in three large general hospitals in Shanghai. Four major themes emerged from the data: leadership, communication, mutual support and staffing. Twelve sub-themes were identified (a) hierarchy between superiors and subordinates; (b) doctors as superiors; (c) Northerners are more powerful; (d) emphasizing etiquette; (e) traditionally feminine traits; (f) face-to-face communication; (g) collectivism; (h) being open-minded; (i) tense doctor-patient relationships; (j) clique culture; (k) high pressure; and (l) home culture. Teamwork between doctors and nurses in EDs is influenced by different cultural values. Future research should be carried out to identify which factors are essential to improving teamwork among doctors and nurses in hospital EDs. It is important to develop strategies to foster teamwork between doctors and nurses with different cultural values.

Predicting the Diagnosis of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Using Different Machine Learning Approaches

Background: We aimed to develop models and evaluate their performance of machine learning approaches in predicting the diagnosis of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) based on a large retrospective cohort of Australian men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: We collected demographic, clinical, behavioural and laboratory information from the clinic records of 21273 MSM who attended Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC), Australia between 2011-2017. We limited the analysis of three STIs (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia) to the period of January 2015 to December 2017. We compared the accuracy for predicting the diagnosis of HIV and three STIs using four machine learning approaches against a multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model. Findings: HIV was diagnosed in 436/18505 MSM (436 diagnoses/58121 consultations), syphilis in 741/13820 MSM (810 diagnoses/38490 consultations), gonorrhoea in 3258/10802 MSM (4382 diagnoses/25011 consultations), and chlamydia in 2836/7708 MSM (3918 diagnoses/13926 consultations). Machine learning approaches more accurately predicted each infection than MLR. Gradient boosting machine (GBM) was the most accurate and achieved the highest area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for HIV (76·3%) and STIs (syphilis, 85·8%; gonorrhoea, 75·5%; chlamydia, 68·0%), followed by extreme gradient boosting (71·1%, 82·2%, 70·3%, 66·4%), random forest (72·0%, 81·9%, 67·2%, 64·3%), deep learning (75·8%, 81·0%, 67·5%, 65·4%), and MLR (69·8%, 80·1%, 67·2%, 63·2%). The trained GBM models demonstrated that the ten greatest predictors collectively explained 62·7-73·6% of variations in predicting the diagnosis of HIV/STIs. Among which, STIs symptoms, past syphilis infection, age, time living in Australia, frequency of condom use with casual male sexual partners during receptive anal sex and the number of casual male sexual partners in the past 12 months were predictors most commonly identified by the models. Interpretation: Machine learning approaches are advantageous over multivariable logistic regression models in predicting the diagnosis of HIV/STIs. Funding Statement: Australian NHMRC Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172900) Declaration of Interests: LZ is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (8191101420); Thousand Talents Plan Professorship for Young Scholars (3111500001); Xi'an Jiaotong University Young Talent Support Program; Xi’an Jiaotong University Basic Research and Profession Grant (xtr022019003). CKF is supported by an Australian NHMRC Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172900). EPFC is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172873). XZ is supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2018ZX10721102); The key Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research in Jiangsu Education Department of China (2018SJZDI123); Nantong Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology, China (MS12018001, HS2016002 ). All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The datasets were completely de-identified and not re-identifiable. Ethical approval was granted by the Alfred Hospital Ethics Committee, Australia (project number: 124/18).

Evaluation of Efficiency of Primary Medical and Health Institutions Based on DEA and Entropy Weight TOPSIS

China’s primary health care system is the key to guaranteeing and implementing the “full coverage, basic protection” social medical policy. This study uses the DEA model and the entropy-weight TOPSIS method to estimate the efficiency of China’s primary medical and health institutions in 2018. The results found that in 2018, the overall mean score of the efficiency of primary medical and health institutions was low, and the inter-provincial differences were large. As for the policy implication behind this paper, responsible government departments in China should fully distribute health resources rationally and improve the primary medical and health service system.

Social Class and Household Consumption: Experience from China

This paper empirically analyzes the influences of Chinese residents’ social class on their household consumption. According to the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2016, considering the endogenous possibility of the social class on household consumption, the regression results of instrumental variables indicate that the social class of Chinese residents has a significant positive impact on household consumption. As for the policy implication behind this paper, when creating relevant consumption policies, responsible government departments in China should fully consider the possibility and complexity of the social class influence of residents on the policy effectiveness.

Antibacterial Cellulose Based Biomedical Hand Sanitizer: Current State and Future Trends

Bo Sun1,2,4, Fangong Kong3, Min Zhang2, Weijun Wang2, Birat Singh KC1, Omar Faruk1, Jimi Tjong1 and Mohini Sain1* Author Affiliations 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Canada 2Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, China 3Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province, China 4Department of Chemical Engineering, Canada Received: December 11, 2019 | Published: December 18, 2019 Corresponding author: Mohini Sain, Center for Bio composites and Biomaterials Processing, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, Canada DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.24.003989

The practice and safety profile of endotracheal intubation in an emergency department: A single-center study in Shenzhen, China

Objectives: Endotracheal intubation is an essential skill of every emergency department clinician. The current practice of emergency intubation in the emergency departments in China and its safety is largely unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the practice and the safety profile of emergency intubation in an emergency department in Shenzhen. Methods: This study was of retrospective design. It was conducted in the emergency department of a university affiliated hospital. All patients requiring emergency intubation from 1 January 2017 to 30 June 2018 were recruited. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and characteristics of intubations were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 128 patients were analyzed. Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were most common. Airway protection for patency was the most common indication of intubation. Most intubations were performed by emergency department staff with direct laryngoscopy. The first attempt success rate was 93.8%. Serious adverse events were rare. Conclusion: The practice of endotracheal intubation in the emergency department is in line with international ones. The safety profile is good. A national registry of emergency airway management is recommended.

Applications of Machine Learning in Drug Discovery

Mingbo Zhang1*, Huipu Han1, Zhili Xu1 and Ming Chu2* Author Affiliations 1College of Pharmacy, PR China 2Department of Immunology, PR China Received: November 11, 2019 | Published: November 18, 2019 Corresponding author: Mingbo Zhang, College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, PR China DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.23.003831

A nationwide survey on neonatal medical resources in mainland China: current status and future challenges

BackgroundWith the rapid development of economy in recent two decades, neonatology has been progressing quickly in China. However, there is little knowledge about the exact developmental status of neonatal departments in China. The aim of this study was to assess resources available for care of sick newborns in mainland China.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to the membership of the Chinese Neonatologist Association (CNA) and used to survey the scale, facilities, staff, technologies, transport systems and preterm infants’ outcomes of neonatal departments (NDs) in different areas of China from June 2012 to December 2012.ResultsThe result of this survey including a total of 117 questionnaires showed that investigated ND had a mean of 65 (median 47; range 5–450) beds, including 19.59 (median 15, range 0–100) NICU beds. The overall doctor/bed and nurse/bed ratio was 1:3.84 and 1:1.43, respectively. Lack of medical equipment was one of the main problems in most NDs surveyed, and only 26 NDs (22.2%) had more than one neonatal incubator per bed. Only 70.1, 30.6, 30.8 and 4.3% NDs carried out high-frequency ventilation, hypothermia, nitric oxide inhalation, and ECMO respectively. The capacity to provide advanced therapies increased with the size of the NDs (P < .01). A total of 81 NDs (69.2%) carried out neonatal transport, but only 70 NDs (86.4%) were equipped with transport incubators, 36 NDs (44.4%) had the ability of performing intrauterine transport of the preterm infants, and 3 NDs (3.7%) had the ability of performing air transport. The survival rate of extremely preterm infants (Gestational age less than 28w) to discharge home was 47.8% in 2011.ConclusionNDs in mainland China are not well distributed and still face many problems, such as staff shortage, inadequate facilities, and imperfect transport. It is urgent to set up a classification of neonatal care to enhance the utilization rate of medical resources and improve the prognosis of critically ill infants.

Assessment and management of cough among patients with lung cancer in a radiotherapy department in China: a best practice implementation project.

This project aimed to implement an evidence-based practice to assess and manage lung cancer-associated cough, thereby relieving patients' physical pain and psychological challenges and improving their quality of life. Cough is one of the most common symptoms experienced by patients with lung cancer. If a cough is not proactively managed, patients may develop decreased compliance with treatments and experience a reduced quality of life. Cough assessment and management are essential components of nursing practice that should include evidence-based interventions. Seven evidence-based audit criteria were developed from current evidence. The JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (PACES) was used to perform a baseline audit on 30 patients and 20 nurses in the Department of Radiotherapy of Nanfang Hospital. The Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) component of PACES was used to identify barriers, strategies, resources and outcomes. Following implementation of strategies to improve compliance, a post-audit was conducted using the same sample size and audit criteria. The seven evidence-based audit criteria were as follows: 1) Clinicians have received training on the assessment and management of lung cancer-associated cough; 2) In patients with lung cancer-associated cough, a comprehensive assessment was conducted to identify any co-existing causes linked to cough; 3) Any reversible causes of cough were treated according to evidence-based guidelines; 4) A validated scale was used to assess the frequency and severity of cough and distress experienced by the patients; 5) Patients (and their caregivers) have received education regarding management of cough; 6) Patients (and their caregivers) have received training on cough suppression exercises; 7) For symptomatic therapy, a stepwise approach was followed according to evidence-based guidelines. The baseline results showed that compliance rates were 0% for criteria 1, 4 and 5; 70% for criterion 6; 80% for criterion 7; 90% for criterion 3 and 93% for criterion 2. The implementation of strategies to increase compliance with best practice, including establishing training and education programs for nursing staff and patients, utilizing some validated scales to assess the frequency and severity of cough and the distress caused to the patients, and establishing a quality control team to supervise implementation of the assessment and management of cough, achieved ≥ 93% compliance rate for all seven audit criteria. An evidence-based and nurses-oriented best practice for cough assessment and management was successfully established among patients with lung cancer-associated cough.

Radial head subluxation in pediatric clinics and emergency departments in China

PurposeTo investigate the characteristics of the onset and treatment of radial head subluxation (RHS) in pediatric clinics and emergency departments. MethodsA retrospective study was performed on 11, 404 RHS cases in 9827 children who visited pediatric clinics and emergency departments from January 2015 to December 2018. The patients who with history of trauma and fracture of the affected limb were excluded. The following factors were examined: the mechanisms of RHS, the type of manual reduction, the attending physician's clinical background (emergency surgeon, junior pediatric orthopedic surgeon or senior pediatric orthopedic surgeon), and the epidemiological features (gender, age, climate and location) of the injury. ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 27.93 ± 17.94 months (range 0.93–214.53 months), with a peak incidence of 10.73–44.53 months. Approximately two-thirds of RHS cases occurred in cold weather from January to March and from September to December. Females accounted for 53.81% (n = 6137) of the cases, and left injuries were predominant (56.87%, n = 6485) in all cases. Mechanisms of injury were classified as “pull” (90.57%, n = 10, 339), “fall” (1.56%, n = 178), “hit” (0.75%, n = 86) and “unknown” (7.02%, n = 801). The overall success rate of manual reduction was 99.47%, and the success rate of reduction was higher for senior pediatric orthopedic surgeons than for emergency surgeons and junior pediatric orthopedic surgeons (p < 0.05). However, there was still a recurrence rate of 12.16% in the 9827 patients. ConclusionYounger children are predisposed to RHS, and there is a possibility of recurrence. Trained emergency doctors can handle it well, but it is essential to refer patients to specialists when manual reduction failed.

Influence of environmental regulation on promoting the low-carbon transformation of China’s foreign trade: Based on the dual margin of export enterprise

Abstract Environmental protection and international trade are main issues related to human development and well-being. Under the dual pressure of pollution control and foreign trade restructuring, environmental regulation is essential for achieving results in environmental protection and trade transformation. This study analyzes the influences of environmental regulation on the low-carbon transformation of China’ foreign trade from the perspective of export enterprises’ dual margin. Under the framework of profit maximization, this study establishes a simplified dynamic discrete choice model to study the two-stage decision-making process of export enterprises and the role of environmental regulation. Based on data from Chinese industrial enterprises, this study uses the Heckman model to evaluate the impact of environmental regulation on trade volume and structure. Our principal conclusions are as follows. First, environmental regulation may restrain the export-extensive and -intensive margin, where the negative effect on pollution-intensive enterprises is stronger than that of clean ones. Second, the type of ownership may affect the effectiveness of environmental regulation. In addition, survival analysis shows that environmental regulation will shorten the export duration for enterprises, especially for pollution-intensive ones. Results show that the negative effect of environmental regulation on pollution-intensive firms is stronger than that on clean enterprises. Therefore, government departments in China should improve and develop environmental policies and further strengthen environmental monitoring capabilities to achieve the structural adjustment and low-carbon transformation of China’s foreign trade.

Prognosis of the 8th TNM Staging System for Penile Cancer and Refinement of Prognostication by Incorporating High Risk Human Papillomavirus Status.

We evaluated the prognostic value of the 8th TNM staging system and assessed a modified N stage incorporating high risk human papillomavirus status in a multicenter cohort. Included in analysis were 292 patients with M0 penile squamous cell carcinoma from a total of 6 referral centers. High risk human papillomavirus status was examined. The Chinese multicenter cohort of 230 patients was used to validate the 8th TNM staging system and propose a modified N classification. The modified classification was further validated in an independent cohort of 62 patients at Moffitt Cancer Center. Median followup was 48.9 months. Of the patients 42% had node positive disease. In the primary cohort the 8th TNM staging system achieved better discriminative ability compared with the 7th edition (C-index 0.769 vs 0.751, p=0.029). The 8th N category better stratified survival between pN1 and pN2 (p <0.001) and reclassified 15% of node positive cases into pN1 with 64% 5-year overall survival. High risk human papillomavirus status further stratified pN2-3 disease (p=0.040) and pN2-3 high risk human papillomavirus negative status was associated with 32% 5-year survival. The newly proposed 3-tier classification (1-pN1, 2-pN2-3 high risk human papillomavirus positive and 3-pN2-3 high risk human papillomavirus negative) significantly increased the C-index from 0.620 to 0.666 compared with the 8th N classification of pN1 and pN2-3 (p=0.04). In the external validation cohort significantly improved results were observed using the modified N classification (C-index 0.567-0.641, p=0.027). The 8th edition of the AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Staging System for penile cancer showed better discriminative ability for prognostic stratification. Adding high risk human papillomavirus status further improved the prognostic stratification in patients with node positive disease.

&lt;p&gt;Comparison Of Expectations For Health Services Between Inpatients From Mental Health Department And Endocrinology Department In China&lt;/p&gt;

BackgroundPatient expectations for health services refer to the anticipation or the belief about what should be encountered in the healthcare system. Understanding patient expectations can improve patient satisfaction and healthcare compliance. It is particularly important for patients with mental disorders, as greater healthcare compliance is required for them due to the chronic and relapsing nature of their diseases. However, little is known about expectations among Chinese patients with mental disorders.ObjectiveTo examine expectations for healthcare among patients with mental disorders and to compare them with those of patients with chronic physical diseases.Patients and methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among two inpatient groups, consecutively recruited from the Mental Health Department (MHD) and Endocrinology Department (ED) in one tertiary general hospital in Changsha, China. Patient expectations were measured by eight translated and modified vignettes of health system responsiveness. Group differences were compared using Chi-square tests for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and Z-test for expectation rating. Logistic regression was performed to test whether group differences of expectations remained statistically significant after controlling for socio-demographic and clinical variables.ResultsMost patients from MHD rated scenarios in vignettes on communication, choice of provider, autonomy, and social support as “meeting expectations”, and rated scenarios in vignettes on prompt attention, dignity, confidentiality, and quality of basic amenities as “below expectations”. In comparison, patients from MHD had similar expectations with their counterparts from ED, for prompt attention, dignity, confidentiality, communication, choice of provider, and social support; however, patients from MHD had significantly lower expectations in quality of basic amenities and higher expectations in autonomy, after adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical factors.ConclusionLike their counterparts with physical diseases, patients with mental disorders also expect prompt attention, dignity, confidentiality, communication, choice of provider, and social support in their interaction with the healthcare system. Moreover, extra attention to autonomy is needed for patients with mental disorders to meet their expectations and improve patient satisfaction.

Violence against emergency medicine personnel in China: results from a prospective national cross-sectional survey

BackgroundViolent crime rates in China are low by global standards, but the occurrence and fear of violence against medical professionals has affected the morale and workplace environment of frontline medical staff working in busy emergency departments across the country. We aimed to document workplace violence against emergency medicine personnel and identify whether this was associated with gender, professional role, seniority, or practice location. MethodsThis prospective survey was done at a national emergency medicine conference held in Beijing, China on April 17–19, 2015. Physician and nursing attendees (aged >18 years) who were clinically active in emergency medicine were recruited to complete an online survey using REDCap for data collection and management. We did descriptive statistics and χ2 analysis. Findings488 completed surveys were collected from 3000 participants (16%). 246 (51%) respondents were women. 28 province-level divisions of China were represented. 62 (13%) respondents were born in Beijing, 155 (32%) worked in Beijing, and 326 (68%) worked in the same province that they were born. 92 (19%) respondents were nurses and 396 (81%) were physicians. 145 (30%) respondents reported personally experiencing physical assault, 445 (91%) experiencing verbal assault, and 239 (49%) witnessing an altercation between patients' families and hospital staff. Being male (p<0·0001), not working in Beijing (p<0·0001) and being a physician (p=0·009) were associated with experiencing physical assault. For bystanders who saw a disturbance, associations were found for being male (p=0·026), working outside Beijing (p<0·0001), and working in the same province as your birthplace (p<0·0001). Assaults were not associated with seniority or salary. InterpretationPhysical and verbal assault are common experiences for medical professionals working in emergency departments in China. Male physicians who work outside Beijing face higher risks of physical assault. Future prospective surveys and interviews of health-care professionals, patients, and their families might help to identify root causes and areas for assault prevention. FundingNone.

A Study on Curriculum, Educational Satisfaction and Job Efficacy of Chinese College Students Majoring in Cosmetology

The Chinese cosmetology industry has rapidly grown and this fast growth has increased demand for cosmetologists. However, cosmetology training programs designed to produce professional cosmetologists in China are still poor. This study examined current curriculums of cosmetology-related departments in Chinese colleges and explored development plans. For this, the study analyzed curriculums, educational satisfaction and job efficacy among college students majoring in cosmetology in China, and the results found the following: Overall course satisfaction was 4.14. Overall educational satisfaction and job efficacy were 4.19 and 4.24, respectively. Both course and educational satisfaction revealed a positive correlation with job efficacy with statistical significance. According to multiple regression analysis, as course and educational satisfaction increased, job efficacy was higher as well. To enhance job efficacy, therefore, it is necessary to offer courses that can satisfy students. It is anticipated that the study results would be available as basic data for linking cosmetology education between Korea and China by investigating the characteristics of the students from cosmetology-related departments in China.